Iyini ukuzihlanganisa? Izinqubo, izimiso kanye nemfundiso yokuzihlanganisa

Umbuzo wokuthi yikuphi ukuzihlanganisa, kuyathandeka kakhulu. Ake sicabangele kule ngxenye. Ukuzihlanganisa kwezinhlelo kuyinkqubo engenakuguqulwa ephumela ekusebenzisaneni kwabahlanganyeli bayo abahlukahlukene ekuqaliseni izakhiwo eziphumelelayo.

Ukutadisha umphakathi kanye nemvelo kubonisa ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi ezibucayi ezivulekile, eziqukethe inani elikhulu lezinhlelo zokusebenza, ziyakwazi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, zokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuzihlanganisa.

Umlando wocwaningo lwe-self-organization

Ngezinqubo zenhlalo nezemvelo, ukubaluleka kokuzihlanganisa-nhlangano kuye kwacutshungulwa, ngisho nasenkulumweni yefilosofi noma engacacile, kusukela esikhathini sika-Aristotle. Amakhulu emisebenzi abhaliwe mayelana nendlela umhlaba wethu osebenza ngayo, yiyiphi imbangela yokuzinza nobuqotho bendawo yonke, eye yaba khona ngezigidigidi zeminyaka. Le nkinga yaba yiphuthumayo ikakhulukazi ekhulwini lokugcina, engxenyeni yesibili. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwe-cybernetics.

Ukuqonda kwe-Cybernetic

Ifilosofi isikhathi eside ibusa umbono wale nqubo njengoba inherent kuphela ohlelweni izinhlelo eziphilayo. Ukuzitholela ngokwemvelo, isibonelo, kuyisimo semvelo, iseli eliphilayo , inani labantu abaphilayo. Buka umhlambi wezinyoni, izintuthwane noma izinyosi, futhi uzoqonda ukuthi kuyini.

Ukuqonda kwe-cybernetic ye-self-organization, okungukuthi, incazelo yayo njengesakhiwo esiyinhloko esinqunyiwe, lapho ulwazi oluvela phansi luvela kumzila wempendulo kuphela njengomphumela wokuphela, kodwa lithatha kuphela phezulu, alukwazi ukubonisa ukusebenza okwamanje kwezinhlelo, ukubunzima kwalo, nokwakha amamodeli okuchaza izinqubo, Yikuphi okwenzeka ezinhlanganweni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Indlela engejwayelekile

Ngaphakathi kwe-cybernetics, engxenyeni yesibili yeminyaka yama-1950, isiqondiso esingeyona isiqalo sakhishwa, sidalwe ukutadisha izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene (ukuzibandakanya kwendaba, umphakathi). Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwayo, kuphakanyiswe indlela eyisondelene ne-synergistic kunokuthi i-cybernetic (okubhekwa njengeyi-classical). U-N. Wiener, umsunguli we-cybernetics, waba omunye wama-nonclassicists owafunda isimiso sokuzihlanganisa. Ekhulwini lama-20, ekuqaleni kwawo-1960, uML Tsetlin, ososayensi waseSoviet, wabhala ukuthi uma ukuphathwa kubhekwa njengekheli kusukela phezulu kuya phansi, uhlelo luyoba nzima kakhulu. I-Automata, uma inikezwe imithetho yomdlalo, thola izenzo ezidingekayo ngokwazo, ngaphandle kwesidingo semilayezo. Lokhu, ngokombono wakhe, ngumgomo wokuzihlanganisa.

I-Synergetics njengesiyalo

Isiyalo se-synergetics, esabonakala eNtshonalanga, sasungulwa ngo-1975 njengesiqondiso esisha kwisayensi, esethembisayo kakhulu, sandisa kakhulu izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuzihlanganisa ne-cybernetics ngaphambili. Emisebenzini yalesi siqondiso singacatshangwa ukuthi ukuzibheka njengenhlangano kubhekwa njengendawo yonke yezinhlelo zokuphila ezingenakuphila nokuphila. Kuyinto ngokusungulwa kwegama elithi "synergetics" kwisayensi ukuthi izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokucwaninga ziye zaphawula: synergistic and cybernetic. Lezi zindlela ezimbili zihluke ngokuyinhloko mayelana nenhloso yokuziphatha okuhlelekile, okubonakala lapho kunezinqubo zokuzihlanganisa.

Umehluko phakathi kwendlela yokusebenzisana ne-cybernetic

Indlela yokusebenzisa i-cybernetic igcizelela ukuthi kukhona umgomo ongenqunyelwe ngaphambili, lapho uhlelo ngokwalo, lapho luzihlela khona, lufuna. Indlela yokusebenzisana ayidingi umgomo. Ngokombono wakhe, ukuzibandakanya kubonakaliswe njengomphumela wokubambisana phakathi kwezakhi ezihlukahlukene zesistimu.

Kuvamile ngezindlela ezimbili

Zombili synergetics kanye ne-cybernetics zifaka ukubaluleka okubalulekile kulo mqondo ngokuthi "ukuphathwa," ukuphishekela imigomo ehlukene. I-Cybernetics ithuthukisa izindlela nezinhlelo zokuvumela ukuthi ulawule lolu hlelo ukuze lusebenze ngendlela echazwe ngaphambilini. Esikhathini sokuhlola, imingcele ehlukahlukene yokulawula ishintshe ngendlela ethile ku-synergetics, futhi inhlangano-nhlangano iphhenywa njengokusabela kubo, okungukuthi, emazweni ahlukahlukene lapho uhlelo ludlula khona ngaphansi kwethonya lezinsipho zokulawula ezinjalo. Okungukuthi, ngaphansi kwesenzo somzimba othile obusayo, uhlelo lwe-cybernetic luhlelekile, futhi ku-synergistic eyodwa, imingcele yokulawula ayithinte ngqo ngokuziphatha kwayo. Zenza kuphela indlela yokuzibandakanya kwangaphakathi. Kuzo zombili izinhlelo ze-synergistic kanye ne-cybernetic, ukuziphatha kubonakala kunenhloso, kepha esikhathini esidlule uhlelo lukhetha indlela yentuthuko enhlanganweni ephakeme, futhi okwesibili, lo mgomo usemisiwe ngaphambili.

I-Synergetics ne-self-inhlangano

Namuhla incazelo yegama elithi "self-organization" iseduze nomqondo we "synergetics". Zivame ukusetshenziselwa isayensi njengezilinganiso. Eqinisweni, le mibono yombili ihlolisisa indlela isikhala nesikhathi esivela ngayo lapho kuvela inxushunxushu (izinqubo ze-self-organization) kanye nezimo eziphambene nazo (izinqubo zokuzihlanganisa) ezingabonwa ezinkambweni zanoma iyiphi into eyinkimbinkimbi, evulekile, engenziwanga lutho futhi enamandla. Izindlela ezimbili ezibalulwe ngenhla (synergetic kanye ne-cybernetic) zinesisekelo esisodwa: ukuxhuma okuvela ngokuzenzekelayo phakathi kwezinto, okuvumela ukwakha izakhiwo, inhlangano ohlelweni ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwendawo okwenziwa ngaphandle kwemithetho yokulawula.

Ukuthambekela kohlelo lokuzihlela

Ekuqaleni, ekhuluma ngesimo sokuzihlanganisa, esivela ezinkambisweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, kulindeleke ukuba balwele ukusimama kwe-homeostatic, ukulondolozwa kobuqotho. Kungenzeka ukuthi uqaphele ukuthambekela okulandelayo okukhona okukhona ekuziphatheni komunye umhlangano ozihlelayo: ukuba ube ngangokunokwenzeka kusuka esimweni sezinxushunxushunxushunxushu, i-entropy enkulu, ukulingana. U-Synergetics, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uphikisa ukuthi ayikho intuthuko ngaphandle kokungazinzile, kwenzeka ngengozi, ukucindezeleka. Izinkinga nokungazinzeki kunomthelela ekukhetheni nasekukhonjisweni okungcono kakhulu. Isimo sezomnotho, isibonelo, siyala, sihlela, senza abantu abasha nabakhuthele ukuba bafike phambili, futhi bevilapha futhi banobuthakathaka - ukubanika indawo emakethe. Uhlelo olungabhekwa njengelungile, njengokungathi, luyazi imingcele, kungenzeka kule ndawo yokungazinzile, ukugcina izitatimende ezivumelekile, futhi izethule ngokweminye imithetho embusweni owenza izinqubo zokuzihlanganisa. Okusho ukuthi, kunzima ukungena entropy, engozini.

Ukuzitholela kwenqubo ethile kuyindlela yokuguqula izici zayo (noma isimo), okwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqala okuqondile, okunenhloso, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imithombo yomgomo wokuhlela. Izimbangela ezibangela ukuthi zibe ngaphakathi noma zangaphandle. Lokhu kuyinto efana nalezi zenzakalo ezifana ne-self-organization in nature, umphakathi noma izinhlelo ezingapheli. Ungaphinda ukhulume ngezici zale nqubo.

Isethi yezinqubo zokuzihlanganisa

Sithole ukuthi ukuziphilisa kungokwemvelo , izinhlelo ezingapheli kanye nomphakathi. Iyiphi indlela yayo? Ukuphelele kwazo zonke izindlela zokuzihlanganisa-nhlangano kuhlanganisa ukukhethwa, ukuzalwa, ukuhlukahluka. Yilokho uNN Moiseyev, i-academician, ebiza imakethe. Nguye onika izinketho eziningi, nokuzinza, imithetho yesistimu kanye nemigomo yokukhetha ukhethe okuphumelela kakhulu. Imakethe, ngokusho kukaMoiseyev, efundwe nguRicardo noSmith, iyindaba ekhethekile yemakethe okuthiwa yonke indawo. Imvelo ayikwazanga ukuvela kwenye uhlelo. Ngakho-ke, abantu bahamba ngomkhondo oshaywe kakade, ngoba omunye wawungekho nje: lolo lwazi umnotho wezemvelo nomnotho womuntu ozihlelayo uvamile.

Izinhlobo zokuzihlanganisa

Ngezinye izikhathi ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo zezenhlalakahle, eziphilayo kanye nezobuchwepheshe zokuzihlanganisa, ngokukholelwa ukuthi izindlela zabo zisekelwe ezimisweni ezahlukene:

- ezenhlalakahle (ukuzibandakanya komphakathi) kusekelwe ohlelweni lwezenhlalakahle oluthile lokuvumelanisa ubudlelwane, kufaka phakathi imithetho, izindinganiso kanye nezinto eziza kuqala eziguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi;

- i-biological isekelwe ohlelweni lokulondolozwa kwezilwane (izakhi zofuzo), kanye nokukhethwa, ukuzalwa kanye nokuhluka (i-triwin Darwin);

- ukuthembela kwezobuchwepheshe ohlelweni olushintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo i-algorithm ethile yezenzo ngaphansi kwezimo ezishintshayo (ukuzenzekelayo, ama-homing missiles, njll).

Ukuthola ukuthi yikuphi ukuzihlanganisa, ukwazi ukuthi ubuhlobo obukhona phakathi kwaso nenhlangano emazweni omphakathi ngumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wesayensi. Kunoma yiluphi inkampani, inkampani, kanye nokuphathwa okunenjongo, eyenziwa ngosizo lwezinhlelo, imibhalo, imiyalelo, imiyalelo, izenzo ezijwayelekile, zikhona izinqubo zokuzihlanganisa ezihambisana nezakhiwo zehlelo lonke, nemiphumela ethile ye-synergistic. Ngakho-ke lokhu kufanele kube okungakanani? Ingabe zikhona izimiso ezijwayelekile, ingabe kukhona ithuba, ngosizo lwolwazi olusebenzayo kanye nolimi lwanamuhla, ukuthuthukisa izincomo ngale ndaba?

Ukuzitholela inhlangano yezentando yenhlalo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi uhlelo olubanzi lokuphatha, isikhala esincane sokuzihlanganisa nokwenza izinto. Kodwa, ukuvumela izakhi zesistimu zihambele ngokukhululekile, ngeke sikwazi ukufeza umgomo wethu. Ukuzihlanganisa komphakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufezwa ngemisebenzi engagunyaziwe, ukubambisana okungakahleleki. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi - ngenxa yezenzo ezihleliwe kahle, ezinenhloso zabaphathi, ngosizo lomgomo ochazwe ngokucacile.

Ngakho-ke, yini ukuzibheka emphakathini? Ezweni zenhlalo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhilela okulandelayo:

- Ubukhona bomgomo ocacile kusengaphambili, lapho uhlelo lusebenza ngokuzimela, ukuzihlela ngokuzungeze lo msebenzi. Izinto ezibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ezintsha, indlela yokudala, ukukhula kochwepheshe, kanye nokuthuthukisa udumo lomsebenzi osebenzayo kudlala indima enkulu.

- Ukuguquguquka, ukuhlukahluka nokuguquguquka kwezakhiwo zokuphatha. Izindlela zokuphatha ziphakanyiswa ngezindlela zomphakathi nezengqondo. Izakhiwo zanamuhla ezihambisana nezimo eziguquguqukayo zenza ngcono ama-synergies akhona, ngaleyo ndlela yandisa umphumela jikelele. Ukuhamba okunamandla okuhamba ngamazinga okuhamba ngamazinga amancane okuzenzekelayo. Kubonakala ukuthi izinyunithi ezincane ezizimele azixhunyiwe emisebenzini yansuku zonke yizinhlaka ezibucayi ezivimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinqumo ngokuqondile nangemuva.

- Ukwehlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, ukwehlukanisa, ukukhulisa umkhiqizo womuntu ngamunye, ukubamba iqhaza komuntu wonke ekwenzeni izinqumo zokuphatha, kanye nesisusa somsebenzi.

- Sebenzisa ngezinhloso ezehlukene zokudluliswa kolwazi, amandla okukhiqiza, ukwazi, ulwazi, njll.

- Ukuzithiba, ukuzifunda, ukuzifunda. Eqinisweni, izimo ezithile kufanele zenziwe ngenxa yalokhu.

- Ukuzithuthukisa, kudingekile ukuthi ushintsho lwenhlangano lufike ezingeni elisha (ushintsho lwesakhiwo, ukuthuthukiswa komgomo omusha, ukuqoqwa kolwazi mayelana nesakhiwo).

Sihlolisise lokho ukuzihlanganisa, incazelo yayo, imininingwane kanye nezinhlobo. Njengoba ubona, leli gama elivamile namuhla libhekisela ezigabeni eziphilayo nezinhlelo ezingezona ezingokoqobo. Lokhu kungukuthi, ukuzibheka kwenhlangano kanye nomphakathi kunezici eziningi ezifanayo. Le nqubo iyathandeka kakhulu njengendawo yomhlaba wonke yezinhlelo.