Umgqomo ngamalitha: bangaki emitha elilodwa yemibhobho

Kunezinyathelo ezijwayelekile kithi kusukela ebuntwaneni futhi zisetshenziselwa yonke indawo: ilitha, imitha, kilogram. Futhi kukhona okunye esikufundayo ngokungaqondile - isibonelo, ekufundeni. Lezi zingamakhilogremu namamayela, ama-pood kanye nama-arshin. Kukhona imiphongolo - leli gama, okusho ukuthi likhulu, livutha njalo ekuthenganeni kwamasheya, ngesimemezelo samanani amafutha. Umbuzo ozwakalayo uvela: zingaki amalitha emgqonyeni wamafutha?

Ngaphambi kokuzama ukuveza umgqomo ngamalitha, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi leli gama lisho ukuthini.

Kumlando wenkinga

Ekuhunyushweni okuvela ngesiNgisi "umgqomo" ungumgqomo. Esikhathini eside esidlule, imiphongolo yayithwala utshwala, okuxekethile nezinye izinto. Ngokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwamafutha, kwaqala ukuthuthwa kulezi ziqukathi, futhi izimpahla ezithunyelwe kufanele zibalwe emiphongolweni - imiphongolo.

Kodwa le ndlela yokubala yayingeyona elula kakhulu. Okokuqala, yonke imigoqo ingaba nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, okwakunzima kakhulu ukubalwa kwezimali. Futhi okwesibili, izinto ezihlukahlukene, ezithunyelwa emabhaleni afanayo, azifani kakhulu nesisindo sabo. Okusho ukuthi, umqondo we "umgqomo" udinga ukuba ngandlela-thile uholele kwezinye izingxenye zokulinganisa - ngamanye amagama, ukulinganisa.

Isi-Russian "umgqomo"

Ngendlela, ukulinganisa okuthile emibhalweni kuyisiko esidala saseRashiya. Kodwa-ke, lokho kungamangaza? Ngaphambi kokuvela kwamathangi kanye neziqukathi ezikhethekile, imigoqo yayiyiyona elula kakhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izindlela zokuhamba kuphela. Futhi kwakukhona inkinga efanayo - ukufeza lo mqondo. Umgqomo olinganiselwe noma wesine wawuhlanganisa amabhakede angu-40 (iRussia "umgqomo" ngamalitha kwakungaba ngu-492) futhi kwakubhekwa njengeyunithi yokwenza utshwala, i-linseed noma i- hemp oil. Kwakukhona amabhakede ayi-10 emgqonyeni wobhiya, eRiga - ngaphezulu kuka-12.5. I-pitch noma i-powder, futhi igcinwe emabhaleni, kakade imele izinyathelo zesisindo, kunokuba ivolumu. Umgoqo wesibhamu wawunamaphilisi ayishumi, futhi nge-tar - cishe amaphuzu angu-9.

Mayelana ne-metric system yezinyathelo

Uma ubheka umlando noma, ngisho nakakhulu, shiya ngezincwadi ezishicilelwe emazweni ahlukene, umfundi uzodideka ngobuningi bezinyathelo ezihlukahlukene. Izinyathelo, izinkulumo, ama-intshi, amamayela, amagama amaningi aseYurophu, amayunithi asetshenziswe emazweni aseMpumalanga - konke lokhu kwakunzima ukulandisa kuphela, kodwa nokuqonda. Ukungabikho kwezindinganiso, ukungaqondakali kwemibono ngayinye kubangele ubunzima obunzima. Ukuhumusha kwamanye amayunithi kwabanye kwakunzima. Njengesidingo sokufananisana, uhlelo lwe-metric lwama-unit (SI) lwamazwe ngamazwe lwakhiwa, lusebenzisa ama-kilogram kanye namamitha, kanye nezinzuzo zabo. Lolu hlelo luye lwaqashelwa kuwo wonke umhlaba, nakuba lufinyelela kuye kwezinye izindawo luyahlukahluka.

Yiqiniso, kunamazwe amaningana lapho isimiso semetriki esingamukelwa ngokomthetho. Ngokuyinhloko, i-United States ingokwamanye amazwe. Futhi leli qiniso libalulekile njengenani elilinganiselwe ngezilinganiso ezikhethekile. Isibonelo, ubukhulu be-CD, i- diagonals ye-TV , njll, ngokuvamile bulinganiswa ngamasentimitha emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuhamba kusuka ohlelweni lwe-metric kubuye kubonwe nakwezindiza zomphakathi, ukuhamba-lapha-ke basasebenzisa igama elidala elithi "izinyawo" ne "amamayela". Akuyona i-metric unit kanye nomgqomo.

I-barrel njengesilinganiso senani

Ngezinye izikhathi, ngemva kokuzwa ngenani elithile lemiphongolo, sizama ukuhumusha umphumela ngamathani. Lesi senzo, yize siyiqiniso ngempela nolwazi lwesisindo esithile salolu lwazi, namanje asikho kahle kakhulu. Imiphongolo ibonisa ivolumu, namathani - isisindo. Kunengqondo kakhulu ukuhumusha imiphongolo kumayunithi amaningi ajwayelekile wevolumu, isibonelo, ukuthola ukuthi zingaki amalitha asemgqonyeni? Eqinisweni - kungakanani?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo ayiyona into engavamile, njengoba umqondo othi "umgqomo" uyingqayizivele. Isibonelo, umgqomo wesiNgisi ezinkalini uzoba ngu-163.65. Noma kunjalo, le nzuzo ishintshile izikhathi eziningi. Umthamo womngcele waseNgilandi wawuxhomeke kulokho okwakulinganiswa ngemibhobho (ubhiya noma i-ale), futhi wahluke eminyakeni ehlukile. Phakathi nekhulu le-15, umgodi webheya ngamalitha wawuyi-166.36, futhi kusukela ngo-1824 kuya ku-163.66.

Kodwa imbiza emalitha angenza futhi i-119.24, uma kungumbuzo wewayini laseMelika. Umqondo we "umgqomo" awuxhunyaniswe nezinye izinto, futhi awuhlobene nemethrikhi, izinyathelo ze-volume - gallons ne-Hogsheads. EU.SA, uma kulinganisa umthamo wezinyosi, umgqomo uzoba ngamagremu angu-31, kodwa kwezinye izinhlobo zoketshezi zizohluka - izigidi ezingu-31,5 (0.5 hogshed). Endabeni yokulinganisa inqwaba yempendulo yombuzo, zingaki amalitha emgqonyeni ongu-1 uyoba ngu-115.6 (lokhu kubaluleka kokubizwa ngokuthi umgqomo owomile).

Mayelana nomgqomo wamafutha

Kodwa nokho ngokuvamile inkulumo ethi "umgqomo" isetshenziselwa ukukhipha nokuthutha amafutha. Umqondo womgodi weoli uhamba kakhulu esikhathini esidlule: uphethiloli wawususwa umuntu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Isiqukathi esisodwa sokuthutha kwalesi mkhiqizo sasingekho, ezinye izigxobo zokhuni zasetshenziselwa, nezinye ezinye izikhumba zewayini. Kodwa ukukhula okusheshayo kokukhiqizwa kwamafutha ekhulwini le-19 kwaphakamisa umbuzo wokubonakala kwesitsha esiphezulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kukhona amandla ahlukene, akunakwenzeka ukuqhuba izindawo zokuhweba nezokuthutha, futhi kwakufisa ukunikeza intengo yamafutha ngesisekelo somgqomo owodwa.

Ngo-1866 ePennsylvania (eMelika) kwakunomhlangano wabaphathi abaningana bamafutha ozimele. Phakathi kwezinye izimpikiswano ezaxoxwa ngabo kwakuwumbuzo wesitsha esivamile sokunikezwa kwamafutha. Umphumela womhlangano wawuyisivumelwano somngcele ojwayelekile, okumele umthamo wamagremu angu-42. Kungakanani lokhu kuzinyathelo ezijwayelekile? I-barrel yamafutha ngama-litre izoba yi-149.

Kungani kungani ama-42 amalitha?

Kodwa kungani ivolumu enjalo ithathwa njengesisekelo? Iqiniso liwukuthi ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, imiphongolo yezinkuni ezingu-42 zamapulangwe yayiyizinga elijwayelekile lokuthutha. Kulezi ziqukathi, izinhlanzi namafutha, i-molasses newayini, kanye nezinye izimpahla, zathunyelwa. Imiphongolo yalesi sikhulu yayisendleleni yayo ngendlela engcono kakhulu: ayikho enkulu kakhulu futhi ayiyona encane kakhulu, ifakwe kahle kuma-barges namapulatifomu atholakalayo. Futhi ukuphakamisa nokuhambisa umgqomo onjalo, ogcwele amafutha, wakwazi umuntu oyedwa.

Ngakho-ke, ukukhethwa kwabanikazi bamafutha aseMelika kwakuzwakala kahle futhi kulungile. Ngo-1872, e-American Association of Oil Producers, umgodi wamamitha angu-42 wamukelwa ngokomthetho njengendlela evamile. Futhi nakuba kungekho muntu okwamanje ohambisa amafutha emiphongolweni (ngoba lokhu kunamapayipi amachiza kanye namapayipi amafutha), kodwa umgqomo usawuyingxenye yokulinganisa emisebenzini yomhlaba yokuhweba kwemikhiqizo ye-petroleum.

Izinzuzo zomgqomo

Kodwa bekungekho yini elula ukukala i-oli ekhishwe ngamathani, ukukala kanjani amalahle, okusanhlamvu, insimbi kanye nomanyolo? Esinye sezizathu zokungazitholi amathani ukuhluka okuhlukile kwamafutha; Ngokwezinhlobo eziyinhloko zaseRussia, inani lalo lingabuka kusuka ku-820 kuya ku-905.5 kg ngamithayitha engama cubic. Ngokufanayo, isisindo seyunithi ngayinye yevolumu yayo iyahlukahluka. Futhi uma uphendula lo mbuzo ukuthi umgqomo wamafutha amalitha uwukuthi, ungaqiniseka ngokuphelele, khona-ke sekuvele kunzima ukwazi isisindo salo.

Ngakho ukulinganisa amafutha akhiqizwa futhi athengiswa ngamanani, hhayi ngesisindo, kulula kakhulu. Uma sicabangela iqiniso lokuthi amafutha avunyelwe ukuthutha ngosizo lwamathangi nemithombo, aqhutshelwa ngamapayipi, inzuzo yeyunithi njengoba ibhayili ingenakulinganiswa. Kodwa-ke, emakethe yasekhaya, ngokungafani nemakethe yomhlaba wonke, amafutha athengiswa ngamathani, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuguqula inani libe yisisindo futhi ngokufanayo. Sekuvele kudingekile ukucabangela ibanga lamafutha nobuningi balo, futhi izinga lokuguqulwa elikhethekile lisetshenziselwa ukubalwa.

Ngamanani amafutha

Kodwa, yiziphi izinyunithi ezingalinganisanga ukufakwa kwe "igolide elimnyama", namanje zamukelwa ukukhokhela amafutha ngama-dollar ngomgqomo ngamunye. Futhi lokhu kungenye yezinkomba ezinkulu lapho umnotho wezwe ongencike kuphela, kodwa futhi nentuthuko yezomnotho nezombusazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Akunakwenzeka ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwamafutha womkhiqizo wezwe, kanye nesabelo salo emkhatsini we-fuel fuel global. Njengalokhu kunoma iyiphi enye impahla, izindleko zamafutha zixhomeke emthamo wokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwazo.

Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, intengo yamafutha ixhomeke kwezinye izici eziningi. Ukukhiqizwa kwezwe kwakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi ukunyuka kwentengo ye "igolide elimnyama" akunciphisi ukusetshenziswa kwayo, kodwa ukuwa kwe-oyela ekukhiqizeni amafutha kungabangela ukunyuka kwezindleko ezibukhali. Akumangazi ukuthi ingxenye yezombangazwe iyazizwa ngokweqile ngamanani eoli; Abadlali abaningi bavele endaweni yesehlakalo, befuna ukunciphisa noma ukuphakamisa intengo yephethiloli kuye ngokwezifiso zabo siqu. Ngendlela, intengo yegesi yemvelo ngqo kuxhomeke ezindlebeni zamafutha. Ngakho-ke, kuzo zonke izingxabano zempi ezikhathini zamuva, ithrekhi "yamafutha" ibonakala ngokucacile.

Futhi futhi mayelana nomgqomo

Umgqomo uyisilinganiso sevolumu. Lokhu, nakuba isetshenzisiwe kakhulu, kodwa hhayi kuphela okushiwo leli gama. Umgqomo ungenye yemigomo ye-poker (umdlalo wekhadi). Igama elithi "Barrel" ngesizathu esithile laziwa kakhulu ngegama lezinto ezahlukene - kusukela enkampanini yokutshalwa kwezimali kuya eklasini ebusuku.