Umgqomo wamafutha. Iyini umgqomo wamafutha?

Kwadinga isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuba abantu bazuze amakhono avumela ukuba kuthiwe yizinto ezihlakaniphile nezithuthukile. Ukuqaphela inqubo yokuthola umlilo, ukukhiqizwa kwamathuluzi avela ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, ukwakhiwa kwesondo kanye nesistimu yezinhlayiya, ukulinywa kwezilwane ezifuywayo, ukutshala izitshalo zezolimo yizinyathelo zokuqala zomuntu oye waqala indlela yokuqhubeka. Uma ngaphambili inqubo yokwakha izinqubo ezintsha nokuziletha empilweni yansuku zonke yathatha amashumi namakhulu eminyaka, nanamuhla lokhu kuyindaba nje kwezinsuku ezimbalwa.

Sekuyisikhathi eside umlilo usetshenziswa isintu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke njengento ehlobisa. Ukuzingela endleleni yokuthola ukudla kuye kwaba yindlela yokuzijabulisa nokuthola i-adrenaline. Ukuhamba okude akudingeki ukwesabe noma ubani. Izimoto, izitimela nezindiza zenza inqubo yokunyakaza ijabulise futhi ikhululekile. Ukujula kwamachibi kanye nemigqabhagqabha yendalo yonke incike kumuntu. Phambili futhi phambili kuphela, ukuhlangabezana nokungaziwa, ngaphambi kwesikhathi! Lesi yisiqubulo esiyinhloko sesimanjemanje, sishukumisela phambili phambili ngejubane le-crazy.

Injini yentuthuko

Imithombo yemvelo enikezwa indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komuntu. Yonke imisebenzi yamandla amakhulu emhlabeni ahlose ukuqinisekisa imisebenzi yabo nokudala isitoreji samaminerali adingekayo. Sekuyisikhathi eside leli zwe likhohliwe ngezimpi, izimbangela zabesifazane, izindinganiso zokuziphatha kanye nomsebenzi wokusebenza. Emashumini eminyaka abantu bengafi ngenxa yezindinganiso eziphakeme, kodwa ngensimbi nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo.

Phakathi kwemali eningi yemithombo eyenziwe isintu, amafutha anesimo esiphambili. "Igolide Elimnyama" yigama elinquma incazelo yangempela yale nto ezweni lanamuhla. Imithombo yamaphephandaba nsuku zonke yitshela umuntu ovamile mayelana nezincaphuno kanye namanani emakethe yomhlaba womhlaba, okuqokomisa ngokweqile ukubaluleka kwento enjengomgqomo wamafutha. Okuningi kuxhomeke kulokho okushiwo yile mqondo engaqondakali: ukuzinza komnotho wezwe, inhlalakahle kanye nesabelomali sezwe ngalinye futhi, ngenxa yalokho, isiphetho sezigidi zabantu abavamile abangazange basolise ukuthi yini ngempela isiqinisekiso sokuphila kwabo okulinganiselwe. Lokho kusho ukuthini? Iyini le ndoda engavamile? Ake sikhulume ngalokhu ngokuningiliziwe.

Ulwazi jikelele

I-barrel iyinhlangano yokulinganisa amafutha. Lo mqondo wazalwa eNgilandi. Kusukela ku-English Barrel kuhunyushwa ngokuthi umgqomo. Futhi akumangalisi, ngoba ekuqaleni kokuthuthukiswa kwembonini yamafutha, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamathangi akhethekile namachibi, ukuthuthwa kwemikhiqizo yokukhishwa kwalesi sigaba somsebenzi kwenziwa emiphongolweni, eyayihloselwe ukuthutha i-herring. Emkhakheni wezomnotho wezwe, umgqomo usetshenziselwa yonke indawo futhi kuyisilinganiso.

Njengoba kunikezwe la maqiniso omlando, noma ngubani ekhanda angase afike nombuzo onengqondo: "Umgqomo wamafutha - lokhu kungakanani?" Inani leyunithi elisetshenziselwa ukucacisa inani lalezi zinhlamvu zamaminitha angu-42.

Isici esilinganiselwe somgqomo

Amagama athi "umgqomo" nelithi "gallon" ajwayelekile emazweni anezinhlelo zokulinganisa okungezona-metric (English), njenge-America, Great Britain, njll. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okuqhubekayo kokuningi kwawo, la magama angashintshwa kalula efonini evamile kithi. Isibonelo, i-American gallon ingama-3,785 amalitha, kanti amaNgisi - ama-4,546 amalitha. Ngokusekelwe kulezi zici ezincane, ukubaluleka kwenqwaba yamafutha kungenziwa ngaphandle kokubunzima.

Uma ungakaze uphefumulelwe yi-arithmetic, izinqubo zokwengeza nokuphindaphinda zilokhu zibangele ukudilika, futhi umbuzo othi "Mangaki amalitha emgqonyeni wamafutha?" Kusasebenza, ungaphelelwa ithemba. Impendulo ilula kakhulu. Umthamo womgqomo wamafutha, ohunyushwe kwisistimu yokulinganisela ejwayelekile, ingama-158.988 amalitha.

Kusukela kulezi zibonelo kucacile ukuthi umgqomo uyinhlangano yokulinganisa ivolumu futhi inezici ezifanele.

Zingaki imiphongolo ngamathani amafutha

E-Russia nase-CIS amazwe, ngokukala "igolide elimnyama" nazo zonke izinqubo zokuthenga nokuthengisa, igama elithi "ton" lisetshenziswe kaningi. Kulokhu, umbuzo: "Umgqomo wamafutha - ngamathani kungakanani?" - ngokuvamile abantu banesithakazelo. Umuntu ofuna ukuthola ulwazi ngalesi sihloko angamangala kakhulu. Emva kwakho konke, okuvamile, ekuboneni kokuqala, imibuzo ecacile neyilula ayinayo impendulo engavamile. Inqubo yokuguqula imiphongolo ngayinye kanye nokuhleleka okulandelanayo emazweni ahlukene kwenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene. Iyini isizathu sokuntuleka kobunye? Yini ethinta amanani omphumela?

Ukuxhomeka kwenani lamafutha ngobuningi balo

Ukuthola le mfihlakalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula amanani ayisisekelo okuphawulekayo kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo futhi oluthinta isimo sawo. Ubuningi - ubuningi bomzimba obulingana nesilinganiso sesisindo somzimba kuya kwevolumu, kulinganiswa ngo-g / cm³ no-kg / m ³ . Le ncazelo ijwayele wonke umuntu kusuka ezikhathini zesikole, futhi imithetho eminingi ye-physics ixhunywe naleli gama.

Ikhono lezinto ezizohlala phezu kwamanzi, ukuzimisela kokungaboni kahle kwamanzi kanye neminye imiqondo eminingi kuncike futhi kunqunywa kuphela ngenani labantu. I-oyili - into ehlala ejwayelekile evumelana negama elithi "liquid" - ayizange ibe yinto ehlukile emthethweni jikelele. Kuyinto umahluko phakathi kwamagugu omzimba wamafutha, ngenxa yezizathu zomlando nezesizinda, futhi kuthinta ukuhlakazeka kwedijithali ngokwemathani.

Ngenxa yokuthi ubukhulu be "igolide elimnyama" aliyona inani elilodwa futhi liyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi indawo yentuthuko yayo, kukhona ukungafani kokuhumusha. Futhi njengoba ubukhulu bamafutha ngokuqondile buxhomeke ekushiseni kwawo, lokhu kubuye kulandelwe nenqubo yokuguqulwa.

Ake sibale

Isibonelo, ngesisindo samafutha esingu 750 kg / m ^3, inani lemibhobho ngetoni ngalinye yilo:

• Ebuseni be-15.60 ^о С - 8.34.

Ngesisindo samafutha esingu-800 kg / m ^3, inani lemibhodo ngetoni lizobe likhona:

• Ngesikhathi sokushisa kuka 200 ^о С - 8.39;
• Ekushiseni kwe-200 ° C, 7.86;
• Ebusini lokushisa ngo-15.60 ° C, 7.83.

Lezi zibonelo zikhomba ngokucacile ukuncika kwenani lemibhodo ngetoni ngalinye ekubambeni nasekushiseni kwamafutha ngokwawo. Futhi uma ucabanga ukuthi ubukhulu be "igolide elimnyama" buhluka emingcele ehlukene, umehluko wamagugu okubaluleke kakhulu, khona-ke ukungaqondakali kombuzo kubonakala.

Mangaki amathani emgqonyeni wamafutha

Ukuze uthole isibalo esicacile, kuwanele ukuhlukanisa ibe yinkulungwane ethoni elikhulu. Lesi senzo se-arithmetic, esingenziwa yiwo wonke umuntu, sizokunikeza impendulo eqondile yombuzo obhekwe.

Isibonelo, ngesisindo samafutha esingu 750 kg / m ³ kanye nokushisa kwama-200 ° C, inani lemiphongolo (njengoba kuchazwe ngaphambili) ngu-8.39. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, inani lamathani emgqonyeni lizoba ngamathani angu-0.00839.

Yini ongayithola emgqonyeni wamafutha?

Ukuze uqonde ngokucacile amathuba okuba umgqomo wamafutha, kubalulekile ukucubungula ubungakanani bemikhiqizo etholakele ngesikhathi kusetshenzwa. Ngakho, kuzovela kuzo:

• Gasoline - 102 amalitha;
• I-Diz. Amafutha - amalitha angu-30;
• Ukuhamba kwezindiza - ama-25 amalitha;
• Ukushisa imfucuza - 11 amalitha;
• I-petroleum coke, esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwama-electrode kanye nemishini yokungaxilisi - amalitha ayi-10;
• Amafutha kagesi - ama-7 amalitha;
• Igesi eligcwele amanzi - 5.5 amalitha;
• Amalahle - 1,5 kg;
• I-propane gas - 12 cylinders;
• Ioli yamajini - 1 l;
• Amakhandlela we-Wax wekhekhe - ama-pcs angu-120.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, imikhiqizo ye-petroleum inezinhlobo eziningi zokusebenza kwezinye izindawo ezihlukahlukene. Izidakamizwa, ukukhiqizwa kwamaplastiki, izimonyo, imikhiqizo yokudla - konke okuyingxenye encane yamathuba okuba umgqomo wamafutha uyakwazi.

Ukwakhiwa kwentengo yamafutha

Ngakanani umgqomo wamafutha? Umbuzo ongencike kakhulu namhlanje. Izindleko zamafutha ngomgqomo namuhla zihloswe yizici eziningi, enye yazo ingumuntu. Njengoba isabelomali sezinombolo ezimbalwa ngokuqondile kuxhomeke ezindlebeni zamafutha namuhla, umthamo wesithamo saso kanye nokunikezwa kwawo kulawulwa ngokuqinile. I-surplus yamafutha emakethe yomhlaba ngenxa yokufunwa okuphansi kuyoholela ekuthengeni okungabizi futhi, ngokuphambene nalokho, inani lalo elincane lizobangela ukwanda okukhulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kuzothinta ukukhula kwentengo yentengo ye "igolide elimnyama".

Kuze kube manje, izindleko zomgqomo wamafutha zilinganiselwa ku-110 y. E. Ngenxa yokuthi umnotho wamazwe amaningi uhlobene eduze namafutha, izindawo zokugcina umhlaba ezingekho, izindleko "zegolide elimnyama" zizokhula njalo. Sekuvele manje ukuthi umuntu angaba ngufakazi wezingxabano zempi, isizathu sokuthi isifiso sokudotshwa kwale mineral.

Sithemba ukuthi uthole izimpendulo eziphelele kumbuzo wakho.