Izinhlobo zezokuvakasha ezokuvakasha

Ukuvakasha kuyindlela yokwandisa ama-horizons. Inhloso yokuya kulo mcimbi ukuthola ulwazi ngendaba ethile, indawo noma umcimbi. Ngenxa yobubanzi bomqondo wokuhamba, kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinkambo lapho zihlukaniswe khona ngokuvumelana nezici ezithile zesici.

Kuyini ukuvakasha

Igama elithi "ukuhamba" livela eLatin futhi lisho ukuhamba noma uhambo. Leli gama lisho ukuhamba komunye umuntu noma uhambo oluya ezindaweni eziphawulekayo ezithakazelisayo kusukela ekubukeni kwesayensi, ingqondo noma yokuzijabulisa. Izakhi ezintathu zihilelekile ekuphumeni: umhlahlandlela, i-excursionist kanye nento (noma into) ye-excursion.

Into yokuvakasha yinto noma into efanekisela isimo somlando, amasiko, ubuhle noma isayensi. Ukuvakashela indawo enentshisekelo kuqondiswa umqondisi. Lo ngumphathi oqeqeshiwe okwazi ukunikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nento ku-excursionist. Umuntu oyedwa noma abaningi abahlanganyele ekuhloleni isayithi, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lokuvakasha.

Inhloso yalolu hambo inquma isiqondiso sayo. Ngokuvamile uhambo luyajabulisa. Uhambo olunjalo luyingxenye ebalulekile yemisebenzi yokuvakasha. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuvakasha kuba umcimbi wemfundo.

Isici esibalulekile sendlela yokuvakasha kuyithuba lokucabangela into bese uthola ulwazi mayelana nalo. Ngaphandle kokucabangela, lohambo luba inkulumo, ngaphandle kwesici sokufundisa, uhambo luzohlolwa.

Umlando

Ekuhambeni kokuqala, ngokwezazi-mlando eziningi, kungenzeka ukuba uthwale ukuhamba ngezindawo ezingcwele. Ukuvakasha kwemvelo yemidlalo, ama-Olympic ase-Ancient Greece asezingeni eliphezulu. Kodwa kuphela ekuqaleni kwemisebenzi yekhulu lama-20 ye-excursion yaba yisiqondiso esizimele. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemizila yokuthutha, ukuvakasha ngezindlela eziningi kwafaka isandla kulokhu. Amakilasi aphezulu akwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekile emaqenjini ahlukene ezwe, futhi athumele izingane zabo ukuba zifunde kwamanye amazwe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuhamba, baqala ukuhamba ngezemfundo nabantwana. Umgomo wabo oyinhloko kwakuwukuzijwayeza abafundi ngemvelo, okungukuthi, kwakukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuvakasha emvelweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo umsebenzi we "umhlahlandlela" wazalwa. Ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo komsebenzi wokuvakasha kuye kwabangela ukwakhiwa kwezinkampani ezihlukahlukene ekuhleleni nasekuqhubeni izinkambo.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Njengamanje, ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi enjalo kusebenzisa izimpawu eziqokonyiswe ngumsayense-u-BE Raikov, oyisungulo somsebenzi wokuvakasha. Izihambeli zihlukaniswe zibe izinhlobo nezinhlobo kuye ngezici ezilandelayo:

• Ithebula lokuqukethwe.
• Ukwakhiwa kanye nenani labavakashelezi.
• Indawo lapho ukuvakasha khona khona.
• Indlela yokuhambisa iqembu le-excursion.
• Isikhathi somcimbi.
• Ifomu le-excursion.

Izinhlobo ngayinye yezinguquko ezingenhla inezici ezithile nezici.

Imigomo yokuhlela

Isidingo sokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi ye-excursion savela ngezizathu eziningi. Okuyinhloko kulula ukulungiselela nokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yokuvakasha. Lapho uhlela uhlelo lokuhamba, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi akufanele nje kube nokuqonda, kodwa futhi ukuletha imizwelo emihle. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uhambo oluphumelelayo, akwanele ukwazi isihloko sobukiso.

Umhlahlandlela kufanele uqondiswe kahle endaweni yokuhamba, khetha amaphuzu wombukiso omuhle kakhulu. I-excursion kufanele ibe neyodwa indaba, okuyiyo, lapho ekhuluma ngento ngokuqondile, izoxhaswa amaqiniso athakazelisayo nokufakwa kokuxhumana kwenhloso namuntu odumile noma izenzakalo ezibalulekile.

Uma kwenzeka uhambo olude, umhlahlandlela kufanele uhlinzekele izikhefu eziningana endabeni yokuphumula kweqembu. Kwezinhlobo ezithile zokuhamba (esikoleni samabanga aphansi, kubantu abakhubazekile), kubalulekile ukucabangela izici zeqembu.

Okuqukethwe

Okuqukethwe kwenduduzo ihlukanisa ibe izinhlobo ezimbili: ukubuka konke okuningiliziwe kanye ne-thematic. Uhambo lokubona indawo luhlobo lohambo, okuqukethwe kuningi. Ukuvakashelwa ukuvakasha kuvame ukuqhutshwa ukuchaza idolobha, isifunda, ibhizinisi noma indawo yemvelo. Ukuhamba okunjalo kunesakhiwo esithile. Okubukwayo okuningiliziwe kunamathekisthi amaningi kanye nezihloko ezingaphansi, ukukhanyisa isikhathi esiningi sokuthi kukhona into ekhona, nokuxhumanisa into kwimicimbi ehlukahlukene yomlando.

Isibonelo, lapho ubukeza idolobha, i-subtopic yendawo yokwakha ihlanganisa incazelo yezici zokuhlela edolobheni, umlando wemvelo - utshela mayelana nemifula nezilwane zendawo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngayinye yalezi zingqikithi zingaba yisihloko sokuvakasha okuhlukile. Uhambo lokubona indawo lenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokuvakasha ezokuvakasha.

Izinhlobo zohambo oluhambelanayo

Ukuhamba kwetheksthi kwembula isihloko esithile esithile. Ukuhamba okunjalo kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha, ngasinye esinezikhombisi-ndlela ezincane:

1. I-historic inikezwe emlandweni owodwa noma eminingana emlandweni, futhi indaba ikhawulelwe isikhathi salo mcimbi. Umlando womlando wendawo kanye nendawo wendawo uchaza umlando wendawo, izenzakalo ezenzeka endaweni enikezwe ngezikhathi ezahlukene, unikeza umbono wokubunjwa kwento yokuvakasha. Isiqondiso somvubukulo kulokhu kuhambela izikhumbuzo zasendulo nezesikhathi esidlule. I-Military-history - ikhuluma ngemisebenzi yezempi. I-Ethnographic - incazelo yamasiko namasiko. Isiqondiso somlando nesobuciko sitshela ngomuntu obalulekile ngokomlando. Indawo ehlukile ihambela iminyuziyamu yomlando.
2. Ngokuvamile kukhona izinhlobo zokukhiqiza esikoleni, ikakhulu esikoleni esiphakeme. Inhloso yezenzakalo ezinjalo yindaba mayelana nomsebenzi wamabhizinisi. Lezi zinhlobo zinezikhombisi ezintathu. Isiqondiso somlando sitshela ngomlando wokusungulwa kwebhizinisi, ezokwezomnotho - mayelana nokucaciswa kanye nokuhlelwa kwezici zezomnotho kwemisebenzi, ezobuchwepheshe - kubandakanya ngokuqondile ukukhombisa amandla okusebenza.
3. Ukuhamba kwemvelo kunikeza umbono wezinto eziphilayo endaweni efundisiwe futhi kunezikhombisi-ndlela ezilandelayo: eziphilayo, ezemvelo, ezokwemvelo, ezemvelo.
4. Abagxeki bezobuciko banikezelwa uhlobo oluthile lobuciko. Isiqondiso salokho kuhambela kuhlobene ngokuqondile nalokho okuchazwe uhlobo lobuciko. Kungaba yindawo yokudlala, yomculo, isiqondiso sezithombe. Futhi, ukuvakasha okunjalo kufaka ukuvakashela ama-studios abadwebi be-sculptors, izindlu zamamyuziyamu yamamyuziyamu njalonjalo.
5. Ukuhamba kwemibhalo kunomlando - mayelana nokuphila nomsebenzi womlobi, umlando - mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kohlobo lwezincwadi noma mayelana nezici zomsebenzi wokubhala ngezikhathi ezehlukene, isiqondiso somdwebo - uhamba ezindaweni ezichazwe emisebenzini yokubhala.
6. Ukuvakasha kokuhlelwa kwemishini nokuhlelwa kwedolobhana kungahloswe ukuchaza impilo nemisebenzi yomakhi, ukuvakashela izinto zokwakha kanye nezikhumbuzo zokwakha.

Indawo

Le ndawo ihlukanisa ukuhamba ngezinhlobo ezinhlanu eziyinhloko. Uhambo lomuzi lungaba kokubili okubukeziwe kanye ne-thematic. Isibonelo, ukuvakasha kwendawo yokwakha kanye nokuhlelwa kwedolobhana, ukukhuluma ngezinto ezikhethekile zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo esikhathini esithile futhi kubonise izinto ezihambisanayo zokwakha, idolobheni.

Ukuhamba kwezwe kuya ukuvakashelwa kwezinto eziyingqayizivele zemvelo noma amaphakheji epaki. Ibanga kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-excursion akuvamile ukuba amakhilomitha angaphezu kwekhulu. Kunezinhlamvu eziningana zalokhu kuhamba:

• Imicimbi yokuzijabulisa iqhutshwa ekugcineni kokuhamba;
• Ngaphezu kokubuyekeza iphuzu lokugcina, indaba iqhutshwa kulo lonke uhambo;
• I-excursion yenziwa phakathi nohambo futhi ihambisana nokuboniswa kwezinto.

Umbono weMyuziyamu wezokuvakasha ungumthetho, ukugxekwa kobuciko. Isihloko se-museum sokuvakasha sincike ekubonisweni okuvakashelwe. Ukuhamba okunamandla kuhlanganisa inhlanganisela yezindawo eziningana.

Isikhathi

Ngokwesigaba sokuqala sokuvakasha, esethulwa nguRaikov, BE, isikhathi sokuvakasha sasihlukaniswa ngezikhathi ezintathu: usuku olulodwa, izinsuku eziningana, usuku olulodwa oluhlala ubusuku bonke. Noma kunjalo, njengamanje, ukwahlukana okunjalo kulahlekelwe ukuhambisana kwawo, ngoba esikhundleni sezinsuku eziningi zokuvakasha, ukuvakasha kwezimpelasonto kuphethwe. Ukuvakasha kunezinsuku ezimbalwa futhi kuhlanganisa ukuhamba okumbalwa.

Ifomu lokuziphatha

Kukhona izinhlobo ezilandelayo zokuvakasha:

1. Massovka. Ezinsukwini zeSoviet Union, lokho okubizwa okuthiwa yizintambo ezinezingqwembe namabhansela babizwa. Namuhla, lolu luhambo olukhulu lwamacembu amakhulu abavakashi. Isibonelo, kungaba ukuhamba okuhamba phambili kwe-suburban kumabhasi amaningana, ngalinye linomhlahlandlela wokuvakasha.
2. Ukuhamba. Njengomthetho, zinohlobo lwemvelo futhi zihlanganisa ngokwabo ukujwayela into nokuphumula.
3. Ukufunda. Ngesikhathi sokuvakasha-inkulumo, inkulumo elandelwayo ibangelwa ngaphezu kobukiso. Izinkulumo ezifanayo zinezihloko ezahlukene. Okuvame kakhulu lezi zinhlobo zezokuvakasha ekuqeqesheni.
4. Ikhonsathi. Lona uhambo lomqondisi womculo. Kuhlanganisa ukulalela umculo.
5. Ukusebenza. Enhliziyweni yendlela enjalo ingumsebenzi wezingqikithi.

Ubulungu

Ukwakhiwa kanye nenani labavakashi kungenye inkomba ehlukanisa ukuvakasha ezinhlobonhlobo eziyinhloko. Ngenani labahlanganyeli bahlukaniswe waba ngabanye neqembu. Abantu abanjelwe omunye oyedwa, iqembu elilodwa liqembu. Ukwakhiwa kwabahlanganyeli kungabandakanya i-strata ehlukene yabantu kanye namacembu ahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu lokubona indawo lingabakashela izivakashi noma izakhamuzi.

Indlela yokuhamba

Iqembu lokuvakasha lingaba ngezinyawo noma lihambise noma yikuphi ukuthutha. Izinzuzo zokuhamba yizikhethelo zamahhala ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe izinga lezinto.

Uhambo oluqondisiwe lunikeza ukubuka konke okuphelele kwezikhungo. Njengokuthutha, njengomthetho, ibhasi likhethiwe. I-pluses yalolu hambo iphinde ihlanganise ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukukhetha okufanele kakhulu ukubuka i-angle kanye nethuba lokuhlola into ngaphandle kokushiya ukuthutha. Lezi zikhathi ezinhle zithandwa kakhulu uma kwenzeka ukuvakashela izingane ezindala, izingane zasenkulisa kanye nabantu abakhubazekile.

Ukuvakasha okukhethekile

Ngaphandle kwezinhlobo zezokuvakasha ezifakwe kuhlu olujwayelekile olwamukelweyo, kuneqembu elihlukile lezokuvakasha ezikhethekile. Njengomthetho, asetshenziselwa ukuqeqesha noma ukuhlolwa kolwazi lwabafundi noma abasebenzi benkampani abahlela izenzakalo ezinjalo.

Ngokuvamile, izinhlangano eziqhuba ukuvakasha, ziqhuba izifundo ezikhethekile zabasebenzi abangase bakwazi. Ukuhamba kwezimo zemfundo kungenye yezinkomba zezifundo ezinjalo. Zibanjelwe abafundi bezenzo zokuvakasha ngenhloso yokubonisa amasu namasu okuhamba.

Ukuvakasha kwamacala kuyindlela yokuhlola izitifiketi zabasebenzi noma ukuhlola abasebenzi abangase babe khona. Kungaba ukuhlolwa kokugcina kwabafundi bokuqeqeshwa izifundo. Njengoba ama-excursionists abachwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe abaqhuba ukuhlolwa kwamakhono omhlahlandlela.