Isiko Ancient Greece: kafushane. Izici isiko Ancient Greece

Izakhiwo kanye ukubaza, izinkondlo kanye nemicabango zefilosofi okukhulu - konke ingxenye "isimangaliso ngesiGreki," ososayensi abayibiza ngokuthi namuhla.

Uma unesithakazelo isiko ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, kafushane bajwayelane ke uzokwazi ukuba kulesi sihloko. Ngakho, okujabulisa ngisho nomuntu ongenalwazi kakhulu ubuciko esidlule eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine? Ake sibheke kabanzi.

Uhlolojikelele

isikhathi Antique, esibonakala by ukuvelela owawuchuma Greece (njengoba amaGreki asendulo ngokuthi ezweni labo), kuyinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu ngoba iningi a baxgeki. Futhi akumangalisi! Phela, ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona ukuvela ukusungulwa izimiso futhi izinhlobo cishe zonke izinhlobo yobuciko wesimanje.

Zonke ososayensi ukwabelana umlando kuleli zwe izinkathi ezinhlanu. Ake sibheke typology bese ukhuluma ngalokho kumiswa kohlobo oluthile ubuciko.

inkathi Aegean

Nkathi ngokucacile kakhulu emelelwa izikhumbuzo ezimbili - nesigodlo Mycenaean ka Knossos. Lesi sakamuva is more namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi i Labyrinth of inganekwane Theseus kanye Minotaur. Ngemva abavubukuli, ososayensi baye waqinisekisa ukuba yiqiniso kwale ndaba.-legend. Yalondolozwa kuphela phansi emhlabathini, kodwa zikhona amakamelo abangaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu!

Ngaphezu kwalokho izigodlo isikhathi Mycenaean is buso abaholi Achaean kanye eziqoshiwe engumKrethe ifomu esincane esaziwa. Statuette ezitholakala kude esigodlweni, bazongena esitelekeni filigree yabo. Abesifazane elinezinyoka bheka enengqondo kakhulu nenhle.

Ngakho, isiko ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, sifinyeto okuyinto okusesihlokweni esithi, ke uvela a Symbiosis of impucuko of isiqhingi saseKrethe lasendulo wafika izizwe Achaean futhi Dorian azinza eNhlonhlweni Yamazwe AseBalkan.

isikhathi Homer

Le nkathi ihlukile kakhulu ngokuya impahla kusukela kulowo odlule. Kusukela XI kuya IX ekhulwini BC, sekube izenzakalo eziningi ezibalulekile.

Okokuqala, wafa impucuko odlule. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi ngenxa ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Njengoba bevela isimo kwakukhona ukubuya idivayisi ngokuhlanganyela. Eqinisweni, lapho kuphinda kuba khona kumiswa umphakathi.

Iphuzu okubalulekile ukuthi umongo impahla ukwehla isiko ezingokomoya iyagcinwa ngokuphelele futhi kusukela ngalesosikhathi iye yaqhubeka ziphenduke. Singabona imisebenzi zikaHomer, ezembula ncamashi nale nkathi ebucayi.

I iThrojani neMpi iyona kokuphela kwesikhathi Minoan, futhi umlobi wayephila ngasekuqaleni isikhathi zakudala. Okungukuthi, "The Iliad" futhi "Odyssey" - ubufakazi kuphela kwalesi sikhathi, ngoba ngaphandle kwabo, futhi imivubukulo ka akwaziwa namuhla.

isiko zakudala

Ngalesi sikhathi, kukhona ukukhula ngokushesha kanye kumiswa izinqubomgomo States. Uqala i-ukuze kwenziwe izinhlamvu, kukhona kumiswa zamagama kwetinhlavu.

Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi zakudala avele Olympics, kwakheka yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi umzimba ophilile wezemidlalo.

Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho isiko abasafufusa yaseGrisi yasendulo. Umbiko kafushane ukuthuthukiswa izinhlobo zalo ungafunda on.

isikhathi zakudala

Konke owuthanda nathi namuhla isiko yamaGreki asendulo (kukhona isifinyezo isihloko), kuyenzeka kule nkathi.

Philosophy nesayensi, ubuciko kanye ebaziwe, ubugagu kanye izinkondlo - zonke lezi izinhlobo kwadingeka ups nokwakheka kwalo esiyingqayizivele. I apogee yokukhuluma zokudala baba Athene Ensemble yezakhiwo, okuyinto namanje kuyabamangaza izilaleli nge ukuvumelana kwalo nangobuciko ifomu.

kobuHellenism

Enkathini yokugcina ukuthuthukiswa isiko lamaGreki Kuyathakazelisa ngokunembile ngenxa emagama ayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona inyunyana amasiko amaGreki Oriental ngenxa ukunqoba kuka-Alexander Omkhulu. Ngakolunye - Rome ithumba Greece, kodwa lona okugcinwe uhambisa isiko lalo.

izakhiwo

Cishe Parthenon ingenye zodumo zezwe lasendulo. A Doric ionic noma izakhi, ezifana amakholomu, ezisezinhlotsheni ezithile izitayela yamuva ngaphezulu yezakhiwo.

Ngokuyinhloko, ukuthuthukiswa yaleli fomu art, singakwazi umsuka amathempeli. Kuyinto kule uhlobo izakhiwo usise kakhulu umzamo, imali namakhono. Ngisho izigodlo ayaziswa esingaphansi indawo imihlatshelo konkulunkulu.

Charm amathempeli yamaGreki asendulo wukuthi babengesibo amathempeli esesabekayo ongaqondakali futhi onkulunkulu unonya. kudivayisi Inland babheka like izindlu abavamile, ehlome kuphela nenhle futhi linikeza acebile. Futhi iyiphi enye indlela, uma onkulunkulu ngokwabo babekhokha kuvezwa sengathi abantu nezinkinga ezifanayo, ukuphikisana nezinjabulo?

Esikhathini esizayo, oda ezintathu amakholomu wakha sisekelo izitayela kakhulu bokwakha yaseYurophu. Kuyinto ngabo isiko yaseGrisi yasendulo kafushane, kodwa capacious kakhulu futhi iqine sangena ekuphileni yomuntu yesimanje.

vase imidwebo

Imisebenzi le art yakha eziningi kakhulu futhi uphenyo kuze kube manje. Esikoleni, izingane zifunda ulwazi emelelwa isiko yaseGrisi yasendulo (kafushane). Libanga 5, isibonelo, - kwenkathi ukuphola izinganekwane kanye izinganekwane.

Futhi ezikhumbuzo yokuqala yale impucuko abafundi ukubona - omnyama lacquered zobumba - zitsha ezinhle kakhulu futhi stylish, amakhophi okwakukhona eziyizikhumbuzo, ubucwebe kanye eziqoqekayo zonke izinkathi okwalandela.

Painting imithambo wadlula ezigabeni eziningana ukuthuthukiswa. Ekuqaleni base Amaphetheni alula Jomethri, eyaziwa njengoba isikhathi isiko Minoan. Ngemva kwalokho, ungeze meanders Kuvunguza kanye neminye imininingwane.

Ngo inqubo yokuba umdwebo vase ozuza izici Umdwebo. On izitsha avele izigcawu asuselwa ezinganekwaneni nokuphila kwansuku ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo, izibalo womuntu, izithombe zezilwane izigcawu kusuka ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umculi wakwazi awadluliseli kuphela ukunyakaza ukudwetshwa yakhe, kodwa futhi ukunikeza komuntu izinhlamvu. Ngenxa yezimfanelo zawo eziqondile obonwa onkulunkulu namaqhawe ngaphandle nobunzima.

izinganekwane

izizwe zezwe lasendulo ukuzwa eziyizungezile kancane ehlukile kunaleyo thina zijwayele lokuba siliqonde. Onkulunkulu bamanga kwakufanele force main, esasiphethe okwenzeka ekuphileni komuntu.

Lesi sikole babevame ukwenza ngesihloko esithi "Isiko Ancient Greece" umyalezo omfushane, dlala, ezithakazelisayo, futhi wachaza ngokuningiliziwe wenarha namagugu wenarha le impucuko emangalisayo. Kulokhu, indaba kungcono ukuqala izinganekwane.

onkulunkulu ngesiGreki inqwaba onkulunkulu, Onkulunkulu abangabantu namaqhawe, kodwa main babe Olympian nambili. Amagama abanye babo babethola aziwayo kakade ngesikhathi impucuko Mycenaean. Basuke okukhulunywa ezibhebheni zobumba ne-Linear. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kulesi sigaba base nozakwabo iduna nensikazi kuzo uhlamvu efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uZeyusi kwaba-ke-yena uZeyusi.

Namuhla, siyazi mayelana onkulunkulu yaseGrisi yasendulo ngokusebenzisa izikhumbuzo kwezobuciko futhi ebhalwe kahle, awasalayo eminyaka. Imifanekiso esemathuneni akudala, imifanekiso eqoshiwe, kudlala, futhi tindzaba letimfisha - konke lokhu kwabonakala emhlabeni amaGreki.

Abantu abanale mibono ezisekhona isikhathi sabo. Art nesiko ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, ngamafuphi, liye laba nethonya eyinhloko on ukuthuthukisa izikole amaningi aseYurophu, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu art. Abaculi Yenguquko savuka futhi bahlakulele imibono nesitayela, ukuvumelana kanye ifomu, eyaziwa eGreece classical.

izincwadi

Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ukwehlukanisa umphakathi wethu ukusuka emphakathini ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, ngaphandle empeleni safinyelela kithi kuphela imvuthu ka okwakulotshiwe. "Iliad" futhi "Odyssey", mhlawumbe - ethandwa kakhulu, nge okuyinto isiko IGrisi yasendulo eyaziwa. Okufingqiwe (emayelana no-Odysseus futhi ukuzidela kwakhe) zingatholakala kunoma iyiphi Anthology, futhi yilawa Umuntu ohlakaniphileyo udlula umphakathi umxhwele namanje.

Ngaphandle iseluleko sakhe ngeke kube ukunqoba kwe-Achaeans ku iThrojani neMpi. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo izinkondlo ezimbili yakha isithombe umbusi esiqhingini Ithaca ekukhanyeni ephelele. Abagxeki bayibheka njengelungelo uhlamvu elakhiwa abantu abaningi, esikhundleni a lot of izici ezinhle.

Homer Ukudala libhekisela lesishiyagalombili leminyaka BC. abalobi Okuningi yamuva ezifana Euripides, wenza ngemisebenzi yakhe brand jet entsha. Uma kwaba kubo ubudlelwane eziyisisekelo namaqhawe nonkulunkulu, kanye namasu wonkulunkulu ukuphazamiseka kwazo izimpilo zabantu abavamile, kodwa manje izinto ziyashintsha. isizukulwane esisha nhlekelele ibonisa emhlabeni kwangaphakathi yomuntu.

Isiko Ancient Greece, ngamafuphi, esikhathini classical uzama ukungena ngokujulile bese uphendula kaningi emibuzweni okuphakade. Kulesi "ukutadisha" abathintekayo ezindaweni ezifana efundwako, ifilosofi, art. Ezingamagagu kanye izimbongi, ongqondongqondo, futhi abaculi - konke bezama ukuqonda ukwehluka zezwe futhi afeza ukuhlakanipha izizukulwane.

art

Ukwahlukaniswa kusekelwe ubuciko izakhi vase imidwebo. NgesiGreki (Achaian-Minoan) isikhathi ekulandulayo Mycenaean lapho impucuko isihambile owawukhona kulezi ziqhingi, futhi hhayi eNhlonhlweni Yamazwe AseBalkan.

Empeleni kwakheka isiko ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, incazelo emfushane lapho sethula kulesi sihloko ekupheleni enkulungwaneni yesibili yeminyaka BC. Ezikhumbuzo kakhulu asendulo ayengabantu emathempelini (isib Fehr Apollo ethempelini esiqhingini) kanye mural izitsha. Kule yakamuva iphethini isici ngesimo izimo ezilula weJiyomethri. The main zomculo abaculi ngenkathi babe ababusi kanye ikhampasi.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka zakudala, elaqala emhlabeni ekhulwini lesikhombisa BC, ubuciko kuba eziphambili kakhulu futhi kwakwakhiwa. EKorinte livela black lacquered zobumba, eGibhithe waboleka ukuma abantu kusenzo izitsha futhi imifanekiso. Kukhona okuthiwa smile zakudala ngesikhathi ukubaza, okuyinto ayabaluleka lemvelo.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka classical kuyinto "lite" izakhiwo. Isitayela Doric esikhundleni ionic futhi laseKorinte. Esikhundleni ekuqaleni ukusebenzisa limestone zemabula nezakhiwo kanye eziqoshiwe babe Airy ngaphezulu. Kwaphela lesi simanga civilizational ka kobuHellenism, sokuthuthwa kwempahla umbuso Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

Namuhla, ezikhungweni eziningi ukufunda isiko yaseGrisi yasendulo - kafushane izingane, intsha ngokugcwele nangokujulile ngalokho kubacwaningi. Kodwa ngisho zinezinhloso ezinhle, singazi bawemukela ngokuphelele impahla kwesokunxele kithi yilabo abamele abantu ilanga.

nefilosofi

Ngisho umsuka wenkulumo ethi - Greek. Hellenic unalo uthando oluqinile yokuhlakanipha. Shono emhlabeni wonke lasendulo, babebhekwa izifundiswa kakhulu kakhulu.

Namuhla, singazi ukukhumbula iyiphi phakathi kweMilambo noma aseGibithe, ososayensi, abacwaningi bazi iyunithi Roman, kodwa amagama umcabango ngesiGreki ezindebeni wonke umuntu. Protagoras futhi Democritus, Thales futhi Pythagoras, noPlato, esingumGreki futhi Heraclitus - baye babamba iqhaza elikhulu empucukweni yomhlaba, ingenza imiphumela ucwaningo lwakhe njengoba impucuko, sisalokhu zisebenzisa izimpumelelo zabo.

I Pythagoreans, isibonelo, indima absolutized izinombolo ezweni lethu. Babekholelwa ukuthi ingasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ukuchaza zonke, kodwa ngisho nokubikezela ikusasa. AmaSophist ngokuvamile alalelwa emhlabeni kwangaphakathi yomuntu. Siyakwamukela kuchazwe kubo njengoba into okukuhle, futhi okubi kuphela - njengokucabanga kwethu into noma umcimbi esibangela ukuhlupheka.

Democritus futhi esingumGreki bahlakulele imfundiso ka atomism, yilokho izwe yakhiwa izinhlayiya miniscule aphansi kabani khona kubonakaliswa kuphela ngemva kokusungulwa kwe-microscope.

USocrates wamnaka ongqondongqondo kusukela esazini Cosmology ekutadisheni indoda, futhi uPlato idealized izwe imibono, bakubheka njengobuthakathaka real kuphela.

Ngakho, siyabona ukuthi izici isiko ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, ngamafuphi, kubonakala ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu sinesimo sengqondo zefilosofi yesimanje ngokuphila.

yaseshashalazini

Labo abaye Greece isikhathi eside ukukhumbula umuzwa okumangalisayo ukuthi nakho umuntu, kuyilapho ngesikhathi yemidlalo. umsindo wakhe imilingo, lelo ngisho nanamuhla kubonakala isimangaliso, iwina izinhliziyo izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Lesi sakhiwo, lapho abangaphezu kuka-uchungechunge kweshumi, isigaba elise endaweni evulekile, futhi izilaleli ehlezi endaweni ezikude, ukwazi ukuzwa ukuthi uhlamvu lwemali ewela esigabeni. Aint it sobunjiniyela?

kudlala bokuyingxenye ezithakazelisayo lokungekho ngephansi. Manje owaziwayo Italian Commedia dell'arte umsuka ngenxa classical yaseshashalazini ngesiGreki. Izindlela ezihambayo kwenkundla usebenzisa amabhlogo futhi izimpahla, ngokuthi "Deus Ex Machina", bona lanyakazisa izilaleli nge ofuna ukuphumela obala yabo.

Ngakho, siyabona ukuthi isiko ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, kafushane ezichazwe ngenhla, kwakheka isisekelo art yesimanje, ifilosofi, isayensi, kanye nezikhungo nomphakathi. Ukube bekungekhona ukuthi amaGreki asendulo, akucaci bekungaba iyiphi indlela yokuphila yesimanje.