UTrajan uMbusi: Biography emfushane, amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo, izithombe

Ngaphansi uTrajan, abusa iminyaka 98-117., UMbuso WaseRoma bufinyelele izinga lokugcina yayo. Lo mbusi kwadingeka ngezimpi eziningana yimpumelelo nomakhelwane balo, wahlanganyela ukwakhiwa amadolobha kanye kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni mazwe amasha. Wakwazi yokuthola ulimi olulodwa nazo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi wamaRoma, ukuze umbuso phezu minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule uye wathola esizinzileyo nokunethezeka.

umsuka

Umbusi esizayo uTrajan wazalwa ngo-September 18, 53 emzini Italica, esifundazweni Baetica. Namuhla kule ndawo of Spain. Ezikhathini zasendulo-ke idonse zonke izinhlobo bamakoloni. Lapho kwazalelwa khona umbusi uTrajan kwaba isihloko impikiswano ebabayo phakathi kweRoma ne-iCarthage. umndeni womfana babevela amasosha ayephethwe, phakathi Second ZabaseCarthage neMpi ukuba amaNtaliyane badingiselwa Scipio abadumile. Ekuqaleni, abafundi amadlozi uTrajan Umbrian edolobheni Tudera. Ngaleyondlela, kwakungemva umbusi wokuqala wamaRoma, owayevela uhlobo kolonistskogo ubani eye waphumelela ebonakalako isifundazwe ezikude.

uyise kaTrajan zemvelo kwaba umbusi waseSiriya. Kuyaziwa ukuthi 76, uKesari ikusasa limphatheleni khona inkonzo yezempi. Lapho umbuso yashukumisa ukuvukela Saturninus, wayengumuntu induna Legion, futhi wathatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo abacindezela ukuhlubuka. Ngegalelo lakhe wanqoba izinkinga Traian 91, waba inxusa. Ngesikhathi 97th waba induna amasosha e Upper eJalimane, lapho kwakukhona khona impi njalo bakhona.

indlalifa Sagcina

Eyandulela uTrajan sobukhosi, uMbusi uNerva, ummeli ngokuqeqesha necebo isimiso sezombusazwe, ukuchuma yombuso wamaRoma amakhulu eminyaka eminye. Ngaphambi amandla Lomuzi Waphakade yanikwa phansi kusukela ubaba endodaneni, kodwa lesi simiso unobuthakathaka eziningi, ngenxa okuyinto njalo iphutha Guard Army kuvukela. Nerve oda lapho umbusi eyisibopho esimisiwe umlandeli wakhe, ngokuvumelana nezimfanelo zakhe siqu futhi sinesisindo eziphakanyisiwe. Kulokhu, indlalifa kungase kungabi eyisihlobo umbusi. Ukuze ukudluliswa sesihlalo sobukhosi owalandela esisemthethweni uNerva wasungula isiko wokutholwa. Yena kafushane mathintanyawo ukuphakamisa owalandela.

Ngo '97 ethandwa ebuthweni uTrajan, owayesesimweni eJalimane, wathola ukuthi Umbusi wanquma amukela him. Ngokushesha, yena ngokusemthethweni baba nezinzwa co-ibamba. Futhi emasontweni ambalwa ekuqaleni '98, yabe seyaziwa mayelana nokufa imithetho yombusi. Traian ezwa ngalokhu izindaba e Cologne. Lamangala zonke yizikhonzi zakhe nabakhulu, lo mbusi omusha (njengoba wathola isihloko princeps) akazange ukubuyela eRoma, wahlala Rhine. Ukaputeni wemibono banquma ukungayisebenzisi nhlobo i ukuchitha isikhathi emcimbini, kodwa kunalokho waqhubeka bahlanganyele nasekuqiniseni emngceleni.

Qala ngalesi siqephu emangalisayo wokubusa uTrajan uMbusi waphenduka inkathi usadlondlobele wonke uMbuso WaseRoma. UMbusi wajabulela ukusekelwa jikelele wezempi, okuyinto eye aba yinsika onokwethenjelwa amandla ako. Laba bangane ababili main nabangane Kwakumelwe ojenene bakhe uTrajan uJulius Urs Servian noLukiyu Licinius Sura.

Njengoba nje ongowokuzalwa Italica waba umbusi, masinyane okuqalwe ukwakhiwa yashesha kwemigwaqo ku imingcele kanye ebhange kwesokudla Rhine futhi eDanube kuya oLwandle Olumnyama. Esikhathini 98 futhi 99 we uTrajan mbusi ukuba bahlele kabusha ukuvikelwa emingceleni Roman esifundeni. Ukujaha kwakhe kwakufaneleka: e sifinyelela phakathi iDanube State ezisengozini Marcomanni nezinye izizwe zaseJalimane. Kwaba eliqinisekile kwemikhawulo nokuvikela, uTrajan ekugcineni wabuyela eRoma. Kwakuwusuku ekwindla ka '99.

Kushayisana Detsebal

Chief Military manje inkathi WaseRoma kaTrajan kwaba ngxabano yayo nge namaDacia - iqembu izizwe kwakunenqaba yabaseThrace, owayehlala eziyiRomania. I 87 - 106 edlule. laba bantu imithetho Decebal. Phakathi amaRoma namaDacia umngcele skirmishes iphutha njalo. UTrajan uMbusi wahlanganyela ukwakhiwa ukuxhumana eDanube futhi ukuba umgwaqo ukhululekile ukuba kuqala okusheshayo amabutho kule ndawo ezibalulekile. Esikhathini inkathi yokukhuphuka kunazozonke ukungqubuzana komngcele Dacia amasosha amaRoma ayizinkulungwane 100 emhlabeni abangu bagxila.

Traian wanquma kusengaphambili abalulekile, enethemba ukuvimbela kuqiniswa of Decebal amandla. Lelisu kwakuyisinyathelo esidinga zakudala ezindaweni zombuso ezikude. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu esenza amaRoma akabubekezelelanga ababemzungezile omakhelwane anamandla, okungukuthi awase ukuba isiqubulo odumile "uhlukanise futhi umthetho". Ngakho, ukunqotshwa Decebal kwakufanele kube isilinganiso izifo kudingeka ukuba thina sibe nokuthula okwengeziwe kwengqondo Empire. Lower iDanube futhi Carpathians bakhangwa uTrajan namahlebezi imali ecebile amaminerali.

namaDacia impi

Ngo 101 weNyuvesi, Umkhandlu Wezigele impi Detsebal. UTrajan uMbusi yena ehola ibutho, waqhubeka ukushaywa eside. ikamu Its main baba Viminatsiya e Upper Moesia. Ngosizo ibhuloho pontoon amabutho amaRoma sawela iDanube futhi zayiswa ezijulile Dacia. Ekwindla ka-101, bahlasela ekamu Decebal, etholakala encwadini edumile Iron Amasango Gorge. Umholi namaDacia kwadingeka ukuba siphumele awayisa ezintabeni.

Lapho amaRoma aqala ukuthuthela eTransylvania, nezitha wangena Lower Moesia, lokuhambisa yiyo eshayeka kanzima ngenxa impi ezansi iDanube. Ngo-February 102, kwaba khona impi olunegazi kakhulu yomkhankaso. Mayelana Adamklissi benane ngazo ayizinkulungwane 4 amasosha waseRoma uTrajan uMbusi wahlulwa namaDacia. Yokudumisa ukunqoba endaweni ebesengenile Mausoleum omkhulu yakhiwa nezikhumbuzo omkhulukazi futhi altare ethuneni, lapho isistembu amagama abafileyo.

Ngo 102, amaRoma Decebal wathatha izimo elawula. Wedlula wonke umbuso matasa umhlaba ibutho laso, ukuze kukhawulwe namandla Dacia, lidlule nezempi nezikhali, wanikela lonke defectors futhi benqaba athole ukuba legionaries yakhe. Decebal eqinisweni waba ngaphansi kwesizwe baseRoma nasemasontweni zaqala ukuxoxa naye Inqubomgomo bakhe bezinye izizwe. Abaphila Besikhathi waqala ukubiza uTrajan namaDacia Yokudumisa bayanqoba empini. Ngo-December 102, ukuthi ngokwesiko kugujwa ukunqoba esizifanele.

Naphezu kokunqotshwa Decebal wayengabhekiseli uya siguqe phambi amaRoma. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana wayezobalungisela udweshu esisha umbuso. Yaqala ngonyaka 105. Ukuphendula ekuhlaseleni namaDacia eseRoma eDanube inzuzo azowalekelela ezengeziwe (of amabutho 14). Bona zaba cishe isigamu sezindela lonke ibutho umbuso.

Enye impi wayeya iwe iminyaka 106. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ukuthi yayiphawuleka ngokuthambekela abanolaka ikakhulukazi. NamaQaba kanzima nalaba, futhi waze washisa yabo enhlokodolobha sarmizegetusa regia. Ekugcineni, Decebal lahluleka okokugcina, futhi ikhanda lakhe elinqunywe njengoba indondo wathunyelwa eRoma, lapho kwakuyinkambiso lasendulo iphonswe odakeni. I ezibhuqiwe Dacia Traian esungulwe esinye isifundazwe yasebukhosini.

Traian-builder

Emlandweni wasendulo yayingekho sovereigns kancane, ukwakhiwa umdlandla kangangokuba we uTrajan uMbusi. Umlando Omfushane umbusi elihlobene ne ukuvela izikhumbuzo eminingi yezakhiwo. Amanxiwa abanye basinda. Ngemva kokunqoba kuka-namaDacia uTrajan wayala ukuba kwakhiwe ibhuloho elikhulu lamatshe elinqamula iDanube. umklamo lalibhalwe edumile wezakhiwo Apollodorus waseDamaseku. Ibhuloho kuyinto 1.2 amakhilomitha eside wema engqongeni zinsika 20 kwaba esinye sezakhiwo umxhwele kakhulu ezitholakala kule nkathi yayo.

Kaningi eyakhelwe uTrajan ithole igama lakhe (isibonelo, edumile uTrajan Ikholomu). Le ukhangwa yabonakala eNkundleni YaseRoma ngonyaka 113. It lamiswao wokukhumbula uzowanqoba namaDacia. Ikholomu ngamatje aligugu Carrara zemabula. Kanye isinyathelo Wafinyelela ukuphakama 38 metres. Ngaphakathi isakhiwo eziyize ibekwe ezitebhisini Kuvunguza okuholela platform wokubuka. Masters isiqu embozwe imifanekiso esibonisa iziqephu izimpi namaDacia.

ngokujoyina Nabataeans

Ngo-106, i-uMbusi uTrajan, Biography iDemo okuyinto isibonelo umuntu ngeke ahlukaniswe kusuka ibutho, wamnaka empumalanga. Ngokokuqala ngqá amaRoma abekade Arabia '25, lapho lo mkhankaso ukuze Aelia Gala waya. UTrajan ngokwakhe wayekwazi eMpumalanga, njengoba kwasho insizwa egama wakhonza Syria. Umakhelwane Empire kwakunengozi Nabataeans. Vele lowo mnyaka ke waqala ukuxabana okubangelwa ukufa yenkosi Rabila. Luck wamomotheka Empire. Roma kalula ukuba zazixake indawo ezisuka eGulf of Aqaba kuya waseHawurana. Kule ndawo, esifundazweni Arabia yasungulwa, imibiko ngqo Princeps.

Biography uTrajan uMbusi ubonisa ukuthi wayenobuhlobo ngokujulile isimo intelligence ngokuhlakanipha okunengqondo. Endabeni umsebenzi Nabataeans, wayeqondiswa yezakhi zayo zezentengiselwano nezombusazwe. Ebanjwe umbuso wawungowami zokugcina zezwe encane imingcele esempumalanga umbuso. Absorption inikeza isivikelo ephephile ngokumelene zamabhomu neSiriya.

Njengoba e Dacia e Arabia ngokushesha waqala ukwakhiwa asebenzayo. uvele Road, eqinisa kanye nokuqapha uhlelo. Umsebenti wabo kwaba ukulawula imizila nendlwana futhi isiziba ezonini umngcele. Inhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe baba Batra, okuyinto wathumela Traian VI Zhedezny ibutho. Eyesibili isikhungo ezibaluleke kakhulu nguPetru. Sekuyisikhathi eside Lo muzi waba idume amathempeli akhona amahle izingadi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-sifundazwe nomthelela lokudayisa izimpahla ezingavamile Indian (e 107 lenxusa Indian ngisho wafika eRoma).

Traian colonizer

Abaphila Besikhathi ngokuthi printsipsa yakhe ngokuthi "umbusi engcono uTrajan." Ngempela, luhlasela umsebenzi wanikeza umfutho abalulekile ekuthuthukiseni wonke umbuso. Ngaphansi uTrajan isiqongo salo sifinyelela umsebenzi colonialist zamaRoma. Wayesebenza futhi azinze eNyakatho Afrika. Ngo-100, leli koloni elisha yasungulwa ngo Numidia Tamugadi, lapho ngaphambi kwakukhona okuthunyelwe puniysky lasendulo.

Amadolobha Bavele okuqinisekile Trayana wanika isakhiwo efanayo. Babefanele umumo ecacile elingunxande. Akhiwe phakathi iforamu. izimfanelo okuphoqelekile amakoloni WamaRoma zaziziqhenya yeshashalazi, imitapo yolwazi kanye nazo imigomo (izinsika isici nge busts womuntu). abavubukuli Modern baye bafunda ikakhulukazi eziningi ngalezi nemizana kusekelwe eNyakatho Afrika kanye emanxiweni kweminye yale mizi kahle ezazigcinwe kwezihlabathi ehlane.

inqubomgomo yasekhaya

Initiative ikoloni zangaphandle izimpi kwakungasho ukuthi uTrajan awuzange wahlanganyela izindaba zangaphakathi. Esinye isizathu sokuba ukuzinza umbuso ngaleso sikhathi kwakungu-ikhono layo ngekhono asingathe konke amakilasi futhi kwezakhi zomphakathi wamaRoma. Okokuqala Princeps kwahluka maqondana ezintekenteke ukuba isiGele. "Okokuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo" - lokhu kwaba indlela uMbusi uTrajan, ngokuvumelana mpendulo yakhe esemthethweni. Wayekwazi lungadambisa ukuziqhenya lapho kuziwa ezindabeni zombuso.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ne iSigele uTrajan waba nenhlanhla. eyandulela wakhe uDomitian iqedwe kuleli ukuphikiswa lokuhlangana kusukela Italian ubudala futhi ebukhosini wamaRoma. Umkhandlu Wezigele wagcwala abantu abavela esifundazweni - ziyefana njengoba Traian nabo ukuxoxisana, yena kwakuba lula kunalokho ne amalungu emikhaya inhlokodolobha odumile.

Mayelana nabagibeli (ukulingana) UMbusi baqhubeka inkambo okuqalwe uDomitian. Lesi sigaba nelungelo odlale indima ebalulekile ekuphileni zezombusazwe waseRoma. Traian kancane kancane endowed amandla abo amasha. Ngakho kuya nokulingana idluliselwe ukuphathwa kwezimali kanye nempahla yasebukhosini. Princeps enwetshiwe uhlu izikhundla zokuphatha, okungase kuthathe nabagibeli.

Njengoba abantu abavamile, washeshe wamthanda umbusi onjalo ngubani waba umbusi uTrajan. Mfushane biography nkosi iziqephu egcwele, lapho ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene basakaza abavamile esivulekile. izingane ayizinkulungwane eziningana babe ukufinyelela plebeian yamahhala ukusabalalisa okusanhlamvu. Ngaphansi uTrajan eRoma njalo ukuhlela imidlalo nezinye kwezokuzijabulisa ezithandwayo mass. Anakho eziningi ukwenza ukuze uthole engumashiqela halo, okuyinto langena umlando eziningi owamlandela. Kwake kwathi ngo-amandla, umbusi ngokweyisa kucitsa umthetho, owawuthi abantu balingwa ngoba udelele uMbusi.

Armenia ingxabano

Ngokumelene okwenza i izinqubomgomo yasekhaya esebenzayo kanye ngcono kwezomnotho aseMpumalanga kumnyama noma kubomvu wahlala esifundeni, kulandele Traian eduze. Umbusi wamaRoma isabela imicimbi ucishe ezibalulekile emngceleni Asian. Ngesinye isikhathi esededelwe, iba imbangela ukukhathazeka uTrajan Armenia. Kuyinto engaphansi ngokulinganayo iRoma kanye Parfia, phakathi okuyinto wabekwa. Ngonyaka 112 sobukhosi Armenia wahlala Partamazirid. Wayengumuntu oqokiwe yenkosi Parthian Khosroev. Inkinga yayiwukuthi le nkosi entsha esikhundleni Aksidaresa - selikhonza abaqotho ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso.

Umsebenzi osolisayo Khosroev bamcasula eRoma. Kwakungeke kuvesane ukuphendula kanye uTrajan uMbusi. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izixazululo yakhe zamanxusa, aziwa izazi-mlando zanamuhla ngenxa ukugcina amafayela nezincwadi ezibhalelwa princeps ikakhulukazi umbhali kanye ummeli uPliny Omncane. Ngokokuqala ngqá ngemva okuvela kuyo ingxabano Armenia uTrajan wazama ukuxoxisana nenkosi Parthian ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo. Khosrow waphikelela, futhi wawakhuthaza ngomlomo lutho phambili.

Khona-ke uTrajan befika e-Antiyokiya. Kwaba Januwari iminyaka 114. Ngenxa yomsebenzi Parthian, iziyaluyalu Kwagqashuka esifundeni komngcele, kodwa kwadamba ngokushesha nje lapho uMbusi kufika lapho. Traian kabani isithombe busts kuzo zonke ebhukwinitifundvo kumlando wasendulo, ingabe esinesithunzi, iqinile futhi mihle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena waba yisikhulumi esihle futhi wazi kanjani nomthelela izilaleli. Ukuthulisa i-Antiyokiya, uTrajan wahola ibutho futhi zayiswa Armenia. Partamazirid, yihambise demonstratively wakhumula umqhele wakhe, babefisa ukuthola umklomelo ukuqashelwa zamaRoma. I isenzo awazange asize. Partamazirid ukuthi bancishwa kwamandla. Ngemva sebethule, wazama ukubaleka. oqokiwe Parthian zibanjwe futhi babulawa.

ukufa

Ngonyaka 115 empini eParte. Traian lokuqala yaya eMesopotamiya, lapho, ngaphandle ukumelana okuningi wahlulwa akhonze Hosrana. Khona-ke ibutho lamaRoma ngo amakholomu amabili wathutha ezansi Ewufrathe neTigrisi. Legions matasa yaseBhabhiloni, futhi inhloko-dolobha Parthian Ctesiphon. Ngokusho imiphumela impi Empire yayilokhu izidlela nje lezi ziye emazweni amasha eMesophothamiya. Kule ndawo, isifundazwe yeAsiriya kwamiswa. Traian safinyelela ePersian Gulf. Kwamjabulisa le ukuphumelela kwebutho, waqala ukuhlela umkhankaso India.

Nokho, amathemba zombusi ungazange zigcwaliseka. Ngesikhathi ukuvinjezelwa Hatra, yena wagula wabangwa nezibi. Kwadingeka ukuba ngibuyele e-Antiyokiya. Kube Traian wabanjwa yisifo sohlangothi, okwaphumela ingxenye yakhe okhubazekile. Princeps washona ngo-August 9117, emzini Selinus eKhilikhiya.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Abaningi ubufakazi ezithakazelisayo eziphathelene nokuphila kwakhe ngesikhathi kushiya uTrajan. Umbusi wamaRoma, amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo yabakhanga wokuphila futhi abalobi nangenkathi ezahlukene, izincwadi eziningi nge uPliny Omncane. ukuxhumana sazo kwakulamandla lesikhumbuzo ebalulekile kwenkathi. Ngenxa-ke yabe seyaziwa ukuthi Traian kuphambene ababengaphambi zabo kukhona okuzwakalako ukubekezela isithwathwa maqondana amaKristu. Wabenqabela ukwamukela okulahla okungaziwa izihlubuki izinsolo kokubusa salezo ababezimisele ngokuthula bedela inkolo yabo.

Ukuze abantu abavamile, Traian baba samuntu wayethola isihe nobulungisa. Lapho i-emperor waya amatende Dacia emasangweni dolobha yakhe imtholile owesifazane ojwayelekile wamaRoma. Wacela usizo kaTrajan ukulondoloza indodana yakhe, isiboshwa amanga zokunyundelwa. Umbusi wayeka ibutho. Waya inkantolo, wenza izaba zendodana kuphela seziqhubeka mashi yakhe.

ubudlelwane nelukuluku futhi kaTrajan nge iSigele. Electors ngokuvamile zisebenzisa i amaphilisi senzelwe ukuvota imfihlo, amahlaya nokudelela. Lokhu ukuziphatha wanika umbusi eziningi ezikhathazayo. Isiqephu ngezibonakaliso libonisa ngokucacile ukuthi isikhundla oyilungu lephalamende ngaphansi uTrajan zonke honours wakhe awusenazo ukubaluleka lezombusazwe.