Unkulunkulu wokwelapha in Ancient Greece: Umlando kanye namaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Kankulunkulu wamaGreki wasendulo sokuphulukiswa, Asclepius kwaba. Izimo zokuphila kwakhe kuthiwa sibonga emithonjeni eminingi basezinganekwaneni ezaziwayo. Sokuthuthwa kwempahla eGrisi lasendulo kuleli zwe, kwakunoFakazi abacishe babe ngu-300 emathempelini Asclepius, lapho abapristi iphathwa bakubo esebenzisa izindlela magic futhi enokwehla.

indodana ka-Apollo

Kunemibono eminingana ngokuphathelene nemvelaphi Asclepius. Ngokwe ezivamile wabo, unkulunkulu wokwelapha wayeyindodana Apollo kanye Nymph Coronis. Eminye imithombo ithi unina Arsinoe, indodakazi Leucippus. Nymph Coronis wayethandekile Apollo, kodwa bokukhulelwa uNkulunkulu washintsha kuye nge yomuntu ofayo Iskhiem. On Olympus wanquma ajezise bobabili. Iskhiya incinerated umbani. Izmenschitsa Coronis Apollo washaya omunye imicibisholo yayo welanga. Khona-ke wayishisa Nymph, ngemva ohlwithayo ingane kwasekuzalweni. Lokhu kwaba unkulunkulu wokwelapha, Asclepius.

Apollo wanika umfana imfundo we centaur Chiron. Wayehlukile kakhulu iningi nomakhelwane bayo. Cishe zonke Centaurs abangu odume ngokudakwa zabo, ubudlova, futhi ukuntula uthando abantu. Chiron futhi wayaziwa ngokuba nomusa futhi ukuhlakanipha kwakhe. Lapho washaywa imfundo kankulunkulu wamaGreki sokuphulukiswa, a centaur wahlala Pelion - Mount eningizimu-mpumalanga laseThessaly.

Imfundo e Chiron

Nakuba Asclepius is njengoba unkulunkulu wokwelapha eGreece yasendulo eyaziwa, ngesikhathi sokuzalwa ayenazo akukho okungaphezu kokomuntu. abavikela yakhe Chiron baqala ukufundisa imithi umfana, futhi ngokushesha eye waphumelela emangalisayo. Kwezinye Asclepius iphuzu e amakhono akhe singcono kakhulu ngisho centaur ohlakaniphile. Waqala ukuya Greece futhi ukwelapha abantu, nabakhileyo wasesiqhingini saseKhose waze wafundisa ezinye izimfihlo zakhe (okwengeziwe ngale ku "Annals" uTacitus ukhuluma).

Asclepius inkani lesi sifo sibulale. Honing art yakhe, Asclepius (unkulunkulu wokwelapha eGrisi lasendulo) wafunda ukuvuseleleka abantu. Ngenxa yosizo lwakhe zabantu abavamile Greece bathole ukungafi. Imfihlo ikhono eliyingqayizivele Asclepius kwakufanele igazi Gorgon. Doctor ngiyitholile evela unkulunkulukazi impi u-Athena. Pherecydes (omunye ohlonishwa kakhulu yamaGreki asendulo Seven Sages) emibhalweni yakhe ukusho ukuthi Asclepius ephakanyiswe bonke abakhileyo Delphi, lapho ithempeli lika-Apholo uyise sasikhona.

ukufa

Lapho Asclepius - unkulunkulu wokwelapha ngesiGreki - waqala bakamalalahlengezela ukukhulisa zesidumbu, amasiko akhe aye abangela bhongo abanye onkulunkulu. Ubani wahlala onqenqemeni emhlabeni Thanatos, owaba samuntu ukufa to the Greeks, waya akhononde okwenzekayo main Olympian uZeyusi. Uvuko waphula oda emhlabeni. Njengoba athola ukungafi, abantu abavamile bona ayisekho ahluke ngayo konkulunkulu. Lokhu kushintsha kwezinto akakuthandanga iningi Olympian. Onkulunkulu ayesifuna ngabomvu izimoto.

Ngemva kokucabanga kancane, uZeyusi wanquma ajezise Asclepius. Unkulunkulu wokwelapha lasendulo yashaywa umbani nokuduma. Apollo, ukufunda mayelana ngokufa kwengane yakhe, wathukuthela wagan 'unwabu. Wayengeke izoziphindiselela Zeus nesinamandla, futhi esikhundleni ehlaselwa Cyclops kokuzihlanganisa imibane. Ngenxa yalokho lezi zidalwa uneso elilodwa abulawa.

Kuze kube manje Asclepius wayesalokhu kubhekwe umuntu ofayo. Dying nombani kaZeyusi, wafika imimoya isiphetho Moira. Bazimisele ngesikhathi sokuzalwa nokufa umuntu ngamunye. Ngemva kokufa Asclepius, banquma ukuyibuyisa ekuphileni. Ngokufanayo, njengoba neNdodana ovusiwe Apollo wayengunkulunkulu. Kamuva izici jikelele oluchaza ngofuzo analogu ongumRoma Asclepius - unkulunkulu wamaRoma ukuphulukiswa Aesculapius.

Induku yokuzidla Asclepius

Ngo noma yibaphi onkulunkulu bezizwe izinganekwane nomvikeli lomuthi siqu izimpawu zabo kalula. Ngalesi uphawu Asclepius ngaba udondolo lwakhe kusahlangene nge inyoka. Kusukela amaGreki asendulo ngale ndlela lidlule ayibhalela abaseRoma, bese lasakazekela kakhulu impucuko womuntu. Namuhla, i-ubhoko Asclepius - uphawu lwezokwelapha international.

Umlando walo ixhumene omunye izinganekwane mayelana unkulunkulu wokwelapha. Ngokusho yetinsita Asclepius wafika Crete ukuba avuse indodana edumile King Minos. Uyahamba endleleni Wazithela phezu inyoka. abasebenzi Animal obvilo, futhi Asclepius, ngaphandle nokungabaza yesibili, wambulala. Ngokushesha kwaba khona inyoka yesibili ngotshani emlonyeni, ngawo yena ovusiwe ngokuyisimangaliso kuqala. Asklepiyi Imangele waqala ukufuna ikhambi isimangaliso, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana wamthola. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, unkulunkulu wokwelapha kusukela amaGreki asendulo njalo kwadingeka esandleni umuthi yenziwa ngamagxolo engumKrethe. Induku yokuzidla Asclepius is ngokwesiko ifanekiselwa inyoka kusahlangene ngezinduku.

Ngo inqubo yokwelapha yesimanje, ithonya zamaGreki, kwabonakala hhayi kuphela ngesimo izimpawu ingcaca. A ingxenye enkulu amagama wezokwelapha simile eziphathelene esidlule yamaGreki asendulo. Umsuka imishini nemithi yendabuko bavela okokuqala izincwadi ezibhaliwe ngalolu limi lasendulo. Okubaluleke kakhulu imithi yesimanje International isiLatini, kodwa iningi ulwazi lwakhe Roma ziye zaphoqeleka nje amaGreki.

lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa

Njenganoma iyiphi enye lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa ngesiGreki, ihlelo Asclepius yayidumile ikakhulukazi endaweni ethize yezwe. Nge intshiseko enkulu ungunkulunkulu babekhulekela-Epidaurus - idolobha elise mpumalanga yePeloponnese. Namuhla, esikhundleni yaqhubeka kuphela amanxiwa enkundla yemidlalo yasendulo futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, emathempelini Asclepius. Kukhona futhi i-swimming pool ephulukisa amanzi ezishisayo. Bakhandwa ecasha ithempeli emhumeni, elakhiwa ngo-BC V leminyaka. e. abadumile wezakhiwo Poliklet Omncane. Engcwele Asklepios ngokuvamile yakhiwa kulesi sizinda we imithombo yamanzi amtoti kanye salubrious emoyeni nomsayipuresi zeminqumo. Ngezinye imivubukulo emanxiweni Yeshashalazi Yase-Epidaurus amakholomu zitholakale steles kwakuqoshwe incazelo zentokozo ukuphulukisa abagulayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, engcwele kuye uvele wagcwala zobuciko ezingavamile - ezenziwe ngegolide, isiliva namatshe amhlophe amaningi izithombe belashwa zomzimba (izandla, izinyawo, izinhliziyo, amehlo nezindlebe). Bona ashaywa ithempeli njengentelezi payment for services.

Asclepius engcwele yayikhona ngokuvumelana nemithetho ye egumbini engcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, babengavunyelwe ukungenisa afe. Ngenxa yalokhu, labo abagulayo (ngisho bafike endaweni komunye umkhawulo wezwe), wammisa esiqongweni sethempeli akuvunyelwe. Yayingenalo ilungelo lokuthola ukuze ungene futhi omama. Abapristi Asclepius yizimiso esiqinile. Kubo, impatho Zazingekho wezokwelapha, kodwa isiko elingokwenkolo, imithetho zazo ziye zasungula ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile kuchazwe rites lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli. Ikakhulukazi, imithetho ebekiwe ayifakiwe engcwele konke lihlotshaniswa ukuzalwa nokufa. Esinye isici esibalulekile Nethempeli Asclepius - nokulandela Squeaky ahlanzekile. Njalo lisha kufanele kuqale wageza umthombo.

Itabernakele lokuqala behlonipha Asclepius, asklepeydony, uvele Greece ekhulwini VI-IV. BC. e. Ngaphandle Epidaurus Kos, maphakathi imithi wayebuye Thessalian Trikka. Zonke imithombo abalobi basendulo, izazi-mlando baye bathola ubufakazi kuka 300 emathempelini ka Asclepius, eyayithe chithi saka eGrisi lasendulo. Ngokuqhathaniswa izakhiwo zesimanje zokwelapha, Babengaphezu Spas yezokwelapha kunokuba izibhedlela. Emathempelini kuhlanganiswe izindlela zombili umlingo wokuziphilisa yokwelashwa. Kwezokwelapha lwesiGreki sakuqala, lezi zikole ezimbili kungukuthi kuqhathaniswa omunye komunye. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ithempeli Asklepios ithole ikakhulukazi nezibi, abapristi babengelakho uthintane nozakwabo wokuziphilisa, azisebenzi ezingcwele.

abapristi

Unkulunkulu imithi nokwelashwa asendulo ayenamagama abapristi ayo, ithatha iziguli iziyise Bakwethu. Ukuze ephulukisa kuye abantu befika bevela kuzo zonke phezu Greece. Impilo AmaGreki asendulo elihlobene ne-ezemidlalo, ngakho yonke yase-Epidaurus ngokuthi okufanayo idume inkundla yayo, yokuzivocavoca nemincintiswano anikezelwe Asclepius. Kukhona futhi uyithempeli indodakazi yakhe Hygieia, u-Aphrodite, u-Arthemisi futhi Themis. Lamasiko ESonto ukwelashwa ephelezelwa imihlatshelo yezilwane (ikakhulukazi abesilisa), ngakho-ke imfanelo esiyisibopho yimiphi engcwele kwakune-altare elikhulu.

Nkulunkulu eseke ukuphulukisa kwakhe lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa emhlabeni BC VII leminyaka. e. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi lo muntu okukhulunywa ngaye basezinganekwaneni empeleni kwakuwukugcwaliseka prototype ekhona - baba edume phakathi yaseTroy neMpi, udokotela kanye ngqo igama elifanayo - Asclepius. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengesona yakhanga nenkosi laseThessaly, kanye uMdali umndeni esikoleni sakhe wezokwelapha.

Imfundo yezokwelapha ngesiGreki kwadingeka inezici ezicishe zifane ne yesimanje. Archeologists mlando wafakazela ukuthi esikoleni sobudokotela yangempela okwakwenziwa ePhergamu, futhi Kos. Ukukhonza ethempelini avunyelwe futhi wanikeza isifungo esingcwele ukujoyina umphakathi Asclepiadae. Ngokokuqala ngqá leli gama uvele ezincwadini zesiGreki zasendulo BC VI leminyaka. e.

imithi Lasendulo

Ukuphulukisa emathempelini kuhlanganiswe magic nezindlela enokwehla. Izindlela ezivame kakhulu ukwelashwa babé izidakamizwa, imithombo yamanzi kanye umzimba Gymnastic. Emkhubeni sokuphulukiswa engcwele ngamunye isikhathi bayashintshana ekufukameleni yaphela isiko, esiqhutshwa igalari eside ngasezindongeni yethempeli, lapho kwakukhona khona kungenzeka kuphela ethole imvume ekhethekile. Abapristi usebenzisa izidakamizwa amasu kokulutheka zaphathwa isiguli in a state of ubuthongo yokufakelwa. I isiko lugujwe ukusebenza ezigcawugcawu (lo mkhuba izinyoka engcwele noma ngisho uNkulunkulu uqobo).

Ngo-430 BC. e. Greece yahlaselwa isifo esinzima kakhulu, okuyinto okwabulala izinkulungwane zabantu. Imithi yendabuko ayibanga namandla ngokumelene ubhubhane, Ngakho-ke, inani labantu nakakhulu ukuba banake zonke izinhlobo zemikhuba imilingo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inyoka engcwele Asclepius kusukela e-Epidaurus washukumiseleka ukuba Athens, lapho Acropolis wakha ithempeli elisha. Ihlelo lika-unkulunkulu wokwelapha kwakhanya nge force engakaze ibonwe. namasiko enkolo alethwe abapristi Asclepius inzuzo enkulu. amathempeli kaNkulunkulu yasendulo kwahluka ukujula emangalisayo yomhlobiso wawo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi akuwona wonke amaGreki iphathwa bayashintshana ekufukameleni nokwasungulwa abapristi wokwesaba. Esikhathini adumile "Plutus" ahlekisayo (388 BC. E.) ngu Aristophanes usitshela ngadumazeka kaningi okunzima kusebenta isiko ubuthongo magic.

Beka Asclepius e onkulunkulu isiGreki sasendulo

isithombe eyinsumansumane Asclepius, nazo zonke izici zawo isici anezinye izimpande. kankulunkulu wamaGreki sokuphulukiswa ivame ukuhlotshaniswa chthonic inyoka yini umphulukisi. Endulo, lesi silwane lihlonishwa njengoba iwuphawu sokuvuselela, ukuhlakanipha namandla emvelo.

Olunye uhlangothi umfanekiso Asclepius - kungokwalabo isizukulwane onkulunkulu izingane (ubuningi) abaye encroached ku ukusungulwa elisha. Umphilisi ngafunda nivuse abafileyo, ngaleyo ndlela yokwephula ibhalansi global. Imithetho eyasungulwa Olympian, baba ngaphansi usongo, futhi yilokho Asclepius ikhokhwe. Unkulunkulu ephulukisa Isiphelo sakhe sifana namanye amaqhawe bavukele abazali wazo onguMninimandla onke.

Njalo unkulunkulu ababaziwa ngesiGreki, kwaba "ipulazi." Yakhe Nakuba ihlobene nomsebenzi wezokwelapha, Asclepius, ezinye izici ezivamile kwamanye Olympian. udade Apollo kwakungu-Arthemisi hhayi kuphela ukhukhuva izilwane kanye umvikeli we ekuzingeleni, yena wayekhulekelwa futhi njengomvikeli abesifazane abakhulelwe, izingane nobumsulwa zesifazane. Inkosikazi kaZeyusi, Hera anakekela womshado inhlalakahle umndeni. Nge mayelana efanayo Hestia axhunyiwe - unkulunkulukazi eziko, injabulo kanye nezempilo. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka hhayi kokukhumbula Hypnos. Lokhu unkulunkulu, owayehlala emaphethelweni emhlabeni, kulandele isizwe egcwele futhi unempilo ubuthongo.

Umkhaya nenzalo

Ngokusho yetinsita Asclepius washada Epione, indodakazi umbusi wasesiqhingini saseKhose Meropsa. Endulo kule ndawo isibe omunye izikhungo ebaluleke kakhulu imithi lasendulo.

Ngo Asclepius nginezingane eziningana, futhi baba izinhlamvu owaziwa zamaGreki. Unkulunkulu wokwelapha wasezala Machaon - udokotela odumile futhi udokotela ohlinzayo. Kukholakala ukuthi ngisho nengxenye iThrojani neMpi, waletha imikhumbi 20. Swallowtail hhayi kuphela alwa ohlangothini amaGreki (Achaeans), kodwa futhi iphathwa abalimele. Udokotela ohlinzayo esesizile Philoctetes abadumile umcibisheli abalunywe yinyoka enesihlungu. Isilonda Kwakwethusa, emilenzeni oozed ubomvu. Avimbezela Troy, Okwamanje, bonke ayikwazanga bawuthathe umuzi. Ziyakwazi siyidinga impela isiqondiso wakho omkhulu. Khona onkulunkulu bamaGreki ukutakulwa. Apollo kwafaka iThrojani lolwandle ephusheni imilingo, nomzukulu wakhe swallowtail eziqhutshwa Philoctetes. Kamuva walulama umcibisheli bashonile kwathi Paris kule nkampani abangane bakhe bacasha ihhashi iThrojani lapho Achaeans namanje ethumba umuzi ungenakunqotshwa. Njengoba ukugcwalisa sezinto eziphilayo noKarla Linneya umndeni ezivamile igama swallowtail izimvemvane ngiyitholile behlonipha indodana yakhe Asclepius.

Indodakazi endala ka unkulunkulu wokwelapha Hygieia - unkulunkulukazi impilo. AmaGreki kuvezwa wakhe njengoba intokazi ukusuthisa inyoka kusukela isitsha. Simelele isiyalo ngokwesayensi ngokuthi Hygieia inhlanzeko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpawu ze-inkomishi nenyoka baba izimfanelo ngamazwe wezokwelapha nasemkhakheni wezindlela ekhemisi. Hygieia isitsha ingatholakala kunoma yisiphi isitolo izidakamizwa futhi esibhedlela. Njengoba kankulunkulu wamaGreki wasendulo sokuphulukiswa, ihlobene inyoka - isidalwa bendabuko chthonic ka zamaGreki. Hygieia isitsha futhi yaziwa labelungu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, lapho uphawu ulotshwe uhlamvu esiyisikhumbuzo, ikhasimende owayeneminyaka Umphakathi waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha Pharmacy.

indodakazi Landelayo ka Asclepius - Panakeya, egcwele samuntu zokuphulukisa. Ngo sekubizwa igama lakhe panacea - ikhambi edume yisiphi isifo. Isithakazelo chudodeystvuyuschemu izidakamizwa wabuye wavuka Ephakathi. alchemy European wangaleyo nkathi esetshenziswa ezincwadini zasendulo, uzama synthesize umgomo engaziwa. A ikhambi ngakho akekho ezitholakele, kodwa isisho balondolozwa. Okunye indodakazi kancane owaziwa Asclepius - IASO, Agleya, Meditrina futhi AKES. Bonke abaqeqeshiwe ubuciko zokuphulukisa kuyise ohlakaniphile.

Unkulunkulu wokwelapha e zamaGreki kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso ukhokho ezikude odokotela abaningi abadumile lasendulo, ogama khona lulotshiwe. Inhlanganiso yocezuningi wayengumzukulu Asclepius (wazalwa ngobusuku Kos ngo-460 BC. E.), Futhi ngisho u-Aristotle (uyise wasebenza njengoba udokotela ngesikhathi zegceke zenkosi Macedonian).

Aesculapius

Ngo-293 BC. e. eRoma, kwaqubuka isifo. Abantu wafa ngamakhulu, futhi neziphathimandla zedolobha bonke baba akuhlangene ne abesabekayo amashwa zemvelo. Khona-ke zo Roman belulekwa ukwakhela osebeni Tiber engcwele kankulunkulu wamaGreki wasendulo zokuphulukisa Asclepius.

I-Epidaurus usephendukele lenxusa omangalisayo. Roma wakwazi yokuthola ulimi olulodwa kanye nabapristi onkulunkulu lasendulo. Lapho izivakashi wabuyela umkhumbi kwabo, kulandelwa inyoka ethempelini elingcwele - uphawu futhi uwukwenziwa samuntu Asclepius. Animal kuxazululwe phezu indawo ngaphakathi elincane eRoma Tiber Isiqhingi (Isola Tiberina). Ngo 291 BC. e. kule isiqephu sezwe Yakhiwa ngayingcwelisa ethempelini Asclepius. Unkulunkulu wokwelapha in izinganekwane waseRoma kwakuyiyona igama Aesculapius. Okokuqala abapristi bakhe eRoma ayengabangane namaGreki. Njengezinye onkulunkulu abaningi ababaziwa we Lomuzi Waphakade, Aesculap uye waboleka izici eziningi kusukela esasisandulele ngesiGreki. Ngokwesibonelo, womhlatshelo yena nje waletha amaqhude. Unkulunkulu wokwelapha e amaRoma lavuselelwa ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu. lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa yakhe wanyamalala asigubhayo ngemva ukwamukelwa of ubuKristu ngokubhubhisa wonke uMbuso WaseRoma.