Ukusungulwa kwe-ngekhulu le-19

19-20 ekhulwini okusungulile baningi. Into ebaluleke kakhulu angase abizwe ngokuthi isithombe, i-dynamite, aniline yokudaya izindwangu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwatholakala izindlela eshibhile yokwenza iphepha, utshwala, yasungulwa imithi emisha.

ezisunguliwe-century ka 19 zazibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi. Ngakho, ngosizo abantu yocingo babekwazi ukuthumela imilayezo ngemizuzwana kusukela komunye umkhawulo izwe ziya kwelinye. Owasungula le yocingo ngawo-1850. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, saqala ukuvela yocingo imigqa. Graham Bell yasungulwa ngocingo. Namuhla abantu abakwazi ukucabanga ukuphila ngaphandle lokhu okutholakele.

Ukusungulwa kwe-ngekhulu le-19 emhlabeni wonke kwalethwa lombukiso 1851 eNgilandi. Kwaba khona abangu-ziphephile angaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesikhombisa. Eminyakeni eyalandela, kwamanye amazwe, elandela isibonelo Great Britain, futhi laqala ukuhlela imibukiso wezizwe intuthuko zakamuva.

Ukusungulwa kwe-ngekhulu le-19 kwaba yisisusa esinamandla ekuthuthukiseni i-chemistry, i-physics, tibalo. Isici kwalesi nkathi ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kukagesi. Ososayensi bebelokhu ukutadisha isikhathi amagagasi kagesi kanye umthelela wabo ngezinto ezahlukene. Saqala ukusebenzisa ugesi kanye imithi.

UMichael Faraday livele lo mkhuba lokungeniswa kagesi, ithiyori kagesi yokukhanya kwadalwa James C. Maxwell. Genrih Gerts wabonisa ukuthi amagagasi kagesi zikhona.

Ukusungulwa kwe-ngekhulu le-19 emkhakheni wezokwelapha kanye biology babengekho zincane kunalokho kweminye imikhakha yesayensi. umnikelo Omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni lezi izimboni babe: uRobert Koch wakwazi wathola ejenti causative isifo sofuba, uLouis Pasteur, owaba omunye wabasunguli be-microbiology ne kwezokugoma, Klod Bernar, ngubani wabeka izisekelo Endocrinology. Ngalo lelo khulu leminyaka etholwe ngowokuqala-X-ray isithombe. odokotela French Brissot futhi elizweni ikhombe inhlamvu ekhanda isiguli.

Ukusungulwa kwe-ngekhulu le-19 besendle yezinkanyezi. Lokhu isayensi basungula ngokushesha kule nkathi. Ngakho, kwaba khona kwesigaba Yezinkanyezi - Astrophysics, iye ukutadisha izakhiwo izindikimba zasezulwini.

umnikelo omkhulu ukuthuthukiswa yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali owethulwa Dmitri Mendeleev, wathola umthetho gqwa, etafuleni izakhi zamakhemikhali sidaliwe ngaphansi kwazo. Ithebula wabona ngephupho. Amanye ama-elementi wabikezela Kwatholakala kamuva.

Ukuqala kwekhulu le-19 kwaphawulwa ukuthuthukiswa ubunjiniyela kanye nezimboni. Ngo 1804 imoto saboniswa injini umusi. Ekhulwini le-19 le yangaphakathi omlilo injini usumisiwe. Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo ekuthuthukiseni izindlela ngokushesha yezokuthutha: imikhumbi, amakhanda nezimoto.

Ekhulwini le-19 waqala ukwakha kwezitimela. Eyokuqala lakhiwa ngo-1825 ngu-Stephenson eNgilandi. Ngu-1840, ubude nojantshi kwaba mayelana 7700 km, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kwaba abangaba yizigidi ezingu-1.08 km.

Kukholakala ukuthi abantu baqala ukusebenzisa amakhompyutha ekhulwini lama-20. Nokho, prototypes lokuqala nabo kakade ziye yasungulwa ngekhulu odlule. Jacquard engumFulentshi e 1804 wayivula kanjani indlela eya nesimiso uhlaka lokweluka indwangu. Ukusungulwa ivumela control ngentambo usebenzisa Punch amakhadi, eyayinekheli izimbobo ezindaweni ezithile. Ngalezi ukuvuleka okuhloswe isicelo wentambo ku lendwangu.

Yasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, lathes, ngekhulu le-19 ziye kabanzi umkhakha. Izinsiza kusebenza ngempumelelo esikhundleni umsebenzi wezandla, ukucutshungulwa metal ngobuciko eliphezulu.

Ngekhulu le-19 ubizwa kufanele ngokuthi ekhulwini we "NGESIKHATHI senguquko kwezezimboni", ujantshi kanye nogesi. Kuleli khulu leminyaka kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu emhlabeni namasiko yabantu, washintsha yayo isimiso amagugu. Ukusungulwa kwe-ngogesi, umsakazo, ngocingo, motor nezinye bathole okuningi baphendula ukuphila komuntu langaleso sikhathi.