Isikhundla ezindawo yeNingizimu Melika. Incazelo isikhundla ezindawo ka-Ningizimu Melika

Ezikhathini zasendulo, i-Ningizimu Melika ibilokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile nezinye uquqaba umhlaba. Ngemva yokuhlukanisa zabo, ukuzulazula oya ezwekazini eningizimu-ntshonalanga isikhathi eside owawukhona todvwa kusukela lonke izwe. Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, amazwekazi amabili eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe wajoyina Isthmus of Panama. Khona-ke, lenziwe ngokusebenzisa osesikhundleni isiteshi imikhumbi. Ikakhulu look zanamuhla inquma hhayi kuphela isikhundla ezindawo aseNingizimu Melika (amaBhizinisi kaHulumeni) kanye isakhiwo yayo Geological, kodwa futhi imisebenzi sabantu.

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana izwekazi yaseNingizimu Melika. Inani zensimu

Insimu nezwekazi (kuhlanganise neziqhingi eduze) - kuyinto 18 million km ² (endaweni yesine) .. Endulo nyaka uma kuzamazama umhlaba zomhlaba wenza kwaba nehlabathi eyomileko kuhlukanisa kanye amapuleti South America sikhukhuleke kuya entshonalanga - bebheke plate Nazca. Waba yini umphumela walesi esiphikisayo ukunyakaza uye waba ibhizinisi elikhulu ukushayisana afanayo lithosphere, ukwakha ezintabeni eligoqiwe (Andes). Isimo sezulu baba ukufudumala, ziye zashintsha njengoba Amazon, kwakukhona eutrophication eqinile futhi overgrowing kwamahlathi ezimanzi esingangeneki nesigodi ophakathi yayo futhi sifinyelela aphansi. Ngenxa indawo akude emhlabeni organic yeNingizimu Melika wahlala zilwane sendawo futhi relict zezitshalo nezilwane. Incazelo isikhundla ezindawo ka-Ningizimu Melika kuzosiza ukuzwisisa ukuthi yibaphi izici yilezo ezithatha isinqumo ukuze kwakhiwe isimo sezulu yesimanje kanye nezindawo zemvelo, imisebenzi sabantu.

Isikhundla ezindawo yeNingizimu Melika. uhlelo

Ukuma nezwekazi kufana iconsi, ichopho nozobamba ukuze iNhlonhlo ye-Antarctica ne-South Pole. isizinda Wide itholakala enyakatho yenkabazwe, futhi ezisondelene - ungumthombo ongumngcingo ingxenye. ezwekazini ukudluliswa SE isici kuhlanganisa izici eyinhloko indawo yayo wonke bese libalave izici eduze womhlaba. Yenza izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

1. Hlola isimo ngenhlonipho nenkabazwe, umugqa owehla nembulunga okuyi eyinhloko.
2. Nquma izixhumanisi amaphuzu ngokwedlulele kunazo enyakatho, eningizimu, entshonalanga nasempumalanga.
3. Chaza kafushane ugu, ukugeza izilwandle mpumalanga, ngobukhulu besebunzimeni ulwandle nasemathekwini.

Incazelo isikhundla ezindawo ka-Ningizimu Melika

Kwenqwaba zaleli zwekazi elise eningizimu ukufana 0 ° (yenkabazwe), futhi zindawo enyakatho - endaweni encane. Meridian 0 ° sidlula yaleli zwekazi.

Isikhundla ezindawo ka-Ningizimu Melika at latitude:

• 12 ° c. w. - Punta Gallinas m enyakatho.
• 54 ° S. w. . - m Frouord ku emaphethelweni aseningizimu nezwekazi;
• 56 ° S. w. - esiqhingini iphuzu - m Diego Ramirez eningizimu ..

Isikhundla ezindawo ka-Ningizimu Melika ikuphi - izixhumanisi amaphuzu amabili kakhulu ku empumalanga nasentshonalanga:

• Of 35 °. d - m Cabo Branco;..
• 81 °. d -. m ePunta Pariñas ..

10 ° ibanga parallel ezwekazini ifinyelela 4655 km 5150 km - silingana enkulu latitudinal zaleli zwekazi laseNingizimu Melika. Isikhundla ngenhlonipho nenkabazwe zensimu - 5 ° S. w.

Isimilo ugu

I-margin entshonalanga zaleli zwekazi ngu koLwandle iPacific abandayo Peru zamanje yayo. Kuyinto kancane sihlehliswe yogu. Nazi aphakeme futhi yakhula kakhulu izintaba zase-Andes. Ningizimu Melika futhi Antarctica ukwabelana Strait ethiwa emva pirate medieval Francis Drake. Kwamanzi ibanga amakhilomitha 460 lisuka e-Atlantic baya ePacific. Ububanzi Strait ivela 818 kuya 1120 km, Ukujula kwawo -. Kusuka 276 kuya 5249 m Indawo Geographical zaleli zwekazi yeNingizimu Melika eduze Antarctica kwaholela ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima eningizimu yezwekazi, e -Strait of Magellan futhi iziqhingi eziqhingi Tierra del Fuego. Ubunjalo Falkland Islands (Malvinas) nalo ehlaselwe isifunda esiseningizimu polar. Ogwini olusempumalanga ye bahlanza by Atlantic, enyakatho - oLwandle LwaseCaribbean.

Luzoba njani uhambo Columbus sika

On amabalazwe ngesiGreki kanye nemidwebo uPtolemy amazwekazi eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe is akuzange kusetshenziswe. Kunezindlela eziningana izinganekwane nemibono esekelwe ubufakazi mayelana kohambo iziqhingi futhi ugu lweNyakatho Melika lasendulo izizwe Eurasia (abaseFenike, abaseGibhithe, amaViking), izakhamuzi Oceania. Ososayensi kanye nabahamba wesikhathi wasikisela ukuthi kukhona umzila olusentshonalanga waya emazweni acebile aseMpumalanga. isikhundla ezemvelo eNingizimu neMelika okubangelwa abazihlukanisa isikhathi eside zaleli zwekazi kusukela Old World, layo zingaqondakali ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini xv. Phakathi nale nkathi, baseYurophu baqala ukuhlala ezindaweni uphinde uhlole Melika. Explorer bese umthengisi Hristofor Kolumb ngaphansi ifulegi Spanish izikhathi umqhele ezine (1492-1504) wavakashela INguqulo Yezwe Elisha. Ngokokuqala ngqá yahamba kuya entshonalanga ngasekhanda lwemikhumbi elincane ngomkhumbi - ufune indlela emfushane eya e-India. Phakathi uhambo we omunye Antilles wavulwa. Ngo-August 1498 Columbus imikhumbi langena umlomo Orinoco, ekuqaleni ukunqoba izwekazi elandelwa abantu baseYurophu. Explorer, kokufika coast ezingaziwa, wayeqiniseka ukuthi kwakufinyelele India. AboMdabu ngesandla ukukhanya Columbus seyaziwa ngokuthi amaNdiya.

lwati lolufinyetiwe ikoloni zaleli zwekazi elandelwa abantu baseYurophu

Amérigo Vespucci ukuyichaza into yokuqala ukuthi uColumbus ethola ezweni ababengalazi. Yokudumisa elihlakaniphile isiphakamiso Itilosi nezwekazi eliseningizimu waqala ubizwe Melika (1507). Vespucci wavakashela Melika izikhathi eziningana ekuphileni kwakhe. Wenza amamephu siwachaza. Kwaphela amakhulu amabili eminyaka, abaseSpain ne isiPutukezi kahle isikhala izingxenye ezimaphakathi eningizimu. Basuke ibe emanxiweni edolobheni elithile laseNdiya lasendulo, wakha impucuko ka Inca, ama-Aztec futhi Mayans. Ukuze emikhulu kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni eNingizimu neMelika zivela yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia ekhulwini XVI bajoyinwa French, isiNgisi Dutch. Amatilosi zagudla izwekazi shí jungle ingxenye eyinhloko umcebo ekuzingeleni Eldorado, futhi umthombo wamanzi daruyuschego intsha okuphakade. Expedition akhwela Andes vertices Lahambahamba e-Amazon, Parana, neminye imifula. Legendary umnqobi Spanish F. Orellana sawela nezwekazi (1542), ukubhukuda phansi Amazon ezivela emithonjeni yayo e-Andes kuze kube delta ogwini Atlantic.

Ucwaningo eNingizimu Melika (XVII-XX)

sokuma-German Alexander von Humboldt ngesikhathi uhambo lwakhe ucwaningo wenza ibalazwe eningiliziwe nezwekazi, olwandle ngesikhathi ngasogwini lwalo entshonalanga. Yena wafumana kuqala ukubaluleka notshwala abandayo ukwakha Andes sezulu, engamamitha echazwe zonation izimila esishisayo (nge engumFulentshi E. Bonplanom). Ngatadisha ubunjalo Ningizimu Melika kule XIX leminyaka edumile semvelo British uCharles Darwin. Okubukwa kwezilwane engavamile olwaluhlala ziqhingi ezinezintaba-mlilo ziye zaholela abacwaningi umqondo kwemvelo eziphilayo. ososayensi Russian G. Langsdorf noN Rubtsov uphenyo ekhulwini XIX, ingaphakathi Brazilian Highlands. Expedition ephethwe Voeikov A. noN Vavilov wafunda izikhungo endabuko, bese Lokusakaza izitshalo ezibalulekile yezolimo (1932-1933).

Izinhlobonhlobo ubunjalo nezwekazi

Ngaphakathi izwekazi laseNingizimu Melika, kunomehluko obalulekile bemvelo, ngenxa eziningi. Into ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwawo - lemali emisebeni yelanga, okuyinto incike latitude. Ezwekazini ubunjalo nethonya:

• isikhundla ezindawo eNingizimu Melika;
• ubukhulu zensimu;
• kunyatheliswa emkhathini;
• izilwandle oluzungezile;
• ukugeleza efudumele futhi kubanda;
• ebusweni oyisisekelo (izintaba, amathafa, izingwadule).

ENingizimu Melika akuyona ezomile kanjalo, njengensimbi e-Afrika. Sibala zone main (enyakatho kuya eningizimu): bhé, ezishisayo athokomele, zesikhashana - sub-enkabazwe nakwezifudumele.

isiphetho

Izici Zabantu isikhundla ezindawo ka-Ningizimu Melika - okuyisici esibalulekile ekuhloleni leli zwekazi. Endulo ezwekazini wayengekho kuleyo ngxenye Earth, okuyinto manje ithatha. Wahamba ibanga elide - kusukela ingxenye Pangea futhi Gondwana esikhathini samanje okuqinisekile umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu.

Izwekazi itholakala zonke eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe, ikakhulukazi - eseningizimu yenkabazwe. Entshonalanga kukhona ibhande entabeni - Andes. Eduze nogu sidlule emseleni, esukela ukushayisana emabhuloki emibili lithosphere. Kule ndawo, kukhona izintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo, ukuzamazama komhlaba okubhubhisa zenzeka, sibe nzima impilo kanye nomsebenzi sabantu.

Modern ezwekazini izakhamizi - inzalo amaNdiya, abanqobi Spanish isiPutukezi, izigqila alethwe ukuze bayosebenza emasimini. Inani labantu emazweni 12 zaleli zwekazi ezingaphezu kuka-380 million. Man. Leli zwekazi amumethe nokuzwa, phakathi kwawo - aphakeme entabeni iphakama, izimpophoma, emanxiweni amadolobha lasendulo, nezinye izinto eziningi ezokuvakasha ezifuywayo international.