Okuhlushwa Molal. Kusho ukuthini lokuhlushwa izinyo lomhlathi futhi molal?

Izinyo lomhlathi okuhlushwa molal, naphezu amagama afanayo, amagugu zihlukile. Umehluko omkhulu wukuthi ekunqumeni molal lokuhlushwa ukubala kwenziwa yini ngevolumu isixazululo njengoba molarity ukuthola, kuyilapho isisindo uketshezi.

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana izixazululo kanye solubility

Ikhambi langempela ngokuthi uhlelo eyohlobo, okubandakanya e ngezithako zawo eziningi izingxenye, zizimele kusukela kwenye. Omunye wabo uketshezi, kanti bonke abanye bavela izinto ziyoncibilika kuwo. I kuphela ubhekwa ketshezi ikhambi okuyinto iningi.

Solubility - into nezinye izinto ukwakha uhlelo eyohlobo - izixazululo lapho kuba ngesimo ama-athomu ngabanye, ion, amangqamuzana omoya noma izinhlayiyana. A lokuhlushwa - ngezinga elithile solubility.

Ngenxa yalokho, i-solubility izidakamizwa yikhono zisakazwe nombala ngesimo izinhlayiya aphansi lonke ivolumu uketshezi.

izixazululo True ihlukaniswa kanje:

• ngohlobo kuphela - non-aqueous namanzi;
• ngohlobo solute - amagesi izixazululo, acid, alkalis, nosawoti, njll.;
• ekuxhumaneni nge kagesi - electrolyte (izinto babe conductivity kagesi) futhi okungezona electrolyte (izinto ayikwazi conductivity kagesi);
• emakamu - buhlanjululwe futhi wagxila.

Okuhlushwa esebenzisa inkulumo yayo

okuqukethwe Lokuhlushwa ucingo (isisindo) into ziyoncibilika ethile (isisindo noma umthamo) we kuphela, noma ivolumu kuchazwe yesixazululo Imininingwane. Kwenzeka lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

1. lokuhlushwa isithakazelo (obonakaliswe%) - ke ulandisa indlela amagremu eziningi solute eziqukethwe amagremu 100 isixazululo.

2. izinyo lomhlathi lokuhlushwa - inombolo igremu amavukuzi ngayinye 1 ilitha isixazululo. Ikhombisa ukuthi bangaki igremu-molecule eziqukethwe 1 ilitha isixazululo we ketshezi.

3. lokuhlushwa evamile - inombolo igremu-okulingana ngayinye 1 ilitha isixazululo. Ikhombisa ukuthi bangaki equkethwe igremu okulingana we solute e 1 ilitha isixazululo.

4. lokuhlushwa molal libonisa amavukuzi eziningi kanjani ka solute e lemali ngayinye 1 kilogram of kuphela.

5. titer inquma okuqukethwe (e amagremu) ka solute ziyoncibilika 1 ngemililitha solution.

Izinyo lomhlathi kanye lokuhlala molal sihluke nomunye. Cabangela izici zabo ngabanye.

I izinyo lomhlathi lokuhlushwa

Ifomula sokunquma ke:

CV = (v / V), lapho

v - nenani izinto ziyoncibilika Mol;

V - umthamo isamba isixazululo ilitha noma ^M3.

Ngokwesibonelo, "0.1 M isixazululo H ₂ SO _4" kubonisa ukuthi 1 ilitha ikhambi elinjalo likhona 0.1 Mol (9.8 g) sulfuric acid .

okuhlushwa molal

Ngaso sonke isikhathi kufanele acabangele yokuthi lokuhlala molal kanye izinyo lomhlathi anezincazelo ezihlukile ngokuphelele.

Uyini molal lokuhlushwa ikhambi? Ifomula sokunquma kuba:

Cm = (v / m), lapho

v - nenani izinto ziyoncibilika Mol;

m - kunobukhulu bendawo kuphela, kg.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqopha 0,2 isixazululo M NaOH kusho ukuthi 1 kilogram yamanzi (kulesi simo, kuba kuphela) Ukuqedwa 0.2 Mol NaOH.

amafomula engeziwe ezidingekile izibalo

Imininingwane asizayo amaningi kungadingeka ukuze lokuhlushwa molal yabalelwa. Formula, okungaba wusizo ekuxazululeni izinkinga esemqoka imi kanje.

Inani ezisetshenzisiwe lomcebo ν bona inombolo ezithile zama-athomu, ama-electron, ama-molecule ion noma ezinye izinhlayiya ke.

v = m / M = N / N A = V / V m, lapho:

• m - mass enkompolo, g noma kg;
• M - mass izinyo lomhlathi, g (noma kg) / Mol;
• N - inani amayunithi kwesakhiwo;
• N _A - inani amayunithi kwesakhiwo ngasinye 1 imvukuzane into, Avogadro njalo: ^6,02. Okthoba ²³ Mol ^{- 1;}
• V - umthamo ingqikithi l noma m ^3;
• V _m - izinyo lomhlathi ivolumu, litha / imvukuzane noma ^m3 / Mol.

Kugcine ibalwa kanje:

V _m = RT / P, lapho

• R - njalo 8,314 J / (Mol ^K.);
• T - lokushisa igesi, K;
• P - igesi ingcindezi Pa.

Izibonelo nezinjongo molarity futhi molality. umsebenzi №1

Ukuze sithole lokuhlushwa izinyo lomhlathi of isixazululo potassium hydroxide emqulwini ka-500 ml. Isixazululo isisindo Koh uyalingana 20 amagremu.

definition

mass izinyo lomhlathi potassium hydroxide kuyinto:

_Koh M = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56 g / Mol.

Silindele lukhulu potassium hydroxide iqukethwe isixazululo:

ν (Koh) = m / M = 20/56 = 0,36 imvukuzane.

Sicabangela ukuthi ivolumu yesixazululo kufanele kuboniswe amalitha:

500 ml = 500/1000 = 0.5 amalitha.

Anqume lokuhlushwa izinyo lomhlathi potassium hydroxide:

I-CV (Koh) = v (Koh) / V (Koh) = 0,36 / 0,5 = 0,72 Mol / ilitha.

umsebenzi №2

Yini sulphur oxide (IV) ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile (ngamanye amazwi, uma P = 101325 Pa, ne-T = 273 K) okufanele azithathe ukuze ukulungiselela acid isixazululo sulfurous nge lokuhlushwa 2.5 Mol / ilitha ivolumu 5 amalitha?

definition

Sichaza njengoba sulfurous acid eziqukethwe isixazululo:

ν (H ₂ SO ₃₎ = CV (H _{2 3 SO)} ∙ V (isixazululo) = 2,5 ∙ 5 = 12.5 Mol.

Isibalo kokuthola sulfurous acid has ifomu elilandelayo:

SO ₂ + H ₂ O = H _{2 3} SO

Ngokusho lokhu:

ν (SO ₂₎ = ν (H ₂ SO _3);

ν (SO ₂₎ = 12.5 Mol.

Uma ukhumbula ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile 1 imvukuzane gas has a ivolumu 22.4 amalitha, ivolumu phambili oxide sulphur:

V (SO ₂₎ = ν (SO ₂₎ ∙ 22,4 = 12,5 ∙ 22,4 = 280 amalitha.

umsebenzi №3

Ukuze sithole lokuhlushwa izinyo lomhlathi of NaOH ikhambi lapho yayo isisindo ingxenyenamba, ilingana 25,5%, kanye kwabantu of 1.25 g / ml.

definition

Bangamukela Njengomuntu ikhambi isampula in a ivolumu 1 ilitha bese anqume isisindo salo:

m (isixazululo) = V (isixazululo) ∙ P (isixazululo) = 1000 ∙ 1,25 = 1,250 igremu.

Silindele lukhulu isampula ngesisindo alikhali:

m (NaOH) = (w ∙ m (isixazululo)) / 100% = (25,5 ∙ 1250) / 100 = 319 amagremu.

mass izinyo lomhlathi of sodium hydroxide ilingana:

M _NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g / Mol.

Sikulindele sodium hydroxide kuqukethwe isampuli:

v (NaOH) = m / M = 319/40 = 8 Mol.

Anqume lokuhlushwa izinyo lomhlathi we alikhali:

I-CV (NaOH) = v / V = 8/1 = 8 Mol / ilitha.

umsebenzi №4

Ngo amanzi (amagremu 100) idilizwa 10 amagremu kasawoti NaCl. Setha lokuhlushwa isisombululo (molality).

definition

Ungqimba izinyo lomhlathi of NaCl ilingana:

_M-NaCl = 23 + 35 = 58 g / Mol.

Inombolo ye-NaCl, eziqukethwe isixazululo:

ν (NaCl) = m / M = 10/58 = 0,17 imvukuzane.

Kulokhu, uketshezi amanzi:

amagremu 100 O amanzi = 100/1000 = 0.1 kg H ₂ ikhambi.

okuhlushwa Molal yesixazululo kuyoba ulingana:

Cm (NaCl) = v (NaCl) / m (amanzi) = 0,17 / 0,1 = 1,7 Mol / kg.

umsebenzi №5

Anqume lokuhlushwa molal ka 15% NaOH isixazululo alikhali.

definition

15% isixazululo alikhali kusho ukuthi zonke amagremu 100 isixazululo iqukethe 15 amagremu NaOH futhi 85 amagremu amanzi. Noma ukuthi kuzo zonke khilogremu 100 isixazululo has kg NaOH 15 namanzi 85 kg. Ukuze alungiselele, kubalulekile e 85 amagremu (amakhilogremu) H ₂ O ziyoncibilika 15 amagremu (kg) ye alikhali.

mass izinyo lomhlathi sodium hydroxide:

M _NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g / Mol.

Manje sithola inani sodium hydroxide e isixazululo:

ν = m / M = 15/40 = 0.375 Mol.

Isisindo kuphela (amanzi) e kg:

85 amagremu H ₂ O = 85/1000 = 0.085 kg H ₂ O ikhambi.

Ngemva kwalokho kunqunywa lokuhlushwa molal:

Cm = (ν / m) = 0.375 / 0.085 = 4,41 Mol / kg.

Ngokuhambisana lezi inkinga ejwayelekile zingaxazululwa, futhi iningi nezinye ukucacisa molality futhi molarity.