Isikhathi eside impela eLeningrad: amaqiniso athakazelisayo. izinsuku 900 nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad

Omunye Amakhasi ebanga usizi kunazo zonke ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe kubhekwa nokuvinjelwa Leningrad. Umlando uye walondoloza eziningi ubufakazi ekuhlolweni kule impilo abesabekayo umuzi iNeva. Leningrad esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe abahlaseli undlovukayiphikiswa cishe 900 izinsuku (September 8, 1941 kuya ku-January 27, 1944). Kulaba emibili nengxenye million abantu abahlala kuleli dolobha enyakatho ngaphambi kwempi, phakathi nokuvinjelwa nje babulawa indlala abantu abangaphezu kuka-600 000, emashumini ambalwa izinkulungwane zezakhamuzi babulawa kulokho kuhlaselwa ngamabhomu. Naphezu inhlekelele ukusweleka kokudla, kakhulu emakhazeni ashubisa umnkantsha, ukuntula ukushisa kanye nogesi, Leningrad ngesibindi bamelana ukuhlaselwa amaNazi futhi enganikanga isitha edolobheni.

Mayelana emzini ovinjezelwe ngokusebenzisa emashumini

Ngo-2014 eRussia igubha iminyaka engu-70 nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad. Namuhla, njengoba emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, abantu Russian ihlonipha kakhulu feat izakhamuzi umuzi iNeva. Mayelana nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad ebhaliwe a lot of izincwadi, wathwebula eziningi tinhlelo kanye sici amafilimu. Mayelana ukuzivikela nobuqhawe edolobheni ukukhuluma zesikole nabafundi. Ukuze ubone kangcono isikhundla sabantu abazithola sizungezwe amasosha undlovukayiphikiswa eLeningrad, siphakamisa ukuthi uzijwayeze izenzakalo ezihlobene sebethule yakhe.

Isikhathi eside impela eLeningrad: amaqiniso ethakazelisayo ukubaluleka edolobheni ukuze abahlaseli

Ukuze abambe umhlaba Soviet kusukela amaNazi lwenzelwe Barbarossa uhlelo. Ngokuhambisana amaNazi ayehlela kwezinyanga ezimbalwa ukuze uwine ingxenye European wase-USSR. Umuzi ku uMfula iNeva ngesikhathi bevinjezelwe zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa esadlala indima ebalulekile, ngoba Hitler wacabanga ukuthi uma eMoscow - inhliziyo yezwe ke Leningrad - umphefumulo walo. I sokudumisa wayeqiniseka ukuthi ngokushesha nje inhlokodolobha enyakatho Ziyowa ngaphansi ukuhlaselwa kwezinhloko zamaviyo German undlovukayiphikiswa, umoya empi isimo omkhulu buthaka, bese-ke sizokwazi kalula ukunqoba.

Naphezu ukumelana amabutho ethu, amaJalimane wakwazi kakhulu ukuhambisa bayohlala emaphandleni futhi azungeze umuzi ku uMfula iNeva bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Septhemba 8, 1941 wehlela emlandweni njengoba ngosuku lokuqala nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad. Kulapho wonke imizila umhlaba ngaphandle komuzi wanqunywa, futhi wayezungezwe isitha. Leningrad Daily yabekwa amabhomu, kodwa akazange ayeke.

Northern Capital kwaba esiyingini ovinjezelwe cishe 900 izinsuku. Emlandweni lwesintu, kwaba ukuvinjezelwa eside nolwesabekayo edolobheni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngaphambi kokuqala nokuvinjelwa izakhamuzi zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo esuka kude impela eLeningrad, kwaqhubeka inqwaba izakhamuzi. I share balaba bantu wawa ukuhlupheka okubuhlungu, futhi akubona bonke bakwazi ukufinyelela ukusinda kuze yokukhululwa edolobheni lakubo.

ezethusayo indlala

iziteleka avamile - akusiwona into embi kakhulu besibhekene kweLeningrad phakathi nempi. imikhiqizo wekhasi emzini ovinjezelwe kwakunganele, futhi lokhu kwaholela indlala esabekayo. Ukuze ungenise ukudla kusuka kwamanye nemizana uvinjelwe nokuvinjelwa Leningrad. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo ushiye izakhamuzi kwalesi sikhathi: bendawo siwela yokufikelwa abalambile emgwaqweni, ubuzimu akusona isimanga. Ngokufa usuku ngalunye oludlulayo ezingasho eqoshiwe endlaleni, izidumbu elele emigwaqweni, futhi kwakungekho muntu ukuhlanza.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-nokuvinjelwa Leningrad waqala ngokukhipha isabelo amakhadi, okuyinto ungathola isinkwa. Kusukela ngo-October 1941 nsuku zonke isinkwa isabelo ngoba abasebenzi kwaba 400 g ngalinye umuntu futhi izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-12 ubudala, abondliwa nabasebenzi - 200 Kodwa akazange ugcine izakhamuzi ngenxa yendlala. amasheya Ukudla unqabile ngokushesha, futhi ngo-November 1941 isabelo semihla ngemihla isinkwa baphoqeleka ukuba ibe ngu- 250 amagremu abasebenzi futhi kuze kufinyelele 125 amagremu ngoba kwezinye izigaba zezakhamizi. Ngenxa yokushoda ufulawa wayengumuntu maphakathi aphume ukungcola engenakudliwa ngobubi bawo, kwaba omnyama ezibabayo. Abantu kweLeningrad Akazange akhononde, ngoba ngabo ucezu isinkwa kwaba Ukuphunyuka ekufeni kuphela. Kodwa indlala akuyona yayithatha izinsuku 900 nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad. Kakade ekuqaleni kuka-1942, isabelo sansuku zonke lwesinkwa wakhuphuka, waba qualitative xaxa. Phakathi no-February 1942 izakhamuzi zedolobha ku uMfula iNeva okokuqala wakhipha nokunamathisela ngomthofu yemvu eqandisiwe kanye yenkomo. Kancane kancane, isimo ukudla enyakatho yenhloko-dolobha ephethwe ngaphambi kokuba izinze.

ezingasadingeki ebusika

Kodwa hhayi kuphela ukukhumbula ukuvinjelwa bendawo indlala kweLeningrad. Umlando zihlanganisa nokuthi nobusika 1941-1942 kwakubanda ngokungavamile. Yesithwathwa emzini babe Okthoba kuya April futhi babeqinile kunamanje eminyakeni eyedlule. Ezinyangeni ezithile, izinga lokushisa bawela -32 degrees. Esebenzisa isihluku isimo kanye kweqhwa esindayo: ngo-Ephreli 1942, ukuphakama emigodini kwaba 53 cm.

Naphezu ebusika ngokungavamile abandayo, ngenxa yokungabi bikho uphethiloli emzini kuhlulekile ukusebenzisa central Ukushisa, wawungekho ugesi, amanzi avalwa. Ukuze izindlu ngandlela-thile efudumele, Leningrad esetshenziswa isitofu-izitofu: bashisa konke ezingase bashise - izincwadi, zidwedwe, ifenisha ubudala. Ukungalali indlala, abantu angeke abamele amakhaza futhi wafa. Inombolo ephelele izakhamuzi abafa bebulawa ukukhathala abandayo, ekupheleni February 1942 abantu abangaphezu kuka-200 eziyinkulungwane.

Ngokwe- "umgwaqo wokuphila" futhi ukuphila sizungezwe isitha

Kuze kwaba khona ngokuphelele ukususwa nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad, indlela kuphela okuyinto bashiye abakudingayo umuzi wawuyigolide Ladoga. Ngokusho ke, ebusika zithutha amaloli kanye nezinqola zamahhashi okuthiwa ama-, futhi sasehlobo anganqamuki waya isikebhe esinesinqe esibanzi sokuthwala impahla. Enyinyekile, it is hhayi bavikelekile bombardment zasemoyeni, kwaba isixhumanisi kuphela nezwe kweLeningrad wavinjezelwa. Abantu bakule ndawo ngokuthi Lake Ladoga "indlela yokuphila", ngoba uma kungaqali, amaNazi izisulu kungaba uhlasela.

Eminyakeni engaba mithathu eyathatha nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo kwalesi sikhathi ibonisa ukuthi, naphezu isimo sancipha ngokuphawulekayo ukuphila edolobheni waqhubeka. ELeningrad, ngisho ngesikhathi sendlala ekhiqizwa nezempi, amathiyetha iminyuziyamu avuleka. Isimo salo izakhamuzi asekelwe abalobi ezidumile izimbongi, ohlale ubonakala emsakazweni. Ngu nobusika 1942-1943 isimo enhloko-dolobha enyakatho akubanga ezibucayi njengakuqala. Naphezu esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa njalo, ukuphila sisimamiswe Leningrad. Okusetshenzelwe izimboni, izikole, izinkundla zemidlalo, izindlu zokugeza, ephethwe ukubuyisela amanzi, idolobha sanyuka ezokuthutha zomphakathi.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo Cathedral St zika-Isaka, amakati

Ngosuku lokugcina nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad, yena yabekwa amabhomu njalo. Amagobolondo, bulldoze izakhiwo eziningi e-edolobheni, ephathini overflew Cathedral St-Isaka. Akwaziwa ukuthi kungani amaJalimane akazange uthinte isakhiwo. Kukhona inkolelo yokuthi babelisebenzisela umkhatsi okusezingeni eliphezulu njengendlela reference iphuzu amabhomu komuzi. Engaphansi Cathedral kweLeningrad wakhonza njengephayona egcina eyigugu Museum izingcezu, ukuze bakwazi sokulondoloza kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi.

Akukhona nje amaNazi babe nenkinga ngoba izakhamuzi, ke waqhubeka kwaze kwaba nokuvinjelwa Leningrad. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo ukukhombisa ukuthi inhloko-dolobha esenyakatho lenqwaba amagundane isehlukaniso. Bashisa labo amasheya ukudla okuncane ezazisemizini edolobheni. Ukuze ugcine labantu Leningrad kusukela ezibulawa yindlala, yena "emgwacweni wokuphila" kusukela Yaroslavl ndawo kwakuhlala ukuwela 4 imoto empunga amakati, kubhekwe okungcono rat-Bangababambi. Izilwane ngokwanele abhekana ngayo umsebenzi wabo futhi namagundane kancane kancane ubhujiswe, ekhulula abantu nasendlaleni esilandelayo.

Ukukhululwa emzini amabutho

Leningrad, ukukhululwa kuka-ukuvinjelwa amaNazi iphutha Januwari 27, 1944. amabutho aseSoviet emva okuhlaselayo wemaviki lamabili wakwazi ukuphonsa amaNazi kusuka edolobheni. Kodwa, naphezu kokunqotshwa abahlaseli namanje cishe uhhafu ukugqashuka nge-dolobha enyakatho. Ekugcineni, ibenze isitha esivela emzini kungenzeka kuphela emva Vyborg futhi Svir-Petrozavodsk okuhlambalazayo imisebenzi eyenziwa yiNhlangano amasosha aseSoviet ngo ehlobo lika-1944.

Imemori ye nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad

Ngo-January 27, eRussia igubha usuku lapho kwakukhona ukususwa ephelele nokuvinjelwa Leningrad. Kulesi usuku ongasoze walitshalwa wezwe abaholi, bamasondo izigebengu nezakhamuzi nje ukuza Piskarevskoe emathuneni Petersburg, lapho mass amathuna amanga izinsalela amakhulu ezinkulungwane Leningrad ngubani abafela kuyo ngenxa yendlala futhi amabhomu. izinsuku 900 nokuvinjelwa Leningrad bayohlale black ikhasi emlandweni wezwe, futhi uzonikhumbuza abantu zobugebengu ezinonya wobushiqela.