Isakhiwo se-sphagnum. I-Moss sphagnum (isithombe)

Ama-Bryophyte - lokhu kungenye yezigaba zezitshalo ze-spore, ezithatha indawo ekhethekile ohlelweni lombuso. Abamele banezombusazwe, bezokwelapha, basetshenziselwa kakhulu futhi kubalulekile abahlanganyeli emaketangeni okudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlanganyela ekubunjweni kwezinhlelo zemvelo.

I-Sphagnum: isikhundla esimisiwe

Endaweni yabo emhlabeni ophilayo, i-sphagnum ithatha isikhundla esilandelayo se-taxonomic:

• UMbuso: Izitshalo.
• Umnyango: I-Bryophytes ;
• Class, oda kanye nomndeni - Sphagnum.
• I-Genus: Sphagnum.

Inani lezinhlobo lifinyelela ku-120, okuvame kakhulu ukuthi:

• I-Sphagnum marsh;
• Ukuvikela;
• Brown;
• I-Magellanic;
• I-Papillous;
• Girgenson.

Isakhiwo se-sphagnum sinokunye okuphawulekayo, okushiya impendulo ekusebenziseni kwayo ngumuntu. Ake sicabangele le nkinga ngokuningiliziwe.

Isakhiwo sangaphandle sesitshalo

Umti ophuzi oluhlaza ovela eziqubeni, ezigcwele phezulu, okwakhiwa amaxhaphozi kanye namadwala kanye nokushelela phezu kwamachibi angaphezulu, cishe kubonakala wonke umuntu. Ngakho lena yi-sphagnum. Izithombe zalesi sitshalo zingabonwa ngezansi.

Okumnandi kakhulu okusanhlamvu okumanzi, izikhathi eziningi eziqunyiwe futhi ezikhathele phezulu. Ngaphandle, ehlanganiswe ne-crust, okuyizingxenye ezimbalwa zamaseli. Uhlu lwe-sphagnum sedentary, uhlobo lomhlanga. Lokho okutholakala esiteshini, kukhona ama-oblong futhi okuvame ukuzodwa. Futhi amaqabunga amagatsha, ngokuphambene nalokho, anabantu abanzile kakhulu, ngephakheji abambelele. Eqinisweni, ziyi-scaly futhi zingabonakali kahle ngaphandle kwemishini ekhethekile. Okuvame ukuthathwa amaqabunga, lawa ngamagatsha amaningi avela ku-stem eyinhloko.

Njengamanye ama-mosses, i-sphagnum ayinaso izimpande. Nokho, ngokungafani nezihlobo zabo, abanalo i-rhizoids yokunamathisela ku-substrate. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi okuphansi kwe-stem, kubonakala kukhanya kakhulu. Okokugcina, esisekelweni ulahlekelwa ngokuphelele umbala wayo obuluhlaza. Lokhu kubangelwa ukungabikho kwe-pigment chlorophyll emasethini, ngoba lezi zakhiwo azisaphila, kodwa zifile.

Kulezi zingxenye, zifakwe ngaphansi kwe-marsh, kamuva zakha i-peat. Yingakho i-sphagnum ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-peat moss. Ngokuvamile, umbala wesitshalo unotshani oluhlaza, hhayi olukhanyayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ihlale igcwele amanzi amaningi. Umbuzo uphakama: "I-moss ilawula kanjani ukugcina amanzi amaningi kangaka?" Lokhu kungenxa yezici ezikhethekile zesakhiwo sangaphakathi. Cabanga ngabo.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi se-sphagnum

Ngaphakathi, i-moss ikhiwa izicubu ezivamile zezitshalo, ezakhiwa ngamaseli. Amaqabunga e-sphagnum aqukethe i-chlorophyll, njengoba, ngempela, isakhiwo se-stem. Ngakho-ke, i-photosynthesis yenziwa cishe yonke indawo yomzimba. Okufanayo kwenzeka futhi okunomsoco, okungukuthi, ukumuncwa kwamanzi.

Amaseli e-green moss axhumeka bese edala isakhiwo esifana nenethiwekhi - lena isistimu yokuqhuba isitshalo. Izitho zokukhiqiza ziyi-sporangia, lapho izinhlamvu zivuthiwe.

Uhlelo lokuqhuba, njengezitshalo eziphakeme, alukho. Kunalokho, kunamaseli akhethekile. Imisebenzi yokugcinwa kwamanzi nokumuncwa kwenziwa yibo.

Amaseli akhethekile esakhiweni

Amaseli we-Sphagnum awafani. Iqiniso liwukuthi abanye babo banezigobolondo ezinezibopho kanye ne-protoplast efile, okungukuthi, isigxobo esingenalutho. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuba lesi sitshalo sikwazi ukuthola umswakama omkhulu futhi sigcine ngaphakathi kwayo ngokwayo kulezi zakhiwo ezingenalutho.

Isakhiwo se-sphagnum sivumela ukuthi sigcwalise ngamanzi ngesamba izikhathi ezingu-20-30 eziphakeme kunesisindo saso. Yingakho ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo lezi zitshalo njalo zihlala zimanzi, zihamba phansi emanzini.

Lapho lesi sitshalo sigcwele umswakama, umbala wayo unobumba obuhlaza. Phakathi nesomiso, kancane kancane uphenduka umhlophe, ekugcineni ube mhlophe.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-moss

Isakhiwo se-sphagnum sihlanganisa okukhethekile, okudingekayo ukuze kwenziwe isakhiwo - sporangia. Bathi, njengamanye ama-mosses, atholakala ngeziqu ezikhethekile engxenyeni ye-apical yesitshalo. Bonisa ibhokisi elinesivikelo, lapho ukubunjwa nokuvuthwa kwezinhlamvu.

Uma isikhathi sokukhiqiza sishaya, amangqamuzana amancane athululelwa futhi athathwa umoya. Ukufika emanzini amanzi, qala ukuhluma esitshalweni esisha. I-sporangia yesivalo ivula ngokuzenzekelayo.

Kunenye indlela yokukhiqiza, eyenziwa yile sitshalo. I-Sphagnum inganikeza izingxenye zemifino ukuze ziqhubeke nokuzimela. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kwenzeka ngemuva kokuthi i-stem eyinhloko ikhule ngamandla, ubude ngaphezu kwezinye izingxenye. Ngaleso sikhathi, isitshalo sendodakazi sihlukanisiwe.

Izakhiwo ezikhethekile zemisipha ye-sphagnum

I-Moss sphagnum, isithombe esingabonakala kulesi sihloko, sinesakhiwo esithile esikhethekile ngenxa yobukhona bamaseli akhethekile. Lezi yizi:

1. I-hygroscopicity idlula yonke imingcele eyaziwayo ezitshalweni. Uma uqhathanisa ikhono lokuthola uboya obunamanzi no-sphagnum, khona-ke ama-moss azoba ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezingu-6! Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwamanzi ngaphakathi komzimba wesitshalo kuyinto efanelana ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, kuze kube yilapho wonke amangqamuzana ekhona egcwala, ama-moss ngeke alahle umswakama obuningi. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uyisebenzise njengokungezelela emhlabathini.
2. Ukuvuthwa kwe-air, okuvumela inhlabathi ngamanzi ukuba ilula kakhulu, ivulekile futhi i-airy. Ukwenyuka kwe-aeration okunjalo kunomphumela omuhle ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukiseni kwezinye izinto zemvelo.
3. I-Sphagnum acids, engxenyeni yesitshalo, ivumele ukuba ihlolisise inhlabathi nge-hydrogen cations.
4. Ukwakhiwa okuphilayo okucebile kwenza lesi sitshalo sikhetheke. I-Sphagnum inezakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane nokulwa nokuvuvukala, kanye nama-disinfectants.

Iyini ukubunjwa kwalezi zihlahla ezimangalisayo? Ungaqamba ama-compounds abaluleke kakhulu:

• I-Sphagnum acids;
• Ama-Coumarins;
• I-Sphagnol;
• Terpenes;
• I-carbolic acid.

Ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali, isitshalo ngokwaso cishe asihambisani nezifo noma izinambuzane.

Izindawo zokukhula

Isimo esiyinhloko sokukhula kwalesi sitshalo kungenxa yokuthi kukhona umswakama okwanele wamanzi. Phela, ama-sphagnum moss, isithombe esiphezu kokubuyekezwa, sincike kakhulu emanzini ngesikhathi sokuzalanisa, njengabo bonke abaperesi. Yingakho kungabonakala ezindaweni eziyinhloko zokukhula:

• Indawo ephuthumayo yeNyakatho Yezwe Elisha;
• Ingxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia ;
• ISiberia;
• ENingizimu Melika.

I-ecosystem system eyinhloko, eyenza lokhu ku-moss, yizintambo eziphezulu. Nomaphi lapho isitshalo esinjalo sihlala khona, kukhona ukuqhuma kancane kancane okungenakugwemeka kwendawo.

Iqhaza emvelweni

Impilo yonke ye-sphagnum ikhiwe ngamandla ayo okuthola umswakama. Ukuzikhethela kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi nangaphandle, ukubaluleka kwezomnotho kanye nezindawo zesicelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhloso zokwelapha - cishe zonke izinto ngenxa yokwakhiwa nokwakhiwa. Lokhu kungenxa yendima edlalwa emvelweni.

Into eyinhloko ukuthi i-sphagnum, isithombe esifake kuso esihlokweni, senza ama-peat deposits. Ngenxa ye-sphagnum acid ne-sphagnum engena esitshalweni, izinqubo zokubola nokubola kwezingxenye eziphansi ezitshalo zalesi sitshalo zihamba kancane kakhulu. Lokhu kuholela ekwakheni izingqimba ze-Peat. Isenzo senziwa kancane, cishe imitha eyodwa ngeminyaka eyizinkulungwane.

Kubalulekile futhi ukubangela amanzi asemhlabeni. Ngenxa yalokho, akukhona nje ukuguquka kwesembozo semifino, kodwa futhi yonke i-biogeocoenosis, umhlaba wezilwane, izinambuzane nezinye izidalwa.

Ukubaluleka komnotho kubantu

Kunezindawo eziningana ezisemqoka zokusetshenziswa kwalokhu kumuntu kubantu.

1. Ngokuba izindlu ze-caulking.
2. Njengomsebenzi wokushisa ukushisa ekwakhiweni.
3. Ngezinhloso zezokwelapha njenge-antiseptic ne-disinfector.
4. Ku-floristry.
5. E-floriculture ukuthuthukisa izimo zokukhula zezitshalo zangaphakathi nezishisayo.
6. Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali asekhaya (ukugeza, ukuhlanza kanye nokubulala imithi).
7. I-Peat iyigugu elibalulekile.
8. Ngokuvamile lisetshenziswe njengezinto zokuqhaqhazela.
9. ERussia, ukukhiqizwa kwalesi samswidi nama-crackers kwenziwa.
10. Njengoba impahla yokugqoka i- sphagnum (isibalo esinikezwe ngezansi, isiza ukuhlola kangcono isakhiwo sesitshalo) yasetshenziswa ngekhulu le-XI. Kuze kube manje, lo muss akalahlekile.

Ngakho-ke, kuvela ukuthi i-peat moss sphagnum ayiyona nje isitshalo esithakazelisayo nesigugu njengomthombo wamaminerali, kodwa futhi imithi ebaluleke kakhulu yemithi, umthombo wamanzi nomoya wabanye abameleli bezitshalo. Ukubukeka kwakhe okuhle kufanelana nezici ezimangalisayo zesakhiwo sangaphakathi nokubaluleka kwemvelo kanye nokuphila kwabantu.