Isakhiwo eyinhloko impande, ushintsho kusukela eyinhloko isakhiwo yesibili impande

Isitho komhlaba spore kakhulu ephakeme, gymnosperms nezitshalo eziqhakazayo - impande. Waqale livela moss futhi wenza hhayi kuphela umsebenzi ukwesekwa, kodwa futhi inikeza wonke amanye izingxenye zalesi sihlahla ngamanzi nosawoti wamaminerali siphela. Ngo gymnosperms futhi angiosperms yakha impande main eba kusukela impande sombungu. Kamuva kwakhiwa uhlelo impande, isakhiwo okuyinto ezahlukene monocots futhi dicots. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola zamabanga aphansi naphezulu impande isakhiwo yokwakheka nezitshalo eziqhakazayo kabani imbewu babe cotyledons ezimbili, futhi izibonelo eziqondile ezibonisa indima isitshalo izicubu kanye timphawu tesakhiwo wengxenye komhlaba ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza emzimbeni zalesi sihlahla.

Impande-embryonic ne-ukuthuthukiswa yayo

Phakathi imbewu ukuhluma eba ingxenye yokuqala nucleus, ngokuthi emgogodleni germinal. It siqukethe le zemfundo izicubu amaseli - the meristem eyinhloko, apical ingxenye okuthiwa isihloko. Phakathi division mitotic lamaseli yayo abamelwe ezakhiwe eyinhloko isakhiwo impande, ehlanganisa rhizodermis, cortex eyinhloko futhi isilinda Axial. Ake ukugxila izici morphological bokuphila lendwangu eyinhloko yemfundo, elise phezulu kokubili izimpande embryonic, futhi ingxenye apical of izimpande abasha: main, ezilingene isesekeli. Lesitshalo okuthiwa zokugcina, ikakhulukazi ezitholakala monocots. Batfutfukisa kusuka phansi stem. Ngakho kuyinto sokudlondlobala amaseli kokuqala. Ngo inqubo ukuthuthukiswa, bakha meristem eyinhloko. Ngaphansi ungqimba yawo iyaqala ukonakala kwamangqamuzana weseli izakhiwo okuholela ukubonakala elakhiwe zemfundo ukwakheka kwezicubu ezicacile zomzimba kubangela impande oyinhloko. Lesi sitshalo kugcinwa kuze kube sekubonakaleni meristems yesibili, ngokuthi cambium futhi fellogenom.

Rhizodermis: isakhiwo kanye nencazelo

Rizoderma noma rhizodermis wembozwe enamathela kwezicubu amaseli ngokufanele kwi impande emaphakathi abasha kuyoshaya therefrom amagatsha side. Okubaluleke kunakho konke ukuthi isitshalo iyingxenye isembozo indwangu, okuyinto ahlelwe esifundeni impande, enza ukumuncwa amanzi nokumbiwa nosawoti. It amaseli side kwakhiwa rhizodermis impande izinwele. cytoplasm yabo iqukethe inqwaba vacuoles cell udonga mncane kakhulu, ngaphandle cuticle. Rizoderma isezingeni ingxenye impande cap impande ngaphambi lateral impande zone, okuthiwa conductive. Kwatholakala ukuthi isikhundla izinwele impande maqondana cap impande elise phezulu impande main, injalo ingashintshile.

Umsuka izinwele kanye nendima yabo empilweni izitshalo

Uma ucabangela isakhiwo ezincane empandeni eyinhloko, ungase uthole ukuthi rizoderma kuyinto esuselwe ungqimba eyayibaluleke - dermatogena. Yena, yakheke It sokuhlukanisa sokudlondlobala amangqamuzana ayinhloko. Ukuncela impande indawo kuyinto ebucayi kakhulu ngokuphazima kweso lapho izimo zemvelo, Ngakho-ke, isimungumungwana izinwele kusheshe abune away. Lena isizathu esiyinhloko abampofu isilinganiso lokusinda izithombo, ngisho nokufa kwakhe. Ngo ukuthuthukiswa lwegciwane amangqamuzana efa futhi sloughed rizodermy. Ngezansi ungqimba lendwangu zokuzivikela - exoderm kancane onengxenye ukwakheka izakhi ukuwela. Ngenxa amanzi izixazululo zabo compounds amaminerali kanye empandeni izinwele ufake eksisi isilinda, kungokukaJehova isakhiwo eyinhloko impande.

It yakhiwa Indwangu conductive kuyiphi ukuthuthukisa ngesikhathi imikhumbi ontogeny - uqhoqhoqho futhi ngesihlungo amashubhu kusukela umngane-cells. Akubona bonke izitshalo zibe uhlelo evuthiwe empandeni izinwele. Ngokwesibonelo, i-marsh nezinhlobo zasemanzini bengekho ngenxa ngokweqile yamanzi imvelo.

meristem Primary - pericycle

Lesi sakhiwo, okuyinto ngesimo indandatho futhi ihlanganisa uMbhalo emaphakathi engaphansi rizodermoy. Siqukethe encane, amaseli ngokushesha sokuhlukanisa lendwangu zemfundo futhi kuyisici esihlupha bonke amafomu bok batshale herbaceous ukuthi ukukhiqiza kabusha by imbewu. Zonke izingxenye uMbhalo emaphakathi eba ngenxa amaseli pericycle.

Isakhiwo eyinhloko impande isitshalo bipartite kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngempela ohlangothini amathebhu izimpande adventitious olwelwesini lendwangu emfundweni - meristem. Abameleli izitshalo dicotyledonous omndeni Rosaceae, okusabhontshisi, Solanaceae, it is ke iguqulwe ukuze zilwane yesibili, ezifana phellogen noma cambium. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi mitotic division pericycle amaseli Akukhona ukubukeka isakhiwo eyohlobo futhi umsebenzi we-embryonic izicubu esishintshashintshayo esizayo - periblemy, kwakhiwa okuyinto kusukela cortex okuyinhloko kanye dermatogena, ugunyaza kuqale eyinhloko meristem apical.

cortex eyinhloko

Okuningi okuqukethwe yile ngxenye impande emelelwa ngokuyinhloko parenchyma amaseli. Ingxenye isitshalo izicubu ezakhelene rhizodermis ngokuthi exoderm, ungqimba maphakathi cortex eyinhloko - mesoderm. Uma ucabangela isakhiwo eyinhloko impande ngesibonakhulu, lezi amasayithi zingatholakala semali izikhala intercellular. Bakhonza njengabashumayeli indawo nokusakazwa oxygen ne-carbon dioxide futhi ngaleyo ndlela iqhaza negesi lokushintshisana. Le ngxenye engaphakathi iqukethe amaqembu iseli ahlelwe Strand ezihambisanayo.

Ngemva kokubhujiswa rhizodermis wabeka izingxenye angenalutho exoderm ngalesosikhathi they oprobkovevayut e lateral impande indawo futhi kamuva yenza umsebenzi zokuzivikela. Phela izingqimba ezintathu cortex radially ezihambayo molecule yamanzi bese flow ezitsheni zendlu uMbhalo emaphakathi empandeni. Ngokusho kwakhe, sibonga yokucindezela impande kanye transpiration, amanzi nokumbiwa izixazululo ephakanyiswe stem kanye namahlamvu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, organic compounds ezifana isitashi noma inulin kungaba buthelela eyinhloko cortical parenchyma amaseli mesoderm.

central isilinda

Uma ucabangela isakhiwo ezincane empandeni eyinhloko isitshalo bipartite, kungatholakala isakhiwo esinjalo, njengoba tshe. Okuningi okuqukethwe yile ngxenye Axial yakhiwa sebuningini izakhiwo yokwakheka ukuthi enze umsebenzi we izinto. Zakhiwa izicubu eyinhloko - xylem elementi conductive kwakhiwa, ezifana izitsha (kuqhoqhoqho). Solutions glucose nezinye organic compounds ukuhambisa kusuka amaqabunga umoba empandeni ngesihlungo amashubhu elise cortex, namanzi nokumbiwa izinto izitsha (tracheas) zivela impande ukuze uMbhalo Axial plant izitho vegetative.

indima Cambium ekuthuthukisweni impande

Inguquko kusuka eyinhloko isakhiwo yesibili impande lwenzeka ngesikhathi yisithombo esiteji futhi uphawuleka ukubukeka Indwangu zemfundo - cambium. Omunye zazo kwakhiwa kusukela protomeristemy izinyanda semithambo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izindawo cambium ngemisebe. Zombili lezi izinhlobo yesibili meristem cambium ihlangana zibe indandatho ezivamile, okuyinto amanga phakathi cortex futhi uMbhalo emaphakathi. Ngenxa mitosis asebenzayo, cambium amaseli akha ezimbili zamatshe secondary izindwangu conductive: kwangaphakathi baqondiswa ekufezeni tshe - xylem futhi distal zibheke endoderm - phloem. Ngenxa izinqubo ezichazwe ngenhla, lo mbhalo Axial iba yesibili isakhiwo nobuntu zonke izimpande zezitshalo dicotyledonous.

Iluphi ushintsho olwenzeka cortex eyinhloko

Ukuvela yesibili Umqhubi izicubu - xylem futhi phloem kubangela ushintsho futhi pericycle. amaseli zayo, uhlukanisa ngu mitosis, ukwakha ungqimba kukakhokho kuqhubeke cambium - phellogen, owavele, wakha periderm. Uphiko weseli yayo Periclinal iqala ukwehlukana, okuholela kwemihlambi cortex oluyinhloko kusuka isilinda Axial, futhi eminye - yokuqothulwa yayo. Manje, olwelwesini impande besibili periderm ne asele izingxenye phelloderm futhi pericycle. Njengoba ubona, isakhiwo zamabanga aphansi naphezulu empandeni kukhona ngokuphelele sihluke nomunye. Lezi umehluko ezihlobene zonke eminyangweni yalo, kuhlanganise cortex nemaphakathi isilinda. Ziyakwazi kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile esakhiweni yokwakheka kwezicubu zemfundo elithatha. Izinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezenzeka kule izimpande esikhathini sokukhula, kuthathwa ukubukeka cambium futhi ithebhu yesibili izindwangu conductive. Okulandelayo sub-isihloko, sicabanga ngokuningiliziwe.

isakhiwo zamabanga aphansi naphezulu empandeni

Ukuhluka morphology nemisebenzi bokuphila impande elikhulayo isitshalo bipartite kungenziwa amelwe itafula:

Ngaphezu etafuleni wazi ukuthi yesibili ukuqina izimpande impande at dicots wachaza umsebenzi mitotic kwamaseli cambium nokukhula impande ubude lihlotshaniswa ukuthuthukisa ezihambayo apical meristem kanye impande cap amaseli ezijulile enhlabathini. Upper impande emaphakathi kuyalinqoba ukumelana phansi izingxenye okuqinile ngenxa ukwanda eliphezulu amandla, ngakho nezimpande zezihlahla angiosperms ngesikhathi ukuhluma akwazi ukungena ngisho asphalt.