Uyini lokushisa? Temperature Units - degrees. I lokushisa umusi kanye negesi

Umuntu ngamunye ubhekene lokushisa umqondo nsuku zonke. Leli gama liye mayime iqine ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke: thina kulungele e imikhiqizo microwave noma elungiselela ukudla kuhhavini, sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo sezulu emgwaqweni noma ukuthola ukuthi amanzi abandayo emfuleni - konke lokhu kuhlobene kakhulu lo mqondo. Futhi iyini lokushisa, okusho ipharamitha ngokomzimba, lokho kulinganiswa? On zale mibuzo kanye neminye ukuphendula kule athikili.

ubuningi ngokomzimba

Ake sibheke ukuthi izinga lokushisa kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa uhlelo angawodwa zilingana thermodynamic. Igama elithi livela olimini lwesiLatini futhi lisho "kuhlangana efanele", "okuvamile", "proportionality". Lokhu value ephawula isimo yakhoibrium thermodynamic kohlelo macroscopic. Esimweni lapho uhlelo acezile kumane aphume ukulinganisela, nge kwesikhathi isifika nokudluliswa amandla into ibavuthela ukuba evuthayo kancane. Umphumela kuyinto lokushisa ukuqondanisa (ushintsho) kulo lonke uhlelo. Lona postulate lokuqala (zero isiqalo) wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto.

Amazinga inquma ukusatshalaliswa izinhlayiya esiyinhlanganisela ngokuvumelana amazinga amandla kohlelo kanye velocities, degree of ionization zezinto, izakhiwo yakhoibrium we kagesi emizimbeni emisebeni umnyuziki ngobuningi kwabantu emisebeni. Ngakho-ke uhlelo okusho zilingana thermodynamic, lezi nemingcele bayalingana ke bebizwa lokushisa uhlelo.

plasma

Ngaphezu kwalokho Equilibrium emizimbeni, zikhona izinhlelo lapho isimo libhekene amagugu lokushisa ziningana akulingani. Isibonelo esihle plasma. Siqukethe electron (ukukhanya icala izinhlayiya) kanye ion (izinhlayiya esindayo icala). Lapho ukushayisana zenzeka ngokushesha amandla ukudlulisela kusuka electron-electron kanye ion ukuze Ion. Kodwa phakathi izakhi heterogeneous isifika inguquko kancane. Plasma kungenzeka esimweni ama-electron kanye ion eceleni eduze zilingana. Kulokhu, ngamunye lokushisa ngabanye kungathatha ifomu izinhlayiya. Nokho, phakathi kwalezi nemingcele zizohluka.

odonsa

Izidumbu lapho izinhlayiyana babe isikhashana kazibuthe, ukudluliswa amandla ngokuvamile kwenzeka kancane kwi-degree kazibuthe Translational enkululeko okuyizinto ezihlobene benethuba ekushintsheni izikhombisi-torque. It kuvela ukuthi kukhona uthi lapho umzimba has a lokushisa okungahambisani uqondane ipharamitha kinetic. It kulingana ukuphokophela phambili izinhlayiya aphansi. lokushisa Magnetic inquma ingxenye amandla yangaphakathi. Kungaba noma kuhle noma kube kubi. Phakathi amandla ukuvuleka kuzodluliselwa kusukela kuyizinhlayiyana anenani eliphakeme for izinhlayiya nge aphansi lokushisa value esimweni uma kokubili emihle noma emibi. Kule nqubo isimo esibi ayozithola kolunye uhlangothi - lokushisa negative kuyinto "ephakeme" kuka omuhle.

Futhi kungani singaqiniseka ukuthi kudingekile?

Indida itholakala Iqiniso lokuthi le ndoda emgwaqweni ukubamba inqubo ukulinganiswa kokubili ekhaya kule mboni, musa ngisho kudingeka wazi ukuthi iyini izinga lokushisa. Ukuze kwanele ukuba baqonde ukuthi degree of ukushisa into noma imvelo, ikakhulukazi kusukela kulemibandela thina bayawazi kusukela ebuntwaneni. Yiqiniso, iningi amadivaysi esisebenzayo sokulinganisa lokhu ipharamitha empeleni alinganise izakhiwo ezahlukene izinto ukushintsha ezingeni Ukushisa noma Ukupholisa ngomoya. Ngokwesibonelo, ingcindezi, ukumelana kagesi, lemali t. D. Eminye izinkomba kuthiwa ngesandla noma ngokuzenzakalela ku nenani oyifunayo.

Ngakho, ukuze sithole lokushisa, asikho isidingo ukufunda physics. Ngokwalesi simiso uhlala iningi labantu kule planethi yethu. Uma i-TV isebenza, akudingekile ukuba baqonde izinqubo ukwedlulela amadivayisi Semiconductor, funda umsuka ugesi e esidayisa noma iya satellite dish isignali. Abantu asetshenziselwa ukuthi kukhona ochwepheshe endaweni ngayinye, okuyinto uzokwazi ukulungisa noma lokususa isiphazamiso ohlelweni. Babbitt wayengafuni ukuba nzima ubuchopho bakho, ngoba lapho kangcono ukubukela emdlalweni owuchungechunge noma football on the "ibhokisi", ngenkathi ephuza ubhiya abandayo.

Futhi ngifuna ukwazi

Kodwa kunabantu, avame kuba nabafundi abangaphumeleli kahle noma kube sezingeni yelukuluku lazo noma ngenxa yesidingo kumele ufunde i-physics kanye ukunquma ukuthi izinga lokushisa ngempela. Ngenxa yalokho, njengoba befuna, awela Maze wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto kanye cwaningo kuba zero, imithetho yokuqala neyesibili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingqondo enelukuluku kwakuyodingeka ukuqonda umjikelezo Carnot futhi entropy. Futhi ekupheleni kohambo lwakhe ngokuqinisekile uyabona ukuthi ukuzimisela lokushisa njengoba ipharamitha esethola uhlelo ezishisayo ukuthi akuxhomekile uhlobo izidakamizwa ukusebenza, akusho engeza ukucaca umqondo lo mqondo. Kusabonakala ingxenye iyothathwa uhlelo lomhlaba wonke amayunithi (SI) ezinye degrees.

I lokushisa energy kinetic

Okuningi "obuphathekayo" yindlela, okuthiwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela yamangqamuzana-kinetic. Kule ukumelwa Kumiswa ukuze ukushisa zithathwa njengeziNdawo ezingamaGugu hlobo luni lwamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, energy kinetic yezinhlayiya futhi ama-athomu, ipharamitha alinganiswe nesibalo esikhulu izinhlayiya nemiyalezo ezihambayo yisikali sokuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi lokushisa komzimba. Ngakho, evuthayo kuyizinhlayiyana uhlelo ukuhamba ngisheshe ukwedlula abandayo.

Njengoba leli gama lihlobene eduze amandla isilinganiso kinetic leqembu kuyizinhlayiyana, kuyoba kungokwemvelo njengoba Iyunithi yamazinga esetshenziswa joule. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akwenzeki, kungenxa yokuthi amandla ezinyakazayo ezishisayo izinhlayiya aphansi lincane kakhulu maqondana joule. Ngakho-ke, kungelula ukusebenzisa. ezinyakazayo Thermal kukalwa amayunithi Joules sizila ukuguqulwa isici esikhethekile.

Temperature Units

Kuze kube manje, amayunithi ezintathu eziyinhloko lisetshenziselwa babonise lokhu ipharamitha. Ezweni lethu, izinga lokushisa ngokuvamile kunqunywa e degrees Celsius. Ngesisekelo lolu phiko amanzi solidifying iphuzu - inani eliphelele. Kuyinto reference iphuzu. Okungukuthi, izinga lokushisa kwamanzi lapho iqhwa uqala ukwakha, kungu-zero. Kulokhu, amanzi ukhonza njengomdala umbandela okuyisibonelo. Lokhu inani elimisiwe kwavunyelwana ukuze kube lula. Inani lesibili lokushisa eliphelele umusi, isb uma amanzi isuka isimo uketshezi kuya gaseous.

Amayunithi abalandelayo degrees Kelvin. Umsuka walesi simiso ubhekwa iphuzu ka-zero ngokuphelele. Ngakho, degree elilodwa Kelvin kulingana eyodwa degree Celsius. Umehluko nje kuyisiqalo inkomba. Sithola ukuthi zero Kelvin ilingana lokususa 273,16 degrees Celsius. Ngo-1954 eNgqungqutheleni Kazwelonke ku izilinganiso kwanqunywa ukuba esikhundleni elithi "degree Kelvin" I-izinga lokushisa mayunithi ku "Kelvin".

Esesithathu iyunithi ezivamile nesilinganiso kukhona degrees fahrenheit. Kuze 1960, base kabanzi kuwo wonke amazwe abakhuluma isiNgisi. Nokho, namuhla ekhaya US usebenzisa lolu phiko. Uhlelo ngokuyisisekelo ukuhluka kwalezo ezichazwe ngenhla. Ukuze umsuka yokutholwa umnkantsha lokushisa usawoti ingxube ammonia nangamanzi Ingxenye 1: 1: 1. Ngakho, iphuzu Fahrenheit okokuqandisa amanzi ilingana degrees plus 32 futhi ukubila - plus 212 degrees. Kulesi simiso, degree elilodwa umehluko ilingana 1/180 yalezi okushisa. Ngakho, uhla kusuka 0 kuya +100 degrees Celsius ngaphansi kwezinga ku uhla kusuka -18 kuya +38 Celsius.

zero Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke

Ake sibone ukuthi yini le ipharamitha. I ngokuphelele zero ukubaluleka ngokuthi umkhawulo lokushisa lapho igesi ingcindezi ekahle ibisinyamalala ezingeni elilinganiselwe esinqunyiwe. Loku ngiko aphansi ngokwemvelo. Njengoba babebikezele Mikhail Lomonosov, "ngumyalo omkhulu kunayo yonke noma degree lokugcina abandayo." Ngakho kusukela kule chemical umthetho Avogadro sika: amavolumu alinganayo igesi ngaphansi isimo lokushisa elifanayo futhi ingcindezi iqukethe inombolo efanayo zishintshe. UPetru uqhubeka athini kulokhu? Kukhona lokushisa okungenani igesi lapho ingcindezi noma ivolumu lwase luzophela. Lokhu value sifana ngokuphelele zero UKelvin, noma 273 degrees Celsius.

A amaqiniso ambalwa ezithakazelisayo mayelana nesimiso sikanozungezilanga

Amazinga e-surface kwelanga ifinyelela 5700 degrees UKelvin, kanye core isikhungo - 15 million Kelvins. Amaplanethi sonozungezilanga ihluke nomunye ngokuya bafudumale. Ngakho, izinga lokushisa kwe-core umhlaba wethu imayelana kuyafana phezu kwelanga. Iplanethi ezishisayo Jupiter kubhekwe. Temperature esikhungweni enkabeni yalo izikhathi ezinhlanu kunaleyo ebusweni kwelanga. Futhi nangu ukubaluleka aphansi eqoshiwe phezu enyangeni - kwaba degrees 30 kuphela Kelvin. Lokhu inani kuyinto ephansi ngisho kuka ebusweni Pluto.

Amaqiniso mayelana ne-Earth

umuntu 1. eliphakeme lokushisa value kulotshwe kwaba 4 bhiliyoni degrees Celsius. Lokhu value kuyizikhathi 250 ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lendawo weLanga-nucleus. Record zilethwe New York Brookhaven sokucwaninga esingokwemvelo ku Collider ion, ogama obuphelele imayelana 4 amakhilomitha.

2. I lokushisa iplanethi akuyona njalo ephelele futhi zikhululekile. Ngokwesibonelo, e Verhnoyanske Yakutia lokushisa ebusika lehla lokususa 45 degrees Celsius. Futhi lapha edolobheni Ethiopia ka Dallol ukuhlanekezela isimo. Kube lokushisa kwemini plus degrees 34.

3. kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu lapho abantu emsebenzini, eqoshiwe zasezimayini zegolide eNingizimu Afrika. Abavukuzi elalakha amakhilomitha amathathu ukujula ezingeni lokushisa 65 degrees Celsius.