Iphayiphi igesi "Blue Stream": amaqiniso athakazelisayo

"Blue Stream" - iyona enkulu kunazo zonke ezweni Black Sea wegesi, lapho uphethiloli ihlinzekwa eRussia kuya Turkey. Lakhiwa egatsheni Dutch of OOO "Gazprom" BV futhi Italian "Eni" futhi waqala ukusebenza ngo-2005. Ingxenye iphayiphi insimu Turkish kulawulwa inkampani amandla endawo BOTAS. Ngaphansi kokulawula lonke Russian Federation. Injongo eyinhloko yawo "Blue Stream" - ehlukahlukene ukulethwa igesi Russian Turkey, ngokudlula emazweni wesithathu.

Umlando sokudalwa

Ukulungiselela yephrojekthi ye iphayiphi igesi kwaqala ngo-1997. Ngo-December, i-Russia kanye Turkey yasayina isivumelwano phakathi kohulumeni ku ukwakhiwa isiteshi ugu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, "Gazprom" ivumile nenkampani BOTAS mayelana amabili nanhlanu Inkontileka supply fuel. Ngo-February 1999, i-Isivumelwano sisayinwe phakathi Russian futhi ohlangothini isiNtaliyane, kanye igatsha Dutch yasungulwa.

Ukwakhiwa "Blue Stream" kwenziwa e 2001-2002. kwesigaba Imvume yesabelo sogu kwakhiwa yinkampani Italian Saipem, nezwe Russian - "Stroytransgaz". "Blue Stream" waqala ukusebenza ngo-February 2003. Nokho, ngenxa ukungqubuzana Russia nase Turkey phezu intengo kaphethiloli ngesikhathi esemthethweni ukuvulwa umcimbi esiteshini gas metering Darusu lidlule Septhemba 17, 2005 kuphela. Kwaba khona abangu-uMongameli Russian uVladimir Putin, izikhonzi njengondunankulu Turkey nase-Italy.

izici Kobuchwepheshe iphayiphi igesi

"Blue Stream" waqala ukusebenza at zigcwele ngo-2010. Its throughput umthamo kuyinto 16 bhiliyoni cubic metres. Ubude ingqikithi "Blue Stream" - 1213 amakhilomitha. I-Russian ingxenye iqala Izobilnoye igesi isitshalo eduze laseStavropol futhi iphela Krasnodar esifundeni. Elikhulu ngokwezinga zaba Turkey - 444 km. Amapayipi ezininginingi zisetshenziswa kanye ubukhulu ezahlukene: umhlaba ingxenye - 1400 amamilimitha angu, intaba - 12000, Guinea - 610. Ingcindezi ifinyelela 25 MPA. "Blue Stream" iphayiphi kubhekwa ejulile emhlabeni. Lisebenza 2.2 amakhilomitha ngezansi eliphansi.

Ngo-2014, Turkey neRussia bafinyelela esivumelwaneni sokukhulisa anoma libe no 3 billion cubic metres. Futhi, isibukezo amanani kaphethiloli kwenziwa.

Izimali kanye nobunzima lokuqala

"Blue Stream" - ke kuwumsebenzi wokuvelela kakhulu. ukuthuthukiswa lakhe langempela waqala ngo-1987, lapho Turkey waqala ukungenisa uwoyela base-USSR. Ekuqaleni, lemali kwaba 0.5 bhiliyoni cubic metres, namuhla selukhulile ezikhathini 34. Lesi sakhiwo - lokhu kuyinto project wokuvelela kakhulu. Izinkinga zaqala ngo-esigabeni sokuqala, ngakho-ke Kwaqalwa ukubambezeleka kweminyaka emithathu. Imali ephelele yale ukwakhiwa iphayiphi zaba 3.2 billion US dollars. Wakhokha ngoba ngokuhlanganyela ohlangothini Turkish futhi Russian. Umklamo ingxenye kwezilwandle US $ 1.7 billion yasetshenziswa.

Ngokushesha ngemva kwethulwa iphayiphi igesi, ohlangothini-Turkish wawuthi akusiyo ukulungele ukuthatha eziningi kangaka uphethiloli. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwehluleka lo msebenzi, Russian Federation encishisiwe intengo futhi wanquma ukusika okungaphephile. Kodwa kwale mpikiswano aziphelelanga lapho. Ngo-2004, uVladimir Putin kwadingeka ukuba kungenelele ngisho ukwehlisa intengo ezingeni ukudiliva umzila Bulgarian.

Iphayiphi "Blue Stream 2"

Le phrojekthi umgwaqo omkhulu omusha kuqala ehlongozwayo 2002. UMongameli Russian uVladimir Putin, uNdunankulu Turkish Recep Tayyip Erdogan waxoxa ukwakhiwa komugqa wesibili kanye nokunwetshwa iphayiphi ekhona usebenzisa isixhumanisi Samsun-Keyhen futhi amagatsha eNingizimu-Eastern Europe. Ukuthuthukiswa yephrojekthi uye waqinisa ngemva kwalesi sinqumo lamazwe amahlanu ukuqala ukwakhiwa we "Nabucco". Nokho, ngokushesha yaba undab ekwandiseni iphrojekthi ngaphansi kwegama "South Stream". Iphayiphi entsha ngabe ukuxhuma ngqo Bulgaria neRussia. Kodwa manje-ke buhlangene ngenxa eziya ziba zimbi of ubudlelwano ne-Ukraine.

Ngo-2009, uVladimir Putin, undunankulu ezihlongozwayo onguthelawayeka okuyisona kuhambisana "Blue Stream" ngaphansi woLwandle Olumnyama, waqhubeka nendlela yakhe esuka Samsun ukuze Keyhen. Ukusuka lapho wayengahamba ukuthutha igesi yemvelo e-Aramu, Libya, Israyeli naseKhupro. Kuze kube manje, le phrojekthi kuphela kuyindaba yesikhathi ngombono, yimiphi isimo sakhe ilungisa nokho.

Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo

Ukwakhiwa "Blue Stream" kuye kwahlotshaniswa imibhikisho emikhulu envayrontamentalistov. Kodwa abazange babe nomthelela obalulekile lo msebenzi, njengoba esemthethweni nomthelela wendawo ezungezile kubantu ukuhlolwa kwabonisa kancane detriment akhe. Ukwakhiwa kwaqhubeka, ukwethulwa iphrojekthi ukuba sidlule siye sabonisa ukuthi kwakungekho izizathu sina sokukhathazeka. Kodwa zonke lezi zibalo ziyingxenye impikiswano, ngoba wonke amaqembu banesithakazelo kakhulu kusebenta kwato. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izivivinyo kwenziwa ikakhulukazi eRussia, lapho "Blue Stream" kubaluleke amasu, ikakhulukazi ngemva exacerbation of ubudlelwano bayo ne-Ukraine futhi eqandisiwe "ekusakazeni Wik". Nakuba esimweni ukwephulwa ezisobala ohlangothini American ngeke zehlulekile angenele.

isimo samanje

Iphayiphi igesi "Blue Stream" - project okuyinto okufanele ibe yisisekelo sokubambisana esemqoka phakathi Russia nase-Turkey e amandla nezokuthutha. Ekhona umugqa zokuthutha umphakathi kokudabula-Ukraine, iMoldova, Romania futhi Bulgaria. Overland zokuthutha fuel kwenza kube ezibizayo, sekube izikhalazo eziningi mayelana ukuntshontshwa uthi yakhe, ensimini ka okuyinto wagijima.

Kodwa kusukela ekuqaleni ukusebenza iphrojekthi "Blue Stream" izinkinga, kuhlanganise eRussia. Njengoba kuboniswa ukuhlolwa eyenziwe Accounting Chamber, inkampani Italy zakala nepolagayuschimisya izinzuzo zakhe. Yiqiniso, iye yabangela ukulimala isabelomali isimo. Izazi zilinganisela ukuthi ngo-2003 kuphela sasifana US $ 1 billion.

Izinkinga kanye Amathemba

Russian isimiso sokuqala sihilela ukwakhiwa kwepayipi igesi ngaphansi oLwandle Olumnyama. Omunye imigomo inqubomgomo emiswe wesifunda "Blue Stream", kwaba khona isidingo sezisebenzi ukuba banqobe nesincintisana ethutha igesi eYurophu. Izwe okuyiwona zonke yokulwa - kuyinto Turkey. "Blue Stream" igxile insimu yalo, kanye iphrojekthi olandelayo. Kakade ngo-November 1999, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Azerbaijan neGeorgia yasayina isivumelwano phakathi kohulumeni ku Trans-iCaspian umzila. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa kulo msebenzi iqembu izinkampani okuholela Genaral Electric Royal Dutch Shell. Kodwa izimpikiswano wasesukuma ngakho ukwakhiwa limiswe phakathi kwezinhlangano.

Kuze kube manje, naphezu sokugxekwa-United States, "Blue Stream" kwakubaluleke ezazibalulekile empini, kanti kwencika Europe ku igesi isiRashiya amile.