Igama elithi "Inkampani" kuhlanganisa ... Umqondo futhi izici zomphakathi

nemiqondo eyisisekelo emphakathini bonke abantu kufanele bazi. Phela, thina siphile hhayi ngedwa, kodwa kukhona nabameleli bayo. Sinikeza ukufunda okushiwo "umphakathi" umqondo. Ukuze uqale, sethula yencazelo ethandwa. Umphakathi - i association of abantu abaye ndawonye kuvikelwe insimu, uhlelo jikelele ngokomthetho, amasiko, imithetho yokuziphatha, izindinganiso zomphakathi, okuvumela eziyinkimbinkimbi ukudala amalungu ayo ungubani ezenhlalo nezamasiko, ie bazizwe besekhaya iyonke ezithile olulodwa.

Umqondo "umphakathi" e kwabantu

Namuhla, sithi igama elithi "umphakathi", ngokuvamile ngaphandle ecabanga ukuthi kuyini. Sociology njengoba isayensi ukunikeza incazelo ecacile leli qiniso, ngoba umphakathi - into isifundo sakhe. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le isayensi umqondo lisetshenziswa nangamehlo.

Izimpawu umphakathi ngu E. Shils

Okokuqala, umqondo wegama elithi "umphakathi" kubandakanya izici ezinjalo ukwakheka ethize kwezenhlalo, njengoba womhlaba, zomlando, kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho. Umphakathi, ngokuvumelana ngisho imiqondo yasendlini, - okungaphezu kokuba iqembu noma umphakathi. Esebenzisa lo mqondo, ngokuvamile kufanele engqondweni yiluphi uhlobo ngokomlando ethize zalo (yesimanje, izinduna, bakudala), noma iqine futhi umphakathi elikhulu labantu, coinciding e kwemingcele yayo kanye isimo (umphakathi Russian), noma iqoqo yale miphakathi, elihlanganiswa yokuphila kanye namanani, ezingeni elifanayo lokuthuthukiswa zobuchwepheshe (emphakathini wanamuhla waseNtshonalanga). Zonke embodiments ngenhla kuhlanganiswe kanje: umphakathi limelela oluphelele, okuyinto zendawo imingcele yesikhashana futhi ngekwendzawo esiqinile. Lo mqondo Yokuphepha isebenza kuzo zonke izinkathi zomlando, inani namalungu anoma iyiphi inhlangano yabantu, uma lihlangabezana izimfuneko ezithile. Bakhandwa owasungulwa E. Shils. Izimpawu ukuthi umqondo welithi "umphakathi" kubandakanya.

1. Inyunyana akuyona ingxenye umphakathi amakhulu (uhlelo).

2. imishado advantageously phakathi kwamalungu lokhu kuhlotshaniswa.

3. Kakhulukazi ngenxa yabantwana bakwa-abantu kakade obonwa ngabameleli bayo, is agcwaliswa umphakathi.

4. Inhlangano has endaweni yayo.

5. It has umlando walo futhi igama layo.

6. It has siqu elawula uhlelo yayo.

7. Kukhona inhlangano isikhathi eside ukwedlula isilinganiso sobude bokuphila komuntu.

8. Imininingwane salesosikhathi, eyaziwa nangokuthi isiko, ihlanganisa ke (ke sika amasiko, izinkambiso, amasiko, amasiko, imithetho, imithetho).

Umphakathi nenqubo labelwe yokuhlalisana kwabantu

Kunamaphuzu amaningana zezenhlalo yasekhaya bakholelwa ukuthi umqondo welithi "umphakathi" kubandakanya nenqubo elandelayo:

- khona kulo leyo nsimu efanayo, okuyinto isisekelo impahla lokuxhumana komphakathi ukuthi kuphakama ngaphakathi kwalo;

- esibanzi (jikelele);

- yokuzimela, okungukuthi ikhono khona ngokuzimela kanye bebodwa;

- Integrative, okungukuthi, umphakathi ungakwazi ukudlala ku izizukulwane ezintsha kanye nokugcina izakhiwo zabo, ngokomongo kokuphila komphakathi kwahlanganisa abantu abasha.

Umphakathi - ngokoqobo nomphakathi

Okwakushiwo "umphakathi" lesibili, zenhlalakahle kanye zefilosofi luyingxenye lwezenhlalo, encishisiwe komunye umqondo - "esingokoqobo nomphakathi". Ngalo mqondo-ke umphakathi "social" ayikwazi ukwenziwa emisebenzini wabantu kuphela nomphumela we individualities yabo. Lusekelwe ebufakazini enokwehla, ukutadisha yokuhlalisana kwabantu emiphakathini kanye namaqembu (kwezizwe, amakilasi, uhlobo lwe, umndeni) njengoba izinhlangano collective ezithinta izici ukuziqambela, ukubukeka kwayo. Iphinde uhlola indlela lapho umphakathi ezifana kuyinto hierarchically ilawulwe lonke - umphakathi. Iqembu cwaningo, amazinga kwesakhiwo, lembula nokuthi ubuhlobo eqondile ubunye, okuyinto azizwa njalo ngabanye abathintekayo.

umphakathi izinhlobo

Indlela elula kunazo ukuchaza umphakathi ngosizo typologies. Futhi ukunikeza degree ledzingekako okukhulu futhi sezingeni elamukelekile nje okungaqondile. typologies ezinjalo zikhona kakhulu.

Uhlobo umphakathi ngokuyinhloko kunqunywa imodi zokukhiqiza, okungukuthi, ukuthi ukulawulwa nokushukunyiswa wasebenzisa izindlela zokukhiqiza kanye nemithombo yolwazi kwezomnotho ukuthi unakho. Shintshashintsha kule ndaba, isibonelo, lamakhomanisi, sezenhlalo, isicebi, umphakathi izinduna isigqila-enamaphiko. Basuke labelwe ngesisekelo ubuhlobo abantu ukuba izindlela zokukhiqiza, ngaphezu kwakho konke, elikhuthaza ubuhlobo impahla. Okubaluleke ngokuyinhloko le ndlela iba ekhona ekuthuthukisweni kwabo mkhuba izindlela. Ungaphinde ukhethe inani, post-ezimbonini kanye nomphakathi ezimbonini. Bona ngokuya isicelo Izimpumelelo ahlukahlukene kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe kanye ubuchwepheshe obusha. Okubaluleke ngokuyinhloko le ndlela, kuba inqubekela-phambili yesayensi lobuchwepheshe, futhi, njengoba asho ekhulwini le-19 Durkheim, Abakwazi ukuhamba ngaphandle ukubaluleka okwandisa collective, abasebenzi wokubambisana.

ukuqonda ngemibono

ukuqonda ngemibono emphakathini kuyinto awanakufundwa umqondo ngenhla zenhlalakahle kanye nefilosofi. It sinikezwe kuwumfuziselo. Njalo Paradigm ngemibono kuletha umqondo mythologized kuleli umphakathi; futhi ukuqonda kwakhe eziphoqelelwe ngemibono ujabule izithombe, nezincazelo basezinganekwaneni. Imibono Abantu sika "emphakathini wethu", kubonakala kusuka ngaphakathi, efanayo kulesi sici nokubakhona kwabantu yonke. Indaba yakhe yonke okusikhumbuza "izinganekwane mayelana ekuqaleni", etholakalayo nganoma isiphi sezizwe ukulandwa lomcimbi ukuthi waqala emhlabeni (libizwa ngokuthi "pervosobytiem"). Nokho, uma imiphakathi bakudala, izinganekwane mayelana ekuqaleni ngempela ukhulume ekuqaleni ngokuphelele, the epics legends imiphakathi "zomlando" umbuzo kwesihlobo indlela kabusha kwavela ngemva kwekhefu. Njengoba isibonelo, umlando umphakathi American, oqala ngokuthi obaba wokusungula. Uma sikhuluma ezweni lethu, singathatha izinyathelo emphakathini waseSoviet, okwaqala ngokubekwa October Revolution.

ukuqonda enokwehla emphakathini

Umphakathi ungakwazi futhi kubhekwe ngokombono empiricism. Ngalo mqondo, kungcono nje abaningi kakhulu namaqembu omphakathi. Lokho welithi "umphakathi" kuhlanganisa wonke amanye amaqembu omphakathi.

System definition ehlongozwayo ngu R. Koenig

Njengoba ubona, the umbono namuhla zahlukahlukene kakhulu. nemiqondo eyisisekelo emphakathini, okwethulwa ngenhla, ugxile kwelilodwa noma amanye izici, ukukhishwa yabanye. Ngakho-ke, kubonakala sengathi elilungile uhlelo definition. umqondo wayo nezici umphakathi ahlinzekwa usosayensi R. Koenig. Ngokusho incazelo umcwaningi, it is kuqondwe umphakathi:

- uhlobo yokuphila;

- ngemibono kanye nezomnotho inyunyana esekelwe izivumelwano;

- ubunye ezithile zomphakathi, abantu abafundile;

- iqoqo amaqembu kanye nabantu ngabanye, okungukuthi umphakathi lephelele;

- uhlobo lomphakathi, ngokomlando ethize;

- eyenzekayo kwezenhlalo, okungukuthi, ubuhlobo abantu futhi izinqubo kwezenhlalo kanye izakhiwo esekelwe lobudlelwane.

incazelo eyisisekelo "umphakathi" futhi izimpawu zaso sesiyabazi. Manje ake sicabangele eminye imibuzo ehlobene.

Izwe, State kanye Umphakathi

Ukutadisha nezindaba ezifana umqondo kanye nesakhiwo umphakathi, kufanele ichaze ngokucacile okushiwo amanye amagama futhi baqonde umahluko phakathi kwabo. Sikhuluma imiqondo ezifana "isizwe", "isimo" kanye "umphakathi."

Umphakathi kuwumphumela zomlando of ubudlelwano babantu, ngokwemvelo ivela.

State - lokhu kuyinto yokufakelwa zezombusazwe ukwakha, ekolishi noma isikhungo eklanyelwe ukuphatha lezi ubudlelwano. Umqondo umphakathi futhi isimo, njengoba ungabona - hhayi into efanayo.

Ekugcineni, izwe njengoba umqondo yikhasi eliphakathi nendawo phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili, ngoba futhi umphakathi (umphakathi wabantu, ngokwemvelo esungulwe) kanye neMbuso (njengoba has imingcele nesimo).

Umqondo isimo zenhlalakahle kanye

Izikhungo umphakathi injongo eyinhloko isimo. Kufanele kube ngokucacile ukuqaphela neziphathimandla. Umphakathi wanamuhla Russian izimisele na nekwakha umbuso nomphakathi, okothi enze le misebenzi elandelayo:

- ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza nokuthula kwezenhlalo emphakathini, ekubeni khona ukungqubuzana kwezinhloso zenzuzo umahlukanisi phezu izingqimba, amaqembu omphakathi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ebucayini yezenhlalakahle yathinteka;

- ukwenza umyalelo ethile emphakathini kanye nokugcina ke ngazo zonke izindlela, kuze ukusetshenziswa sibhekwe;

- ukuze ivikele nangobudlova abantu, ukunika amandla bonke abanye abantu emphakathini izimo ezivamile zokuphila, ukuba banakekele amaqembu sibuthakathaka kanye kwezakhi sabantu, okungukuthi, kufanele kube nomphakathi;

- ukuze babe nethonya ukuthi kungenziwa ihlanganiswe ibe umphakathi esihlanganisiwe lonke.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nomphakathi kwezenhlalo futhi isimo

isimo Social kufanele abe nesandla entuthukweni yezenhlalo nezomnotho. Kufanele futhi kube sengathi nguye obangela imizimba kanye nomphakathi inhlalakahle ezakhamuzi zayo, inhlalakahle yazo. Ukwakhiwa simo kuyoba kungenzeka kuphela umzamo omkhulu wokuthola amabutho ahlukahlukene omphakathi. A izinga elithile ekukhuleni komphakathi kufanele uhambisane nakho.

Umqondo umphakathi nomphakathi kuhlobane ngokuqondile sphere nomphakathi. Lesi sakamuva kuhlanganisa izikhungo ezehlukene emphakathini ukuthi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo abantu ukuphepha, umndeni, zokuziphilisa, ukuhleleka emphakathini futhi zixazulule izinkinga ezingokomoya, ukuzuza ulwazi.

Izici zomphakathi wanamuhla

Umphakathi wanamuhla - lokhu ndalo olulodwa Monolithic, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi it is eligcwele namuhla, kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili, ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana (kwezamasiko, kwezombangazwe, kwezomnotho), okuyinto basekelwa inchubo yekusabalalisa emhlabeni wonkhe. umlando Umhlaba - umlando ekuthuthukiseni impucuko, ukuqhela kwabo. Umqondo begodu nesakhiwo umphakathi kuleli cala esigabeni ngasinye zihlukile. impucuko ngamunye luye eyayo, futhi umlando wesintu uye washiya uphawu olukhethekile. Nokho, umehluko ukuthi ukhona phakathi kwabo, akusho ngxabano nokuphikiswa. Phakathi izinhlobo impucuko, ngisho ezikude kakhulu komunye nomunye, kukhona ukufana ezithile, elisuselwa ubunye nezimiso eziyisisekelo yenhlangano yomphakathi. Nokho, phakathi kwabantu eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga namuhla, kukhona igebe, okuyisici isici besikhathi sethu.

Kulokhu, umphakathi ngamunye kumelwe alwele ukugcina iphinde ukwandisa kulezo zici kwakhiwa therein ezihambisana izimo zakhe kanye neqhaza ekuphumeleleni sokuthuthuka. Akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi baye asethuthukile, njengoba umthetho, ngenxa isipiliyoni eside futhi enothisa impucuko yesimanje. Ngakho-ke, musa ukufuna ukuba eyayenziwe ukuhlanganisa umphakathi.

Ngakho, sahlola umqondo futhi izici umphakathi. Le timu luyisisekelo kwabantu. Ingase futhi kwenzeke esikoleni eemfundweni wesifundo sezenhlalo. Umphakathi wanamuhla kudingeka cabanga lapho ihamba futhi lokho elikumelelayo. Ngamunye wethu unesibopho ngoba ikusasa layo. Phela, abantu umphakathi - imiqondo ehlobene.