IBaikal-Amur ahlanganisa imigwaqo emikhulu: zokuthutha Izikhumulo ezinkulu. Ukwakhiwa iBaikal-Amur ahlanganisa imigwaqo emikhulu

IBaikal-Amur ahlanganisa imigwaqo emikhulu - ongomunye wojantshi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. ukwakhiwa kwalo odlale indima ebalulekile ekusakazeni ukuthuthukiswa esifundeni laseSiberia, kwaba kulethe ukwakheka amabhizinisi zezimboni, ukuvela emadolobheni ezintsha, uma umsebenzi ngoba izinkulungwane zabantu kuleli zwe.

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Uhulumeni waseRussia selithathe isinqumo kokwakhiwa iBaikal-Amur ujantshi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Ugijimela umgwaqo ngokusebenzisa enyakatho iBaikal, kuyoba intuthuko ekuthuthukiseni yamasimu empumalanga. Ngemva kwempi, amaJapane kwadingeka ukuba ukuxazulula inkinga ezindaweni okunzima supply empumalanga. IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, Revolution nasemiphumeleni yaso bephoqeleka ukuba bahlehlise le nkinga - eSoviet Union lapho kwakungekho amasu noma amandla ukuze lelisu emikhulu phrojekthi.

Nalapha-ke wathatha kuye kuze 1930. Emhlanganweni uhulumeni waphathiswa inhlangano ekhethekile ukusebenza esakhiweni ujantshi, angathathwa elika ujantshi Trans-Siberian, kodwa wawusegunjini nasenyakatho ukunikeza ithuba lokukhipha ogwini Pacific. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngezindlela ezintsha ukuba babanike lelo gama - iBaikal-Amur ahlanganisa imigwaqo emikhulu. Okukhulu zokuthutha Izikhumulo ezifaneleke Irkutsk, lase-Amur Region, eKhabarovsk Territory, amanga e-Republic of Buryatia futhi Yakutia emazweni engafinyeleleki. Kakade ngo-1933 ukwakhiwa kukajantshi wesitimela wokuqala, endaweni usumisiwe.

ukwakhiwa

umsebenzi -Scale Okugcwele ku ukwakhiwa BAM, okuyinto ixhunywe Taishet futhi Sovetskaya Gavan, idolobha ngasogwini olwandle, waqala ngo-1937. ngokushesha ASB wathola igama lolungakahleleki - "ukwakhiwa kwekhulu". Lokhu akusona isimanga. Ukwakhiwa iBaikal-Amur ahlanganisa imigwaqo emikhulu yaqhubeka iminyaka, wayeka iminyaka embalwa ngenxa yempi, bese ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimali. Kuze kube namuhla, le BAM ingenye amaphrojekthi eqolo igcwaliswe ekhulwini lama-20.

Eyokwakha emajele wonke wezwe nasemakamu ukuheha izinkulungwane zeziboshwa. Iziphathimandla owayeyaluzisa labantu ukuba azibandakanye ukwakhiwa komgwaqo, lapho kwakufanele abe nekusasa amandla. Abakhi ukunikeza yokuhlala nazo zonke izakhiwo ezidingekayo. Nge nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo nedolobha savela eSiberia.

Esikhathini kusuka 1942 kuya ku-1947 umsebenzi limiswe ngenxa yempi. I stop kwakwenzeka ngo-1953. iphrojekthi Expensive edingekayo ezinkulu ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuphathwa kwabasebenzi.

Ukwakhiwa uqalisiwe kuphela ngemva kokuphenywa kwecala cishe iminyaka engu-20 - ngo-1974. "Ukwakhiwa ekhulwini" zaqala khona futhi yashesha ijubane, bethuthuka futhi yingcweti tinkhombandlela eziningana. Kwathatha omunye engu-12 ukuxhuma wonke amasayithi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ezindaweni ezahlukene kwizindawo eziningana kuleli zwe babesebenza ingqikithi izisebenzi zokwakha mayelana 2 million. Ngo-1989, kwaba khona BAM umnyuziki lelibalave yeRussia. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakushiwo ngokusemthethweni ukusebenza.

IBaikal-Amur ahlanganisa imigwaqo emikhulu: zokuthutha Izikhumulo ezinkulu

ASB uqala at Taishet esiteshini Trans-Siberian sesitimela, bese uya uye eMpumalanga. Nangu yokuqalisa komgwaqo yokuxhuma ambitious kunazo amazwe amabili ezokuthutha phrojekthi. Lapho Yakhiwa iBaikal-Amur ahlanganisa imigwaqo emikhulu, zokuthutha Izikhumulo ezinkulu bebelokhu ngenkuthalo "ikhule ibe" sabantu ngezithukuthuku abakhi kusuka ezweni lonke ukuza lapha ukusebenza, bese kwesokunxele for yokuhlala unomphela.

I iziteshi ukhiye mgwaqo: Taishet, Tynda, Nerungri, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Soviet Harbor. ASB kwaba wesitimela wokuqala ensimini ka Yakutia, okuyinto ngenxa izimo zemvelo nokhahlo Sekuyisikhathi eside nginqume izwe, futhi umyalezo wenziwa kuphela esebenzisa umoya travel.

Ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba emhlabeni BAM

Abaklami, yokuxhuma i sesitimela Trans-Siberian ogwini Pacific, wakhetha indlela ngoba ikusasa lalowo endleleni, esehlanganise ezifakwa ezinkulu amaminerali. Ngakho kwakuhlelwe ukwandisa nekusebenta ezokuthutha. Ojantshi kwakufanele alethe nezinzuzo ezingokoqobo futhi lula ukuthuthwa namaminerali.

Kakhulu wafunda endleleni kulandela BAM yilezo coalfields: Ogodzhinskaya futhi Elga, Udokanskoye ithusi, uwoyela negesi okusendimeni Talakanskoye, VC, Yarakta kanye nezinye izindawo. Futhi, zikhona izimali ezifakwa abalulekile yensimbi imikhando, imikhando ithusi, apatite negesi kwezinye izingxenye indlela. Ukwandisa ukusebenza kanye nokwethulwa ngokuyiko kwezinhlelo imisebenzi kulezi zakhiwo, kubalulekile ukuba ukusungula ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha kulesi sifundazwe ukuqinisekisa ukulethwa kwezinsiza ngqo endaweni yokulayisha emotweni.

iziteshi ezinkulu kakhulu endleleni

Ngenxa ukwakhiwa komgwaqo baba nasetshenziswa idolobhana elinabantu Ust-Kut, Tynda (okokugcina yase yaziwa ngokuthi "inhliziyo BAM"). Taishet - esiteshini osendaweni ezibalulekile, iphuzu lapho kuvela iBaikal-Amur ahlanganisa imigwaqo emikhulu. ISIZINDA ezokuthutha elikhulu futhi idlule Tynda, kulandele kwamagatsha amabili: North (e Nerungri) naseNingizimu (at Skovorodino), yokuxhuma, ngendlela ne Trans ujantshi.

I ukugcina isiteshi - emzini Sovetskaya Gavan, elise loMfula lwesiTatar Strait. Waziwa omunye eside - Umhubhe kwamanzi, okuyinto obekumele ukuxhuma Sakhalin futhi ezwekazini. Kuze kube manje, le phrojekthi awenziwa. Ngo-Soviet Harbor ngokufanele esiteshini 3, kodwa izitimela umgibeli ayeke kwenye indawo engumakhelwane. Futhi, ukuze isitimela umgibeli ukuya West yezwe, kufanele ulandele ngokusebenzisa Vladivostok, ukuze engafinyelelwa ngayo imoto trailer.

ojantshi Okunye esifundeni

IBaikal-Amur ahlanganisa imigwaqo emikhulu ihlanganisa VSZHD subordinated esigabeni laseSiberia umzila, futhi Far Eastern - e lase-Amur isifunda eKhabarovsk Territory. ASB iphindwa ujantshi Trans-Siberian, egijima eduze komngcele oseningizimu Russia (efana - ngokusebenzisa eSiberia futhi Far Eastern izigceme).

Ipulani ukuthuthukiswa we BAM

Inkinga eyinhloko ujantshi liwukuthi, naphezu kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 ekuphileni inkonzo, kusenzima ezingenanzuzo. amathrekhi sesitimela abe ezingaba omkhulu, okuyinto harbored ngale ndlela, lapho Abaklami yawudala, kodwa isuke isihlale isikhathi isengakasetjentiswa.

Ubunzima main itholakala lokuthi ukuthi kuze kube inqolobane eyinhloko amaminerali imikhando kungukuthi kwavula indlela umyalezo. Ngemva kokuphothulwa ukwakhiwa, kwanqunywa ukuba uqhubeke Nokho ukuthuthukisa isiqondiso, kuqala ngenxa wokugoqa zase-USSR, bese ngenxa isimo engazinzile kwezomnotho 90 futhi izwe obumbi bomnotho kowezi-2000 ekuseni, kwahlelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe lihlehlisiwe. Ngo-2011, waphinda isihloko wakhuliswa uVladimir Putin. It is kuhlelwe ukwandisa isivinini sesitimela, umthamo kanye umthamo ethwele.

izici Jikelele iBaikal-Amur ahlanganisa imigwaqo emikhulu

Ubude ingqikithi umgwaqo 4.300 km, okungcono liqukethe indlela eyodwa. Ujantshi ngezindlela ezimbili zakhiwa Taishet kuphela Yelena futhi ubude mayelana 700 amakhilomitha.

BAM Ukwakha nzima nzima izimo zezulu. Ngo iziteshi eziningi zokuvota Kwadingeka ukuba kwakhiwe phezu kwezwe Iqhwa, ezindaweni ezithandwa ukuzamazama komhlaba. 11 amabhuloho ezakhiwa nge egeleza emifuleni, ezingaphezu kuka-30 km umgwaqo sidlula Imigudu ku-rock. Highlands futhi kakhulu izinkinga ukwakhiwa zinomsebenzi kwaloliwe.