I-Trophic chain. Namathisela ukudla kokudla. I-Trophic yokudla chain

I-chain ye-trophic ubuhlobo emkhakheni wezokudla okunomsoco phakathi kwama-macro-kanye nezinsizakalo ezincane lapho ukuguqulwa kwamandla nendaba kuyenzeka khona ezindaweni zemvelo. Zonke izimila zezitshalo, izilwane nezincane zihlobene eduze nomgomo "wokudla-umthengi".

Izincazelo eziyisisekelo

I-chain ye-trophic ingenye yezinto eziphawulekayo kunoma yiziphi izinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kuyindlela yokudla. Ibonisa ukulandelana okuqondile kwezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukunyakaza kwezinto eziphilayo lapho kusetshenziselwa ukondla amandla e-biochemical kanye nezinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo: utshani - ingulube - amabhaktheriya. Njengomthetho, kukhona isidlo esikhulu esiqongweni sepiramidi ye-trophic. Leli gama ngokwalo liyisisekelo segama lesiGreki elithi "trophy", okusho "ukudla". Ngaphambi kokuba uhlole ukuthi yini yokudla, kufanele uhlole imibono enjalo njengabakhiqizi, abathengi kanye nabaceli.

Abakhiqizi

Abakhiqizi babiza iqembu lezinto eziphilayo ezikwazi ukuhlanganisa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezivela emayini yamaminerali. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, okokuqala, ama-autotrophs. Lezi izitshalo nezilwanyana ezincane, ezikwazi ukuthatha izithombe ze-photosynthesis ukuze ziguqulwe amandla angaphandle angaphandle kwe-biochemical. Iqoqa amangqamuzana futhi ihileleke ekudakiseni umzimba. Ezisemkhathini, izibonelo zabakhiqizi kukhona ama-ferns, ama-mosses, ama-gymnosperms nezitshalo zezimbali. Emanzini yi-plankton. I-algae encane kunazo zonke isibonelo sabakhiqizi bazo zonke izilwane zasemanzini.

Amakhomikhali

Abathengi bezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, bedla kuphela ngezinto eziphilayo, abakhiqizi abakwenzayo. Esikhathini semvelo, abathengi abizwa ngokuthi ama-heterotrophs. Kungaba izilwane ezidliwayo nezilwane ezinomsoco, izinambuzane. Kukhona abathengi be-oda ezahlukene. Lesi sigaba sisekelwe esimweni sezinto eziphilayo ezakhiweni zokudla.

Kubathengi bokuqala aba yizilwane eziphilayo, izinambuzane nezinyoni. Isibonelo, i-chain yokudla yamahlathi ingabandakanya i-hare, igundane, i-roe deer, i-elk. Zonke lezi zilwane zingabathengi bokuqala. Isici sabo esihlukile ukuthi badla abakhiqizi, okungukuthi, izitshalo. Ziyizintambo eziningi, ama-ungulates, izinyoka, izilonda kanye nama-amphibians ahlukahlukene, kanye nezinambuzane, izinhlanzi, izinyoni ezincane.

Abathengi bemilayezo yesibili neyalandela bayisilwane esisodwa kuphela. Bakha amaprotheni abo ezivela emvelweni wezilwane nezitshalo. Leli qembu lihlanganisa amabhere, umndeni we-canine, i- feline, izinyoni ezinkulu ezidliwayo, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo nezinyoka. Esikhathini sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle le niche isetshenziswa yimikhomo namadonphin.

Izindleko

Ukuncishiswa kubizwa ngokuthi ama-microorganisms esebenzisa izinsalela eziphilayo. Lawa angama-bacteria ne-fungi. Bahlala emhlabathini futhi bavuselele izinqubo zokubola. Igama elifanayo igama elithi "abaqothuli" igama elithi "ababhubhisi". Okwamanje, i-bacteriophages nayo ingezwe kuleli qembu.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamaketanga we-trophic

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela eziyinhloko zamaketanga okudla: ukuchithwa nokudla. Unemibono ephawulekayo. Ukudla kokudla (noma ukudla kokudla) kwakha ubudlelwane obunzima bamaqembu ahlukene ezitshalo, izilwane kanye nama-saprophyte. Isisekelo salo yizinto eziphilayo ze-autotrophic. Lokhu ikakhulukazi isitshalo. Khona-ke kukhona izilwane ezinomsoco. Isibonelo, ungulates noma amagundane. Ezilwandle nasolwandle kungaba yi-zooplankton. Futhi, ekugcineni, phezulu kwe-chain yokudla yizilwane ze-oda lesi-2. Lezi yizinhlobo ezingazingelwa endle. Isibonelo, amabhere, abamele umndeni wekati, izinyoni zezilwane. Ikakhulukazi emaketanga amakhulu okudla amadlelo olwandle. Lapha, abathengi be-6th no-7 oda bathola.

Izinketho ze-trophic ezitholakalayo zisekelwe ezinkambisweni zokubola. Bahlale benamakhowe noma ama-microorganisms-saprophytes.

Izinketho ze-trophic ezitholakalayo

Uketshezi okunjalo kutholakala kakhulu emahlathini, kanti futhi lapho iningi lamasitshalo alitshalwe ngokuqondile izilwane ezinomsoco. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ilahleka. Isetshenzwa isikhunta esincane kakhulu namagciwane, okuthiwa ama-saprophyte. Zonke izinketho zokudla ezihlaselwa ziqala njalo nge-detritus. Baqhubeka nezinambuzane ezibhubhisa futhi ziwasebenzise. Khona-ke kukhona ama-detritophages nabathengi bawo - izinhlobo ezidliwayo. Amaketanga atholakalayo abuye avele ezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo yolwandle nolwandle, ikakhulukazi ekujuleni okukhulu. Lapha, izimo zenziwe lapho inani elikhulu lezilwane ezidliwayo lingasaphila, ngakho-ke izinyoni ezincane zithatha indawo yazo.

Amazinga eTrophic

I-trophic chain iqukethe amazinga amaningana. Lezi zixhumanisi zingatholakala kalula kunoma yisiphi isistimu yesimiso seplanethi. Izinga lokuqala limelelwa njalo ngabakhiqizi. Ababili - abathengi bemilayezo ehlukene. Ngamaketanga amancane, njengomthetho, kunezixhumanisi ezintathu, emaketangeni amakhulu azikho imingcele. Kodwa ama-microorganisms nama-mushroom azohlala egcina. Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezokudla lwe-trophic luphela ngokuqothula. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko emvelweni wezinto ezinhlobonhlobo ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezimbiwa ngamaminerali. Amaketanga okudla okude kakhulu kunawo wonke asetshenziswa olwandle nasolwandle. Okuncane kunabo bonke ehlathini nasemadlelweni. Uchungechunge olunjalo oluxhunyanisiwe lwezinga le-trophic elilandelanayo lakha uketshezi lokudla.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukucacisa ukuthi ukhetho lokudla alugcini njalo. Kungase kungabikho izixhumanisi ezithile. Ngezinye izikhathi "baphuma" ngenxa yezizathu ezithile. Okokuqala, hhayi njalo kulolu chungechunge abakhiqizi bezitshalo. Abakho emiphakathini eyakhiwe ngesisekelo sokutshala izitshalo kanye (noma) nokuhlala kwezinkomo. Isibonelo esibangeleko udoti wamaqabunga ehlathini. Okwesibili, emaketangeni we-trophic angeke kube khona ama-heterotrophs, okungukuthi, izilwane. Noma kungenzeka ukuthi bambalwa. Isibonelo, emahlathini afanayo awela izithelo namagatsha, abathengi abadlulayo, ngokushesha baqala ukubola. Kulesi simo, abakhiqizi balandela ngokushesha abaceli. Esikhathini ngasinye sezinto eziphilayo, izintambo ze-trophic zakhiwa, ngokusekelwe ezimweni zemvelo. Ngaphansi kwamathonya athile, ikakhulukazi kusukela ohlangothini lomuntu, lezi zingetanga zinganda noma, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi, kwehla ngenxa yokunyamalala kwezixhumanisi ezithile.

Izibonelo zamaketanga we-trophic

Uhlu lwe-trophic, ngokuya ngenani lezingqinamba eziqukethe, lungaba lula futhi lube ne-multilevel. Isibonelo sohlu oluphelele oluphelele, lapho abakhiqizi, abathengi nabaqhamuka khona, bangabheka kanje: i-aspen-beaver-amabhaktheriya.

Izinketho ze-trophic eziyinkimbinkimbi ziqukethe inombolo enkulu yezixhumanisi. Kodwa ngokuvamile inombolo yabo ayidluli 6-7 emvelweni wemvelo ekhona. Izinyathelo ezinjalo ezindala zingatholakala olwandle nolwandle. Kuzo zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo zangempela, izixhumanisi ngokuvamile zikhona 5. Kunezibonelo eziningana zokubhala uhlu lokudla ngezigaba ezahlukene:

1. I-algae - i-roach-perch-burbot - amabhaktheriya.

2. Inhlanzi yasePlankton - coral - pomatsentrovye - shark omhlophe - amabhaktheriya.

3. Utshani - inhlanzi - i-frog - ngakho-i-falcon.

Zonke lezi ziyizibonelo zamadlelo ezidliwayo. Kodwa kunezinye izinhlobo zobudlelwane. Isibonelo, uchungechunge lwezilwane. Zibukeka kanje: utshani - inkomo - umthamo - amabhaktheriya. Ngesinye isikhathi kusukela kulolu chungechunge ungadonsa umthengi: I-mushroom - i-phage - i-curgeum. Ukondla ukudla okuhlukile kunesimanga sokuthi ubukhulu bezilwane ezidlayo kuzokhuphuka njengoba izinga lokulandelana kwezixhumanisi landa. Kodwa endimeni yabadumbu kukhona namanje ama-saprophyte kuzo zombili izimo. Amaketanga angcolile ahlukile okuhlukile: amahlamvu aluhlaza - isikhunta isikhunta - amabhaktheriya.