Iziphi izimbali? Amagama wezimbali zensimu. Biology: izimbali (ukwakha)

Umnyango wezitshalo zezimbali kuyisigaba esikhulu sezitshalo, okwenziwa ngenqubo yomsebenzi wabo obalulekile amahlumela ashintshiwe akhethiwe - izimbali. Ngokungafani nezitho zezitshalo (izimpande, amaqabunga kanye namahlumela), zona, kanye nembewu nezithelo, zenza imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokukhiqiza. Kulesi sihloko sizocubungula izihloko eziningana, okubandakanya isakhiwo sembali kanye nemisebenzi yezingxenye zayo eziyinhloko. Sizokuxoxa ngokuthi izimbali ziphi, ukuthi zihlukaniswa kanjani futhi zihluke kanjani komunye nomunye.

Biology: izimbali. Isakhiwo nemisebenzi ye-stem yabo ingxenye

Emvelweni, kunezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene zembala, ezihlukile komunye nomunye ngesakhiwo, umbala nosayizi. Ngamunye wabo uhle ngendlela yakhe. Izazi ze-biologists zibheke imbali njengengxenye eyinkimbinkimbi edingekayo yokukhiqiza imbewu. Ngokuvamile, iqukethe izingxenye ezintathu:

• Isiqu (colorule, pedicel);
• Leaf (amacembe, ama-sepals);
• Okukhiqizayo (ama-pestle (ama), ama-stamens).

Imbali ifakwe phezulu kwesibhamu nge-pedicel - i-organoid ekhethekile ehlanganisiwe, ukuqhubeka kwesigamu.

Izimbali zezitshalo ezithile, isibonelo, i-sunflower, ummbila, i-verbena, i-plantain, i-clover pedicels cishe ayibonakali ngenxa yokuncishiswa kwabo okuqinile. Ezingxenyeni ze-cotyledon - ingxenye engaphezulu, ebanzi ye-pedicel - i-calyx, i-stamens, i-corolla kanye ne-pistils (eyodwa noma eziningana) zikhona. I-receptacle ingaba nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene futhi inefomu ehlukahlukene - i-convex (okusajingijolo), flat (chamomile), concave (inja rose, i-cherry bird) noma i-elongated (igravel).

Leaf flower ingxenye

I-calyx iyilungu elinamahlamvu ashintshiwe (sepals). Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuvikela ingxenye yangaphakathi yembali kuze kufike ihlumela. I-calyx ingaba yi-discrete (uma kwenzeka ama-sepals ehlukaniswa nomunye nomunye), noma i-rustolistnoy (uma ikhula ndawonye). I-Corolla yiyona ingxenye ekhanyayo, ebonakala kakhulu embali. Iqukethe iziqu, ezisezimpandeni zezitshalo ezahlukene zingashintsha kakhulu ngesimo (i-tubular, i-bell-shaped, efana nesondo, efana nomngcwabo, njll) nombala. Imisebenzi esemqoka ye-corolla ukuvikela ama-pistil kanye neziqu ezivela emiphakathini engavumelekile yemvelo nokuheha izidakamizwa ezinambuzane. I-Corolla ne-calyx yakha izimbozo zembali, ebizwa ngokuthi i-perianth. Kungaba lula, okubandakanya amaqabunga afanayo mahhala noma akhulayo, noma isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, ehlukaniswa ngokucacile e-corolla nangendebe, ehluke kakhulu ngobukhulu nombala. I-perianth elula itholakala e-lily yesigodi kanye ne-tulip, futhi eyodwa eyinkimbinkimbi itholakala enhlokweni, i-clove, i-petunias ne-cherries. Kunezimbali futhi ezingenalo ngokuphelele into ekhulunywe ngayo, zibizwa ngokuthi ze-naked (willow, umlotha). Manje uyazi ukuthi izimbali zini ngokwezimo ze-corolla ne-calyx. Okulandelayo, sizokhuluma ngezitho zembali, senze imisebenzi yokuzala.

Flower ingxenye

I-stamens kanye ne-pistils yizingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu embali. Zisezindaweni zayo. I-stamens itholakala kumbuthano owodwa noma eminingana eduze komngcele wangaphakathi we-perianth futhi uqukethe ama-filamentous filament kanye ne-anther lapho kutholakala khona impova. I-Pestle iqukethe izingxenye ezingu-3: ikholomu, inhlamba kanye ne-ovary. Lezi zinsuku ziqukethe imbewu, okuvela khona imbewu emva kokukhulelwa. Izitshalo eziningi zine-pestle eyodwa nezimbalwa eziningana - kusuka ku-ezintathu kuya kwekhulu. Babizwa ngokuthi abesilisa nabesifazane. Ezinye izimbali, isibonelo, i-cannon, zine-stamen eyodwa kuphela. Kunezitshalo ezinezinhlobo ze-stamens noma i-pistils. Babizwa ngokuthi u-sex-staminate noma i-pistilliform. Ezinye izimbali, isibonelo, i-cornflower ne-sunflower, azikho ngisho nenye noma enye isitho nhlobo. Ngakho-ke kuthiwa yi-asexual. Ziyini izimbali kulokhu? Izinhlobo zezitshalo ngesikhathi esisodwa zinezicathulo kanye nezimbali ezibizwa ngokuthi i-monoecious. Abamele kuleli qembu bangamaqabunga, i-oki, ikhukhamba, ummbila. Uma izimbali zesilisa nabesifazane zikhona kubantu abahlukene (izibonelo), izitshalo zibizwa ngokuthi i-dioecious. Isibonelo salokho kukhona i-willow, poplar, sea buckthorn.

Imibala ehlukahlukene

Naphezu kokuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo amahlumela ashintshiwe enza imisebenzi yokukhiqiza enesakhiwo esifanayo, ebusweni bangashintsha kakhulu. Ubukhulu babo buhlukahluka kumamitha ayizigidi (ku-duckweeds) kuze kufike kumitha eyodwa ububanzi. Omunye wabameleli abathandekayo kakhulu bezitshalo yi-rafflesia elishisayo. Unayo izimbali ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ezikhiqiza iphunga elimnandi lokudla inyama. Ezinye izitshalo, ezifana ne-jasmine engadini, inja evukile, i-lily yesigodi, iphunga iphunga elimnandi. Le iphunga elimnandi, elimnandi libangelwa amafutha abalulekile akhethekile, akhiwa emaqenjini e-epidermal ungqimba wamagundane kanye ne-perianth. Izimbali zezitshalo eziningi zinebuhle obukhethekile futhi zinika abantu injabulo yokuzijabulisa. Enye yezimbali ezinhle kunazo zonke i-roses nama-orchid.

Ukubala imibala

Ake sibheke umbala wezimbali. Umthunzi wamagundane abo awubangelwa yi-chromoplasts kuphela, kodwa futhi ngama-colorants akhethekile-i-pigment ye-cell sap. Isibonelo, i-anthocyan inquma umbala obomvu, obomvu, obomvu noma obomvu we-corolla, i-antofein inombala obomvu, i-carotenoids iphuzi, ibomvu ne-orange, njll. Ngokuthakazelisayo, umbala wezinhlayiyana ungahluka phakathi nosuku - kuye ngokuthi i-asidi yesisindo seseli. Isibonelo, izimbali zezitshalo ze-Victoria amazonica zishintsha umbala wazo kusuka eqhweni elimhlophe kuya kumhlophe, bese zibomvu.
Amacembe ombala omhlophe (ngokwesibonelo, e-cherry, e-water lily, e-apula) inqunywa ukungabikho kwezingulube nokubonakaliswa kwemisebe elula. Zikhona yini izimbali ezimnyama? Cha, ayinayo i-pigment enjalo. Umbala obumnyama ugcwele umnyama omnyama obomvu noma obomvu obumnyama.

Izimbali zasendle

Kuzoziwa izinhlobo ezingaba yingxenye yezigidi zezigidi zezitshalo zehlathi nezinsimu. Kodwa abangu-290 kuphela abachazwe futhi baba negama labo. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izimbali zasendle (isithombe sibonisa ukuhluka kwazo) ziye zasetshenziselwa ukwenza imithi. Futhi akumangalisi, ngoba iningi labo likwazi ukuphulukisa izakhiwo. Abameleli abacacile kakhulu: cornflower, camomile, poppy, amabell, dandelion, violet, ukhohlwa-mina-nots. Ama-cornflowers ayizimbali ezinhle kakhulu zombala obala okwesibhakabhaka. Ngokuvamile zikhula kwezitshalo zikakolweni. Ama-poppies asezindaweni ahlukaniswa ngamagxolo abo abomvu, "omlilo". Zitholakala ezindleleni zomgwaqo, kuma-wastelands, kodwa zivame kakhulu kwi-steppes. I-Field chamomile inemibala enhle enekhanda eliphuzi namacembe amhlophe. I-pharmacy chamomile isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwelashwa kwezifo eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukwelashwa kwesigca esiswini, isibindi, umphimbo nomlomo womlomo.

Izimbali zehlathi. Yimuphi umbala we-snowdrops?

Izimbali ezidume kakhulu ezikhula ehlathini ziyi-anemone, i-wort yaseSt. John, i-lily yesigodi, i-snowdrops, iklabishi elimuncu, njll. Ubuhle babo abushiyi muntu ongenandaba. Kodwa okweqile kunabo bonke ukuhlukahluka kombuso wamahlathi ehlathini yi-snowdrop. Ungowokuqala ozovela emagqumeni amathathu, ngokuqondile ngaphansi kweqhwa eliqhakazile, futhi kufanekisela ukuqala kwentwasahlobo. Uyazi ukuthi yimaphi ama-snowdrops ambala?

Ngokuvamile lezi zintandokazi zethenda zinezikhala ezimhlophe zefenethi. Kodwa kukhona amabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi aluhlaza okwedlulele. Uhlobo lwezintaba ze-snowdrops luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-12, okuyinto edumile kunazo zonke i-Snowdrop e-snow, i-Elvis snowdrop, i-Caucasian, njll. Bayathanda ukukhula e-penumbra, ngaphansi komcibisholo wamahlathi nezihlahla.

Enye yezitshalo eziyigugu kunazo zonke yi-wort yaseSt. John. Ungawufunda ngesitshalo se-branching namaqabunga e-oblong-ovoid, ane-surface ebushelelezi. Izimbali zalesi sihlahla esihlala isikhathi eside ziba nombala ophuzi okhanyayo. I-wort yaseSt. John isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa njenge-anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and hemostatic.

Izimbali ezinhle zensimu

Izimbali zaseJalimane - leli liqoqo elikhulu lezitshalo zokuhlobisa, ezihloswe ukuhlobisa izimpilo zethu futhi zikhuthaze iziqephu zezwe lethu nezitshalo. Zingahlelwa ngezigaba ezithile. Isibonelo, izimbali zensimu zivame ukuhlukaniswa zibe izingqikithi ezintathu - izikhathi, izinhlangano ze-biennials kanye nezikhathi zokuphela. Ukungahloniphi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukukhanya okunezinto ezinhle futhi ezinhle kunama-floores, ama- marigolds, i- alissum, i-nasturtium. Izikhathi ezimilayo ziyizimbali ezihlobisa ukuthi zigcine izindawo zabo ezinhle kakhulu iminyaka eminingana. Zilungele noma yiliphi ingadi, ngaphandle kokufaka ukufakelwa kwansuku zonke nokunakekelwa okukhulu. Iziphi izimbali? Amagama ama- perennial adumile kakhulu: i-Astilba, i-Rose, i-Peony, i-Badan, i-Daylily, i-Lichen, i- Crocus, i-Narcissus, i-Tulip, njll. Amasiko adumile kakhulu eminyaka emibili yi-daisies, i-violas, i-Turkish carnations, i-foxglove, i-mallow, i-