I izakhiwo zobumba kanye nokusebenza kwayo

Igama elithi "zobumba 'kubhekisela esenzakalweni esiyisimangaliso anhlobonhlobo imikhiqizo ngobumba, okuyinto ekhiqizwa ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu. izici yabo ehlukile kukhona surface bushelelezi futhi porosity ongaphakeme. Lezi izakhiwo zobumba e baningi namuhla. Kunzima ukuthola uhlobo oluthile umkhakha noma emnothweni kazwelonke, noma ngabe isetshenziswa.

Okuvame kakhulu zobumba zokuhlobisa namakhemikhali ware, imiqhele zamazinyo insulators kagesi. Ngokuvamile omhlophe noma elingekho njengomuntu omhlophe, akwazi "ubhake" lento ezimangalisayo ezivezwa ucezu unpresentable zobumba, okuzokwenza ukujwayelana nathi uhlobo kuphela emva yokuwugazinga e okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa amaziko.

Izinzuzo isevisi Chinese

Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa izakhiwo nezinhlobo ngobumba. Uzoqonda ukuthi kungani emhlabeni le nto yayidumile ukuze ukuthenga eziyizungezile yayigcwele uhambo omkhulu. Ukuze iqoqo elihle, okuyinto namuhla ungakwazi ukuthenga kunoma yiliphi esitolo, khona-ke kungenzeka ukuba ubulawe.

Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa imikhiqizo abaculi Chinese ukwethula zobumba - izihlobo kuphela, kodwa hhayi uqondise. Ukuze ubone lokhu, lwanele kokukhumbula izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zobumba, iphuma workshop ye Ephakathi Kingdom. Izinto zifana kakhulu nomunye: kokubili zobumba amanje nawesikhathi lasendulo kungaba ezicwebezelisiwe noma "yemvelo." Kodwa izitsha zobumba elula ethambile kakhulu. Futhi service eliphezulu asikwazi ukwenziwa kuwo.

Kungani lokhu kwakwenzeka?

izakhiwo ezinjalo ngobumba, njengoba amandla nokuqina ezishisayo, - isithelo okushisa aphezulu lapho ekuqhutshweni ziqhutshwa kweqiniso of zobumba Chinese. It wenziwa ezingeni lokushisa 2650 ° Celsius (1454 degrees Celsius). Qhathanisa lokhu 2200 ° Celsius (1204 degrees Celsius) okwesikhathi zobumba elula. Kusukela impahla yesibili has a ukhwaliti ongaphakeme, it is hhayi obusetshenziswa embonini zamakhemikhali nezinye amagatsha yesayensi tech. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile esezingeni zobumba Chinese esobala ukukhanya. umphumela zobumba emfithimfithi abangenakukwazi ukukunikeza.

izinhloli

"Hard-unama 'noma zobumba kweqiniso siqala China phakathi Tang Dynasty (618-907.). Kodwa ngempela imikhiqizo eliphezulu ezakhiweni zabo akuyona kunabayeni yesimanje, laziwa emhlabeni kuze kufike isikhathi sokupheleliswa kwezinto Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 GG.). Early zobumba Chinese kwaba kaolin (ubumba china) kanye pegmatite - uhlobo anolaka egwadle.

Wayengumuntu elingaziwa ukuze ababumbi European ukuqala ukungenisa imishini Chinese Ephakathi. BaseYurophu baye bazama ukulingisa property zobumba, kodwa akazange aphumelele kuleli bhizinisi. Njengoba ukuhlaziya yawo yamakhemikhali Ukwakheka, abakwazanga ukuba, imikhiqizo oluqanjwe kubo, okusikhumbuza ngomusa, obucayi ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuqinile isitsha ukubukeka kuphela. Kwatholakala ngakho-ngakho. Ukuze uthole imfihlo ukukhiqizwa zobumba kweqiniso, zenzeka ngempela hlola impi, kodwa Chinese ekuphileni ihlathi ezithandwayo zezingoma imfihlo.

Kungani le nto kwaba bathandwe kangaka? Isizathu - sezindawo esihle somzimba zobumba. It kunamandla a zobumba ezivamile ephezulu conductivity ezishisayo evumela yenza iketela therefrom itiye omangalisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa zobumba ocwebezelayo it has a encane kakhulu singcoliswe, amaKhaladi kuphela ngaphansi kwethonya zokwenziwa zombala. Cup of service AmaShayina asendulo ngemva kwamakhulu kubuyise mhlophe.

ersatz

Ngemva ukuxuba ingilazi nge tin oxide, ukuthola i material opaque, ababazi European Uzame sihlanganise udaka futhi ingilazi Frosted. Lezi izindlela baye saziwa ngokuthi "unamathisele ezithambile" noma zobumba yokufakelwa. Kodwa bayivusa amaqiniso amabili ezingemnandi: zonke lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu babe esithambile futhi, okuthi kuzo kwakungenakwenzeka ukwenza, imikhiqizo emihle ngempela obucayi, futhi izindleko zokukhiqiza lalilikhulu kakhulu. Ngamafuphi, izakhiwo zobumba "ersatz-uhlobo" babe kude kakhulu ephelele.

Kunobufakazi bokuthi amakhosi ethu futhi kahle ubuciko ukukhiqizwa zobumba kweqiniso, kodwa zonke izimfihlo zobumba Russian kwalahleka ngesikhathi Mongol-Tatar ayehlasela, lapho amadolobha wonke zishe kanye nazo zonke izakhamuzi zakhona. ukuphumelela ezithile ungase futhi ukufinyelela British. Baqamba "ithambo" uhlobo impahla.

Kodwa uyini ithambo china, izici eziyinhloko eziye zabangela kuye udumo omkhulukazi e-Europe ubudala?

Umlando sokudalwa

Ngo 1707, amaJalimane ezimbili okuthiwa Ehrenfried Walther von Chimhaus futhi Yohan Fridrih Bottger ukuvula ngaphezulu "Sane" Imodi zokukhiqiza, esebenzisa ngobumba feldspar fake kutsho. Ekhulwini XVII sezingcweti English wafunda ngokusebenzisa nokucwaninga ukuthi kucishe zobumba Chinese ingatholakala ngokungeza ingxube fake nepepper ithambo ebilayo.

Bese Kwahlaluka ukuthi uhlelo olubhalwe ngolimi lwesiNgisi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza zobumba esobala at okushisa aphansi kakhulu, okuyinto kakhulu kwanciphisa ukukhiqizwa izindleko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zobumba kusukela Albion alwa zimbi kakhulu, kwaba kakhulu namandla. Ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi i-British ngokushesha awusibekela amathelevishini abo nengxenye ubudala, cishe kanye nazo zonke eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe.

Yiziphi izindawo ithambo china? Okokuqala, izihloko kwalo amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu nge isisindo ongaphakeme futhi mncane-ngodonga. Okwesibili, lolu hlobo zobumba ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa embonini kwamakhemikhali kanye izinto kufakwe oyiyo, ukuxubana acid kanye alkalis.

izinto zokusetshenziswa

Njengoba sishilo, yezingxenye esemqoka yalolu ezibonakalayo ngokweqile elula: ubumba, feldspar, amaminerali equkethe calcium. Kuze kube manje, izinkampani ezahlukene uncintisana nomunye, njengoba yasungulwa ngokushesha ukuthi izakhiwo zobumba nezitsha zobumba kungenziwa kakhulu ngcono ngokungeza izakhi ezintsha e ngezithako zawo. Yiqiniso, uma ukuhlola kufakazela yimpumelelo.

Nakuba indlela yokwakheka Clays iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi indawo ukukhiqizwa, namanje-ke uguqulwe ingilazi (kanjalo ekufezeni umkhiqizo olubushelelezi sokugcina) kuphela ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu. Kodwa lokhu kuyiqiniso kuphela ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho ubumba ungafakiwe izinto, embundwini ngezansi lapho vitrification. Ngokungafani ingilazi, zobumba, Nokho, uqinile thermally, okusho ugcina ezakheke ngisho ngaphansi Ukushisa eqinile.

Ngakho lento uhlukile ngempela ngoba iletha ephansi porosity ingilazi ukuzinza kanye namandla isihlobo zobumba elula. Izinhlobo ezinkulu izinto zokusetshenziswa esetshenziswa ngazo zonke izikhathi kaolin, hydroaluminosilicates. Feldspar (equkethe aluminium silicate) kanye insengetsha, asebenza ngebhethri uhlobo okuqinile, yizici ezibalulekile kakhulu kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo ngobumba. Basuke elicibilikile ngesikhathi amalahle impahla wokubopha e ucezu olulodwa.

Quartz - "inhliziyo" ngobumba

Lena isiqinisekiso zokuphepha. Izakhiwo zobumba (kanye nokusebenzisa kwayo) zibangelwa lesi sici esithile: ke amabhithi ezimbi (uma iqhathaniswa ingilazi), kanye amabanga amancane phakathi izinhlayiya ukuhlinzekela emoyeni impahla eliqinile, amanzi nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali.

Quartz kuyinto "Fusion" ka-silicon nomoya-mpilo - element ezimbili eziningi kakhulu uqweqwe eMhlabeni. It has izinhlobo ezintathu sokusebenza: Quartz ngqo (crystal), Itshe Eliyigugu (zinhlobo amorphous) nesanti (exubile, ingxenyenamba ezingcolile). Ngokuvamile, asebenza ngebhethri Sekuyisikhathi eside esetshenziswa obuciko. Zobumba Ungase futhi siqukethe alumina, steatite, kangcono eyaziwa ngokuthi "soapstone".

senqubo yokukhiqiza

Ngemva impahla eluhlaza kuyakhethwa walinganisa, iyaqhubeka ekukhiqizeni. Okokuqala, it is bahlanza nepepper a amafraktjhini esihle kakhulu. Ngemva kwalokho bonke izingxenye axutshwa kule ingxenye oyifunayo, kuye kokubili izimo zokukhiqiza kanye nezici imikhiqizo yokugcina. Uma zokugcina kwakhiwa, bona ingathunyelwa eziko ngokushesha, noma babhekana uhlanzekile kwesikhashana futhi eminye spray ocwebezelayo ungqimba.

Yiqiniso, e indima yakhe njengomuntu sezenzo zokuqala floured ingilazi. Futhi kuphela emva ukuthi isitsha sezimbali, izinkomishi, izitsha, kanye imiqhele zamazinyo esizayo ukuya umlomo somlilo. Manje bheka isinyathelo ngayinye. Phela, impumelelo yabo ixhomeke izakhiwo zobumba kanye nokusebenza kwayo!

ukugaya impahla eluhlaza

Mhlawumbe lena yiyona ndlela omunye imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa ukuhlolisisa kokusebenza kwawo kuxhomeke kulokho izinga umkhiqizo wokugcina. Crushing kwenziwa omkhulu mechanical sigubhu Crushers. On the pass yesibili, ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana is kushintshwe 0.25 cm. Ukuze ukuguqula feedstock ibe nothuli, sebenzisa ezikhethekile, ibhola Mills. Lokhu omkhulu cylinder ensimbi egcwele zazifakwa amabhola. Lapho isakhiwo sonke phendula, izinhlayiya impahla eluhlaza aguqulwa ibe mass homogeneous ingumhlabathi kakhulu fake.

Ukuhlanza ukukhanya

Ingxube waphasiswa kuzihlungi emihle, futhi ke wasuthisa ukuba "elihambayo" ekhethekile, okuyinto obliquely ahlelwe amashidi steel. Bona dlidliza, abangela impahla eluhlaza kuyinto okuxubile ngokuzenzakalela hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ahlungwe njengoba izinhlayiya ngobukhulu ayaduduleka phezulu. Uma ufuna ukondla impahla wetted isitjhijilo ngendlela okuzenzakalelayo wafutha amanzi.

Ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa izihlungi ne uzibuthe onamandla, njengoba yokugcina enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba asuse ukungcola kulencane yensimbi. Kugcine, uma kwenzeka uhileleka imikhiqizo eseqedile, mtshele emthunzini engadingeki abomvu. Umkhiqizo osuphelile uthunyelwa esithandweni, lapho kukhona zokudubula kithi okushisa kakade wabonisa.

Kusukela lapho izimo zokukhiqiza kungase kuxhomeke izakhiwo umkhiqizo?

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi phakathi labadubuli yokugcina isifika sebuningini izinqubo, okuyinto encike ngqo kwi property zobumba abandayo. Okokuqala, wonke carbon ashisiwe ukungcola organic shabalala amanzi okweqile kusukela maphakathi umkhiqizo esizayo phandle ingxenyenamba ahlukahlukene gaseous. Uma izinga lokushisa aletha 1100 degrees centigrade, le Silicon kanye nezinye izingxenye ocwebezelayo ngeke zigcwale amanzi, futhi kungakho ingeyona phezu Ceramic ungqimba bushelelezi futhi engenawo amakhemikhali.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zakhi ezidingekayo ukunciphisa ibanga phakathi izinhlayiya zezinto ukuze ukuxhumana okuphephile nomunye. Uma kwabantu oyifunayo kufinyelelwe, umkhiqizo ubizwa selehlile, okubangela frosting "izinkontileka" iba bushelelezi futhi iqine kakhulu.

Imiphumela

Pho kungani siye echazwe konke lokhu? Into wukuthi property le nto kakhulu eduze sincike izici nemibandela ukukhiqizwa yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla incike iphesenti lokuqukethwe isisindo feldspar, china inani ikhule ezimbotsheni ku esingaphansi Spar ngaphezulu. Njengoba nokonakala asebenza ngebhethri ingilazi kanye ezitholakala kusukela noqhekeko ubumba izidakamizwa, skeleton zobumba impahla iba buthaka, futhi uhlobo iyakhula. Kuye fineness asebenza ngebhethri, isisindo sokuqanjwa, lokushisa kanye nesikhathi labadubuli, esigabeni Vitreous kuhlanganisa kusuka 15 kuya 40% of the mass isiyonke busuka asebenza ngebhethri. Lokho okungukuthi, zobumba izacile futhi "umoya".

Properties of izinto Ceramic ezifana dielectrics libhekene ikakhulu ndima ukumelana kagesi asendabeni futhi phezu kobuso yisivikelo. Hlukanisa ivolumu ethize kanye ebusweni resistivity ngobumba.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubaluleke kakhulu okuwusizo izakhiwo amakhemikhali zobumba. Okuningi ngokunembile, lo itlhogeko. Ceramic ezicwebezelisiwe ne ukwengeza amanani amakhulu feldspar futhi asebenza ngebhethri kuyinto engenawo amakhemikhali. Ucabanga ukuthi kungani kunodokotela nasekwenzeni bamakhemikhali wenza kulokhu kwaziswa? He is khulu donsile than ingilazi, kodwa akazange asabele.

isimo yamanje

Namuhla, izinto ezenziwe ngobumba (zobumba futhi ikakhulukazi) kubhekene kabusha. Kwakubonakala ukuthi kungenzeka lezi izimpahla ezisetshenziselwa Microelectronics yokukhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene. Ukubaluleka kwalokhu akudingekile ukuba ngichazele impucuko yesimanje. Abacwaningi baye bathola ukuthi ngokungeza izithasiselo ezithile amandla zobumba kwandisa exponentially. Kuyaqhubeka njengamanje, ngisho ucwaningo eziphambili emkhakheni indalo isisekelo yayo izinhlobo ezintsha zempi. Ngakho-ke akuyona zangasese iyunifomu!

Ekugcineni, kubaluleke nakakhulu ukuthi into singena imithi. lokufakelwa kwezitho abahlukahlukene kanye imiqhele omangalisayo - ukufunwa kubo luyanda njalo ngonyaka. Ngakho ukuthi lo mshini yamaShayina yasendulo kuyoba isikhathi eside kakhulu abantu bahlale bemazi.