Environmental Education zasenkulisa nezingane esikoleni eRussia. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundo kwemvelo

inkinga Environmental yomuntu nemvelo okwamanje uyaphuthuma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nomthelela imvelo somphakathi wesintu kuthatha ngezabelo sina. umsebenzi kuphela ahlangene abantu elenziwe ngesisekelo ulwazi egcwele yonke imithetho yemvelo, uzokwazi ukugcina iplanethi. Indoda kumele baqonde ukuthi luyingxenye yobuntu, nokuthi inquma khona kwabanye ezintweni eziphilayo. Ukuze uqonde ukubaluleka kwemisebenzi womuntu, imfundo kwemvelo kufanele uqale kusukela yobudala pre-school.

Ekufundisweni kwezemvelo izingane zasenkulisa

Enkulisa wathutha ezindinganisweni ezintsha imfundo federal, okusho kumiswa abantwana isiko kwemvelo. Isizukulwane esisha kumelwe abheke ngeso elibanzi ngesikhathi ezomnotho umuntu, futhi anakekele nemvelo. imfundo Environmental lezingane zasenkulisa kusikisela kumiswa amakhono anjalo.

izici Psycho-Pedagogical yentuthuko kwemvelo

ebuntwaneni Preschool Kubalulekile ukuqhubeka ingane. Kwakuphakathi neminyaka yakhe yokuqala eyisikhombisa ukuphila ukwakheka ingane ngabanye, njalo ngcono imingcele yakhe engokwengqondo nengokomzimba, kusungulwe ubuntu agcwele. Ngo ebeka isikhathi zasenkulisa kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana nezwe ophilayo. imfundo Environmental izingane ubudala zasenkulisa kusho ukwakheka namagugu abo zomhlaba abahlala, lokhu inkinga isixazululekile uthisha enkulisa.

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundo kwemvelo

Othisha ngaso sonke isikhathi ikhokhwe kaningi imvelo njengendlela yokuthola ukuthuthukiswa kanye nemfundo izingane zasenkulisa. Uthisha Polish Ya. A. Kamensky kubhekwe ke izwe abahlala wangempela ulwazi, indlela yokuba nesifo engqondweni yengane, kusho umthelela imizwelo. uthisha Russian K. D. Ushinsky okuhlongozwayo "ukwethula izingane emhlabeni zemvelo," kusho izakhiwo ewusizo futhi ezibalulekile zomhlaba abahlala, ngenkathi kudalwa emakhonweni izingane.

Oku-esikoleni imfundo kwemvelo isibe kubaluleke ngokukhethekile kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi amaMethodisti nothisha ahlukanisa njenge ndlela eyinhloko - kumiswa ulwazi e izingane zasenkulisa ngezwe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundo bezemvelo izingane zasenkulisa eyathatha iminyaka 70-80 yekhulu lama-20. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, izindlela ezintsha zokuthola izinsuku yokufundisa, futhi imfundo kwemvelo izingane zasenkulisa kwaphinde ungenisa ukunakekela abaqeqeshi kanye nabafundisi. Complicated ingxenye enkulu ye imfundo pre-school, ulwazi olusha theory sesifakiwe ke. lizinga lemfundvo okusha kubumbi, okwakuyoholela nokufaka isandla kwintuthuko engokwengqondo izingane zasenkulisa.

Odokotela bengqondo A. Wenger, N. Poddyakov A. Zaporozhets kwakuthiwa kwafakazela ekufundisweni kwemvelo kwezingane, ukubaluleka ukutholakala kumiswa ezimise ngokucacile.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela imfundo kwemvelo ithole umfutho esiphezulu ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Isikhala esisha zemfundo yayingasekho nhlobo indlela yokubaleka ngaphandle imfundo unomphela kwemvelo. ERussia, umqondo olukhethekile unomphela imfundo kwemvelo lakhiwe, onesixhumanisi eyinhloko ohlelweni kwaba endaweni imfundo zasenkulisa. Le nkathi libhekene bezibona izingane ekutholeni uhlobo ngokomzwelo, ekuqongeleleni imibono mayelana zinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphila. Kukithi iminyaka 5-6 Ukwakheka kwezitho izisekelo eyinhloko ukucabanga emvelweni, ebeka izakhi kokuqala isiko semvelo.

izinhlelo lombhali ngodokotela nabafundisi, okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukisa e izingane ubuhlobo tebuciko ngokoqobo nendalo.

Izibonelo izinhlelo pre-school

Uhlelo SG futhi VI Ashikovyh "Semitsvetik" igxile imfundo yamasiko kanye nezemvelo izingane zasenkulisa, ukwakha wawayisa ocebile, ukuzigcina iphila, ubuntu ezingokomoya. Njengoba isisu inqubo ababhali, imfundo izingane okungukuthi kwemvelo ubafundisa ukucabanga, ukuzizwa emhlabeni, ukuqonda ukubaluleka izwe abahlala. Uhlelo kuhilela umsebenzi ahlangene zasenkulisa izingane kanye nabantu abadala enkulisa, umndeni, izitshudiyo zezingane.

Njengoba ezasenkulisa ukufunda ukwandisa HORIZONS zabo, bakha izinga zokuziphatha futhi ngenxa yobuhle. Kuyinto nekhono lokuqonda ubuhle okukhona emvelweni, is ngempumelelo okuqanjwe imfundo kwemvelo kwezingane. Uhlelo has izindikimba ezimbili eziyinhloko: "Ndoda," "Imvelo". Bheka "Imvelo" wethula imibuso emine khona Emhlabeni: izitshalo, amaminerali, nezilwane, umuntu. Ngaphansi kwengqikithi ethi "Indoda" izingane ukhulume zizincishe injabulo isiko, amaqhawe esizwe abashiya izwe umzila ezinhle.

Uhlelo "Umuzi Wakithi - Nature"

imfundo Environmental futhi kungenzeka imfundo lezingane zasenkulisa futhi uhlelo EA Ryzhov "indlu yethu -. imvelo" It kuhloswe asathuthuka yokudala, esebenzayo, ngenhlonipho umuntu preschooler iminyaka 5-6 kokuba nombono ephelele uhlobo ezizungezile, ukuqonda indawo mathupha wakhe abavamile. Imfundo enjalo emvelweni lezingane zasenkulisa kusiza izingane ukuba abe nombono eningiliziwe ubuhlobo nemvelo, ukuze sizuze ulwazi kokuqala kwemvelo. Othisha bafundisa ezigcemeni zabo ukuba baqikelele kwempilo, imvelo. Uhlelo kulindeleke ukuthuthukisa amakhono kokuqala esikoleni ukuziphatha abanekhono futhi ephephile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kanye nemvelo, ukubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo kwezingane emsebenzini kwemvelo esifundeni yabo.

Uhlelo engabe amayunithi 10. Ngamunye has indlela abantu abakhuliswe ngayo nemfundo izingxenye sakhe, okuyinto ukuthuthukisa amakhono ehlukene: nesimo sengqondo sokukhathalela, abakhathalelayo, ikhono lokubona ubuhle. Isibalo esingaphezulu kwengxenye uhlelo ezihambisana nemvelo ezingaphili: umhlabathi, umoya, amanzi. amabhlogo ezintathu ngokuphelele enikelwe izilwane zasendle: izitshalo, imvelo, izilwane. Kukhona ingxenye uhlelo eziphathelene ukusebenzisana phakathi imvelo kanye indoda. Indlela Yokwenza lemfundo emvelweni nokusekelwa kwenziwa ngendlela yentuthuko kwetinhlavu kokulawulwa imvelo asathuthuka, zikhona izincomo ethize ukuqeqeshwa.

Ukugcizelela okukhulu kubekwa imfucuza kumbhali ingozi ezivezwa isintu. Ukuze izingane kwakuthakazelisa ekilasini, indawo ekhethekile kunikezwa yezinganekwane emvelweni, izindaba yasendle engavamile.

Uhlelo "semvelo Young"

Le course sidalwe ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule S. Nikolaev. Imfundiso yokuqala futhi indlela of imfundo kwemvelo, ezihlinzekwa umbhali, has ngaletinhlelo letincane letimbili. Enye ingxenye Sizokwenza ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo lezingane zasenkulisa, futhi ingxenye yesibili kuhilela ukuqeqeshwa enkulisa othisha. Uhlelo kuyinto ephelele isisekelo theory, indlela esetshenziswa imfundo kwemvelo. Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa engxenyeni esisebenzayo, ekwetayeta izingane izitshalo, ukunakekelwa isilwane. Izingane, enza ezihlukahlukene nakho, ukuthi yini izimo ayadingeka kakhulu ekukhuleni kwesihlahla nasekuvezeni ukuthuthukiswa. Bayofunda mayelana isakhiwo yesimiso sonozungezilanga, imithetho yemvelo. ulwazi kwemvelo umqondo lombhali, kufanele ube esebenzisa ukwakha uthando imvelo, abakhileyo iplanethi yethu.

abafundi imfundo Environmental usuthandwa ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia. Ngokusebenzisana nabo kwemvelo othisha, zikhona izindlela ukuthi acabangele izimo zendawo zezenhlalo nezemvelo ezivumela ukuba zikuvikele amasiko kazwelonke.

AmaMethodisti abathintekayo kwezemfundo zasenkulisa, ukuqonda ukubaluleka wokugxilisa isiko emvelweni abasebasha ubudala zasenkulisa.

Okubukwa kwezemfundo Environmental

Noma yimuphi lebhizinisi, kufaka phakathi kwemvelo, ezihilela ukusetshenziswa izindlela ezithile. Ezemfundo kanye wonke-round ukuthuthukiswa lezingane zasenkulisa wenziwa izindlela ezehlukene. Indlela ephumelela kakhulu ukwethula izingane nemvelo. Izingane abanesifiso zonke zemvelo: iqhwa, imvula, nothingo. Umhlinzeki kufanele athuthukise ikhono okwashiwo zemvelo. Kwakungenxa imithwalo yakhe yemfanelo ihlanganisa i inculcation uthando kokuma, amakhono ngezilwane nezitshalo anakekele. Thishela kumele achazele abadlali bakhe ukubaluleka nokunakekela eziphilayo, ukungabekezelelani ukuze izitshalo umonakalo, izilwane. Ingqikithi observation esakhiwa ngo ulwazi lezinto zemvelo ngosizo ezibukwayo, ethintekayo, olfactory, nephunga sokuzwa. Ngokugcina uthisha ufundisa izingane ukugqamisa izici ezahlukene lezinto zemvelo, zulazula e uxhumano Animate nemvelo ezingaphili, ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezilwane, izitshalo.

Mfundisi observation kusikisela umsebenzi ehlelekile okuhloswe ngaso isifundo eside futhi olunzulu zabantwana bakwa-zemvelo.

Njengoba ngenhloso yokuqapha iyona ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono, imfundo eyengeziwe. isiqondiso Environmental preschools eziningi abakhethiwe njengento yokuqala, okuyinto isiqinisekiso ngqo ngokubaluleka kwayo nokuhlobana.

Udokotela wengqondo S. Rubinstein ukholelwa ukuthi okwashiwo kuwumphumela ukucabanga ngalokho ayekubona ingane engokwemvelo. Kungenxa inqubo eyakusho imfundo, bezibona kwezemvelo ngenxa yalokho akubona. K. D. Ushinsky yayiqiniseka ukuthi kwaba ukubonakala, okuyinto ephawula inqubo observation, umnikeza ukusebenza ngefanelo. Okunhlobonhlobo umzimba ahlinzekwa izingane iminyaka 4-6 ubudala, esekelwe okwashiwo, neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni ukucabanga okunengqondo, observation, ukugxilisa ingqondo. Kunzima ukucabanga ngaphandle kokuqondisa iyiphi imfundo pre-school: emvelweni, zokuziphatha, kwezobuciko.

Mfundisi EI Tiheeva ngangicabanga ukuthi kwase isigaba, lokusho zokuqapha, usizo ukuba balolonge izingane inkulumo. Ukuze uthisha ifinyelele umgomo, usebenzisa amasu ekhethekile ukuze ikwazi ukuhlela bezibona asebenzayo kwebafundzi. Thishela ubuta umbuzo esibandakanya ucwaningo, ukuqhathanisa, emisa ukuxhumana phakathi izenzakalo ezahlukene futhi uyafunga izilwane zasendle. Ngu kufaka phakathi umsebenzi izinzwa zonke zezingane, observation kusivumela ukuba ngiziqonde ngokugcwele ulwazi oludingekayo. Le nqubo lisikisela kwagxilwa, kodwa ngoba uthisha kuyadingeka ukulawula ngokunembile nesikhathi, okuqukethwe esifundweni.

Kuyinto ngokuqaphela esikoleni ukufunda ngemvelo, izinjongo zawo zigcinwe. Ukhonkolo, ezicacile, izithombe ekhumbulekayo, ingane ubona ngokushesha. Kuyinto lamakhono uyosebenzisa kamuva ekuphileni: ekilasini, njengoba kuqhubeka imikhankaso.

Kuyini ukubaluleka yokugada imfundo kwemvelo izingane zasenkulisa

Le ndlela ubonisa izingane engokwemvelo kanye ukwehluka izwe abahlala, ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhloso zawo. Ngo isicelo letindzala observation, nezingane ukuba zifunde indlela ukubheka imininingwane, ephawula ushintsho kancane futhi ukuba zithuthukise amandla azo observation. Le nqubo ivumela ukwakheka ukunambitheka yobuhle ezinganeni, kuthinte bazibheka ngokomzwelo zomhlaba. Uthisha ukusebenza nezingane usebenzisa ezahlukene izinhlobo kokuma. Eqaphela observation zisebenza:

• yakha umbono kusukela izingane mayelana ukwehluka zezilwane nezitshalo zezwe;
• bafundziswe abaqaphela isimo izinto;
• ukwethula izici njengoba isimo into;
• imiqondo mayelana nentuthuko, ukukhula zezilwane nezitshalo;
• ukubona imininingwane izinguquko ezithile zonyaka kwemvelo

Ukuze indlela ukuze sibe abafundisi abaphumelela kakhulu, lo thisha silungiselela ama-handouts ezengeziwe. Ukudala izicelo ezivela ezingxenyeni ngabanye, ukubumba izilwane, ukusiza ukuqaphela ngokwazi ukuthi zazitholakala ngesikhathi observation preschooler.

observation isikhathi eside esizayo kungenye ofanele izingane iminyaka 5-6. Guys hlaziya ukukhula, ukuthuthukiswa zalesi sihlahla, izinguquko elingalodwa, ukukhomba lokufanako nalokwehlukile emkhatsini the zinhlobo plant kokuqala nokokugcina.

Long-term okwaphawulwa basikisela uthole ukucwaningwa okuningiliziwe kokulandisa ubudlelwano phakathi izitshalo yazo, kanye ukuhlaziywa ukuqina morphological futhi zisebenza kahle. Ngaphandle nokuqapha njalo nokusekelwa ukuze abanakekeli inketho ezinjalo ngeke ukuletha imiphumela observation.

Modern imfundo zasenkulisa: emvelweni, zokuziphatha, kwezobuciko, zasenkulisa ekhetha uqobo. Ezinye izinkulisa zibekelwe eqenjini ngalinye isiqondiso ayo yentuthuko, noma esetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo.

Uma ukugcizelela pre-school ivuliwe ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo izingane, uhlelo kuyakhethwa. Luhilela ukuzibekela imigomo ecacile, izinjongo. Umgomo Specific, ucabangela izici yobudala kanye nokuthuthukiswa ngokomzimba izingane.

Izinkinga kufanele kubhekwe yemfundo, ukugxila umsebenzi engqondo lezingane zasenkulisa, isidingo ukuthola izimpendulo zemibuzo ethile ebuzwe ngutitjhere phakathi.

Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo yezingane waqinisekisa ukubaluleka letindzala imfundo kwemvelo. Izingane, simazi kangcono uNkulunkulu ophilayo emhlabeni nezingaphili e 3-4 iminyaka, ukuzivumelanisa ngokushesha ukufunda esikoleni, musa nobunzima ngokukhulumisana nontanga, abe omuhle inkulumo, inkumbulo nokunaka. Lwati lolutfolakele enkulisa, zasenkulisa sijulise, engeza, nokumisa izifundo esikoleni samabanga aphansi. GEF, yethulwa kuleli yefundosendlalelo, kuhilela kwetinhlavu izingane imiqondo zokucathula amasayithi izilwane zasendle.

Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu Chile uphiwa izindlela ezahlukene imfundo kwemvelo izingane.

amasu Surveillance ezasenkulisa

Isonto Yiqiniso ukujwayelaniswa izingane nezinguquko ezithile zonyaka kwemvelo wadala S. N. Nikolaevoy. Umbhali inikeza njalo ngenyanga isikhathi esingangesonto elilodwa kuya ukugcina isimo sezulu:

1. ukuhlaziywa Daily selitulu lesibi kangaka.
2. izihlahla Phatha nezihlahla, cover emhlabathini.
3. Buka izilwane isilwane ekhoneni enkulisa.
4. Daily bagcwalise amakhalenda bemvelo.

S. N. Nikolaevoy nqubo ihilela displacement 'kwamasonto observation "njalo ngenyanga isonto elilodwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ihlanganiswe ibalazwe sezulu, lapho guys sihlaziye izinguquko isilwane, izwe zemifino. Phakathi okwashiwo sezulu, izingane secrete izenzakalo ezithile, ukucacisa umfutho wabo. Lapho eseyinsizwa efundela ezomthetho sezulu, zinaka imingcele ezintathu ukunquma isimo esibhakabhakeni kanye uhlobo kwezulu, degree of ukushisa noma amakhaza, ukuba khona noma ukungabi womoya.

ukuqapha okunjalo nsuku zonke izinguquko zesimo sezulu, uthisha Uhlela ezihlukahlukene, ethakazelisayo, ezithakazelisayo ukuze izingane abuzange bunciphe, kodwa yanyuka. Lokhu "Isonto Environmental" - yithuba elihle ukugxilisa uthando yemvelo, imiqondo mayelana zonyaka kanye nezici zabo.

isiphetho

Labo ulwazi mayelana imvelo uzothola izingane ngesikhathi kokuma aphansi, tiphetfo, nakho, ukusiza izingane ziqonde ezihlukahlukene abaphilayo emhlabeni kwaqala entweni engaphili. Amakilasi orientation emvelweni olwenziwa ikhumbula bokuphila, izici ezingokwengqondo zasenkulisa yobudala kuzosiza izingane ngijwayele zemvelo, ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwabo, injongo. Ingane, ngubani kusukela ebuntwaneni zakuqala ejwayele uthando, bayakwazisa nemvelo, ngeke bagawula izihlahla kanye ehlathini, behlupha izilwane, pick izimbali. imfundo Environmental - kuyingxenye ebalulekile imfundo pre-school. A ezihlukahlukene amasu akhiwa izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo yezingane futhi zemvelo, ngokukanomphela ofuna ukusiza ngokufundisa ngothando esizayo kuqala wethu ngezihlahla, izimbali, izinyoni, izilwane, izinhlanzi. Ngo zangaphambi izikole eziningi ngoba imfundo kwemvelo usethe siqu izindawo lawo lokuphumula. Ukunakekela izakhamuzi zakhona kunomthelela kwetinhlavu isiko semvelo.