Igesi Ideal. I kwesibalo zombuso i igesi ekahle. Izoprotsessy.

I enhle igesi equation of isimo igesi ekahle, izinga lokushisa yayo nokucindezelwa, ivolumu ... uhlu imingcele nezincazelo, letisebenta esigabeni esifanele physics, kungenzeka ukuqhubeka isikhathi eside ngokwanele. Namuhla sizobe ukukhuluma nje kulesi sihloko.

Yini ehlanganiswa physics yamangqamuzana?

Into esemqoka, okuyinto kubhekwa kulesi sigaba kuyinto igesi ephelele. I kwesibalo zombuso i igesi ekahle etholwe esekelwe kwezimo ezivamile kwemvelo, futhi sizobe ukukhuluma ngemva kwesikhashana. Manje ake nize kule "inkinga" kude.

Ake sithi ube mass ezithile igesi. Isimo sakhe ingachazwa ngu nemingcele ezintathu imvelo thermodynamic. Yiqiniso, ingcindezi, umthamo kanye lokushisa. System isimo kwesibalo kule zokuxhumana icala phakathi abafanele ifomula nemingcele. Kubonakala kanjalo: F (p, V, T) = 0.

Bheka, silapha ngokokuqala ukuze buthule ukuntshontsha kuze kube ukuvela into efana igesi ekahle. Babiza igesi, lapho budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye molecule kukhona azinakwa. Ngokuvamile ngokwesimo enjalo ayikho. Nokho, noma yimuphi igesi rarefied nalokho eduze. Kusukela ephelele kancane ezahlukene nitrogen, umoya-mpilo futhi emoyeni, kukhona ezimweni ezivamile. Ukubhala equation of isimo igesi ekahle, singasebenzisa umthetho igesi kuhlanganiswe. We ukuthola: PV / T = const.

inombolo A ezihlobene umqondo 1: umthetho Avogadro sika

Kungaba usitshele ukuthi uma sithatha inani elifanayo amavukuzi ka ngokuphelele iyiphi igesi okungahleliwe wazibeka kwezimo ezifanayo, kuhlanganise lokushisa nokucindezelwa, igesi esiyoba ivolumu efanayo. Ikakhulu, i-experiment lwenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinga lokubanda lalingu-273,15 UKelvin, ingcindezi - omunye umoya (760 mm HG noma 101.325 Pascals). Ngalezi imingcele igesi ivolumu kuthathwe elilingana 22.4 amalitha. Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi oyedwa imvukuzane kwanoma iyiphi isilinganiso igesi imingcele zezinombolo kuyoba njalo. Yingakho kwanqunywa ukunikeza futhi bakubize ngokuthi jikelele igesi njalo leligama sibalo incwadi R. Ngakho-ke, ilingana 8,31. Ubukhulu J / Mol * K.

igesi Ideal. I kwesibalo zombuso i igesi ekahle futhi zokuzisebenzisa

Ake sizame kabusha. Ngenxa yale njongo, sibhala ke kuleli fomu: PV = RT. Eminye yenza ukusebenza ayinzima, bande zombili by inani ngokungadingekile amavukuzi. We ukuthola pVu = uRT. Sicabangela yokuthi umkhiqizo ivolumu izinyo lomhlathi e nenani ketshezi kuyinto nje ivolumu. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo inani amavukuzi kuyoba mass yangasese kanye mass izinyo lomhlathi. Yilokho ezothando Mendeleev-Clapeyron. Inikeza umbono ocacile walokho hlobo lwesistimu lwakha igesi ekahle. I kwesibalo zombuso i igesi enhle iba: PV = MRT / M.

Sithola ifomula nokucindezelwa

Ake ukuchitha ezinye zokukhwabanisa ngaphezulu Inkulumo etholwe. Ukuze wenze lokhu ohlangothini kwesokudla Mendeleev-Clapeyron nande ukuhlukana ngenani Avogadro. Manje yibhekisise umkhiqizo yokuthi liphansi izinga ku le Avogadro njalo. Lokhu akulutho ledlula inani zishintshe endaweni igesi. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, isilinganiso jikelele igesi njalo inombolo Avogadro kuyoba ulingana le Boltzmann njalo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukucindezela ifomula singatlolwa bunjesi ngaleyo ndlela: p = NkT / V noma p = nkT. Lapha n notation kuyinto lokuhlushwa izinhlayiya.

Izinqubo igesi enhle

Ngo -physics yamangqamuzana , kukhona into efana izoprotsessy. Lokhu izinqubo thermodynamic okwenzeka ohlelweni ngesikhathi imingcele njalo. Sisindvo impahla Kufanele ahlale njalo. Ake sibheke kubo ikakhulu. Ngakho, umthetho igesi ekahle.

Ingcindezi alushintshi

Lona ngumthetho we-Gay-Lussac. Kubonakala sengathi lokhu: V / T = const. Kungaba sitlolwe ngendlela ehlukile: V = Vo (1 + ngaso). Lapha, i-1 / 273.15 futhi K ^ -1 ubizwa ngokuthi "umthamo ukunwetshwa Coefficient." Asikwazi esikhundleni izinga lokushisa Celsius futhi Kelvin. Kulo mBhalo sithola V ifomula = Voat.

Ivolumu alushintshi

Lona umthetho wesibili ka-Gay-Lussac, ngaphezulu uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi umthetho Charles. Kubonakala sengathi lokhu: p / T = const. Kunenye ekwakhiweni: p = po (1 + ngaso). Ukuguqulwa engenziwa ngokuhambisana esidlule. Njengoba singabona, imithetho ekahle negesi ngezinye izikhathi iyafana nomunye.

Amazinga alushintshi

Uma izinga lokushisa igesi enhle uhlala njalo, sizobuye umthetho i-Boyle sika. PV = const: Kanjalo, uyakwazi ukuhlela iqoshwe.

Umqondo ahlobene № 2: ingcindezi esinqunyiwe

Ake sithi sinalo esibuthakathaka amagesi. Kuzoba nenye. Uhlelo isebujameni ka yakhoibrium ezishisayo, bese kuthi amagesi ungathathi ngamawala nomunye. Lapha, N lisho inani eliphelele molecule. U-N1, N2 nokunye, ngokulandelana, inani molecule ngamunye yezingxenye ekhona ingxube. Thatha ifomula ingcindezi p = nkT = NkT / V Kungaba ukuvulwa ukuze icala ethize. Ukuze ezimbili ingxenye ingxube ifomula kuba: p = (N1 + N2) KT / V Kodwa ke kuvela ukuthi ingcindezi Imininingwane kuyoba isamba izingcindezi olungaphelele ingxube ngayinye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuzothatha ifomu P1 + P2, nokunye. Lokhu kuzoba nengcindezi esinqunyiwe.

Yini na?

Oxhumana ifomula okuholela kubonisa ukuthi ukucindezela uhlelo kusukela ohlangothini iqembu zishintshe ngamunye. Kuyinto, ngenhlanhla akuxhomekile abanye. Lokhu kuthatha ekwakhiweni Dalton umthetho, kamuva ngegama lakhe: ingxube lapho amagesi akuzona amakhemikhali basabela nomunye, ingcindezi Imininingwane kuyinto ilingana nenani lezinombolo yezingcindezi esinqunyiwe.