EBukhara Emirate isithombe, nezimpawu zesizwe, senhlalo, okhonze ukulima, imihlobiso, zemali. Joyina i-Emirate eRussia

EBukhara Emirate - kuyinto inhlangano zokuphatha ezazikhona kusukela 18th sekwephuzile kwekhulu lama-20 e-Asia. insimu yalo ugajwe Uzbekistan futhi ingxenye Turkmenistan. Phakathi nempi Russian ngokumelene Emirate zokugcina wavuma ezikhonza ngaphansi kwalo mbuso, futhi wathola isimo protectorate. Cabanga kwalokho. wayedume kule ndawo.

Umlando Emirate

Umsunguli we Education yokungamela Mohammed Rahimby. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, amandla lidlule kuyisekazi Daniyalbiyu. Kodwa wayengumlutha wangasese umbusi ababuthakathaka, okwabangela ukunganeliseki yezakhamuzi. Ngo-1784 lelo tulo waqala. Ngenxa yalokho, amandla lidlule indodana yakhe Daniyalbiya Shakhmuradov. Umbusi omusha waqala ne ukuqeda kwezikhulu ezimbili ezinamandla futhi ekhohlakele - Nizamuddin-kazikalona futhi Davlat-kushbegi. Ayebulewe phambi kweguma. Ngemva kwalokho Shahmurad wanika izakhamuzi sisekelo ngazo babengalikhokhi ezinye izintela. Kunalokho, ukuqoqwa usuqinisiwe silondoloze ibutho uma impi. Ngo 1785 waqala izinguquko yemali, ukumboza wonke Emirate eBukhara. Lezi zinhlamvu zazenziwe izinhlobo ezimbili: ephezulu grade isiliva negolide iyunifomu. Shahmurad baba mathupha iNhloko yoMnyango zomthetho. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, waphindela ibhange kwesokunxele Amu Darya nge Merv futhi Balkh. I 1786th Shahmurad ukuyiveza isasasa Kermine District, wenza umkhankaso ophumelele e Khujand futhi Shahrisabz. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impumelelo kwaba nempi Timur Shah (umbusi Afghan). Shakhmuradov wakwazi ukugcina engxenyeni eseningizimu Turkestan, lapho Tajiks wahlala.

izimpi izinduna

Emva kokuthola esihlalweni sobukhosi Emir Haidar (indodana Shakhmuradov) waqala kuvukela mass nemibango. Ngo-1800, izingxabano waqala phakathi Turkmens ka Merv. Ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II nge Kokand, lapho Haidar wakwazi ukugcina Uratyube. Isimiso sezombangazwe yezwe lapho esebusa yethulwa ngesimo eyodwa ohlanga esondela absolutism. Haidar ubushiqela lalinabashumayeli ayizinkulungwane 4. Abantu. inani lamasosha liye lenyuka kakhulu. Isebenzisa ayizinkulungwane ezingu-12. Abantu.

Nasrallah Board

INdodana Haidar wafika amandla cishe angathikhiwe - babulawa Mir Umar futhi Mir Hussein, abafowabo abadala. Kusekelwa kwabefundisi impi, Nasrallah waqala ulwa ezinzima kuya nokwehlukaniswa ezama ukunqanda azi. Phakathi nezinyanga zokuqala sokuhlala sobukhosi, wazibulala abantu 50-100. nsuku zonke. Ubani umbusi omusha wafuna ukuhlanganisa izindawo lapho ngegama sakhiwe eBukhara Emirate. Ngo ukuphathwa viloyats labobantu rootless babesebenza, okwakukhona ngokuphelele osikweleta kuye. A nomthelela omubi ezombusazwe yasekhaya nokuphila labantu kokunqotshwa Kokand Khanate Emirate eBukhara, Khiva Khanate. Impi peridium Nasrallah wokubusa bacishe okuqhubekayo. Khanate ka Khiva futhi eBukhara Emirate wabalwela ezindaweni eziningana umngcele.

I iRed Army

Ngenxa imisebenzi yezempi ihlanganiswe ne-Emirate eRussia. 1868 kwaba yisikhathi soshintsho ebukhoneni zensimu. Ngaleso sikhathi, umbusi kwaba Muzaffar. Ngo-March, wathi ukulwa neRussia. Nokho, ibutho lakhe lanqotshwa Meyi 2 lamabutho ka Jikelele Kaufman. Kamuva amasosha Russian langena Samarkand. Kodwa kwakungakabi ukubusa olusemthethweni Emirate maqondana Russia. 1873 kwaphawulwa ekunikezelweni Red Army isimo elawulwa indawo protectorate. Kwencika kuJehova kuye kunyuke phakathi nokubusa Abdulahad. Lesi sakamuva, obe nawo amandla, baba Mohammed Alim Khan. Wayengumuntu umbusi kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika amaBolshevik ngo-1920, njengoba ngaphambilini ihlanganiswe ne-Emirate eRussia ngenxa ukusebenza kwe-iRed Army.

ama-apharathasi zokuphatha

Njengoba inhloko yezwe Emir wakhuluma. Wayenamandla cishe angenamkhawulo. Ubephethe wokuqoqa intela kushbegi. WayeyiZwi vizier abakhulu yokuphatha izindaba yezwe, kwaholela ingxoxo amakhosi endawo, futhi wahola ama-apharathasi zokuphatha. kushbegi Daily mathupha kubika umbusi mayelana isimo kuleli zwe. vizier Chief esimisiwe zonke izikhulu ngaphandle aphakeme.

Komphakathi isakhiwo Emirate

Lesigaba esibusayo lahlukaniswa laba abantu abefundisi olusemthethweni - Ulama futhi isikhundla wokuziphilisa - amaldarov. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa ososayensi - abameli, izazi zemfundiso yenkolo, othisha kanye nezinye madrassas. amaqembu Ebhizinisi Rank wanika Emir, futhi abameleli besigaba ezingokomoya ezakhiwa ngesikhathi esithile isithunzi noma isihloko. Okokuqala kwaba 15, owesibili - 4. BECAM divanbeki ongaphansi, kurbashi, yasaulbashi futhi rais. Iningi labantu yayimelelwe ifa intela. Lalibizwa ngokuthi fuqara. Lesigaba esibusayo kwaba ezweni futhi izikhulu amakhosi asendulo. Lalibizwa ngokuthi sarkarda noma navkar nababusi wendawo. Phakathi dominions wakhe eBukhara ngokuthi amaldar noma Sipahi. Ngaphandle zombili lezi zigaba ezinkulu, futhi eyesithathu likhona. Wethulwa abantu ababemise bakhululwe emisebenzini kanye nokukhokha intela. Lokhu stratum kwezenhlalo ngokwanele ezinkulu. Lalihlanganisa imams, mullahs, Mirza, mudarris nabanye. Ngo elingenhla Panj labantu lahlukaniswa laba izigodi ezimbili: lesigaba esibusayo futhi intela. Lower sokuqala babesengamabhungu navkar (Chakar). Bakhandwa likhethwa noma oqokwe shah noma izwe labantu abaye amakhono ezempi noma zokuphatha. UMbusi leliya lizwe ngokuhambisana imithetho Sharia nemtsetfo wesintfu. Naye kwakukhona izikhulu ezimbalwa ophethe ngamunye ukuphathwa umkhakha othize.

Izintela kanye nezimali

Beki ngonyaka nomthelela yengcebo ethile wathumela inani elinqunyiwe izipho. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona amatshe izembatho, amahhashi. Ngemva kwalokho, ngamunye Bey baba umbusi ezimele ezisesigodini sakhe. On the rừng ephansi ekuphathweni abangu. Benza imisebenzi amaphoyisa. UBecky abazange bathole imali Emir futhi kwakumelwe asigcine nohulumeni wakhe siqu izimali ezisele izintela sabantu ngemva kwemali ekhokhiwe endaweni yomcebo. Ukuze izakhamuzi zendawo wasungula uchungechunge izintela. Ikakhulukazi, bakhokha e uhlobo heradzh, 1/10 sokuvuna imali TANAP nge izivande namahlathi, kanye zyaket akha 2.5% intengo izimpahla. I abayimizulane bavunyelwa ukuba akhokhe imibuzo eyenza umuntu acabange. intela uma ubheka ubungako bawo kuyinto 1/40 imfuyo (ngaphandle izinkomo namahhashi).

division yokuqondisa

EBukhara Emirate, ogama dolobha imelelwa isithombe esihlokweni, ihlukaniswe bekstva. Kwakumelwe izinhloko bentando noma izihlobo umbusi wezwe, noma umuntu wajabulela ukuqiniseka kwakhe ekhethekile. Bekstva zahlukaniswa amlyakdarstva, njll tumens. EBukhara emirate ngekhulu le-19 futhi lalinabashumayeli ezizimele imibuso emibili. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, iphathwa Darwaz, Karategin ababe ezimele futhi libuswa ababusi bendawo. On Zap. Pamir kukhona 4 phakathi imibuso emibili. Ngamunye wabo lahlukaniswa laba izindawo zokulawula - engadini noma Panja. Ehola ngamunye wabo wayengumuntu umdala. Ngo Arbab (umdala) wawusebenza njengenduku ephansi isikhundla sokuphatha. Njengomthetho, he was fike of sigodi.

umnotho

I babe nezinkomo zizalela Lezokulima njengoba ngokusobala umsebenzi oyinhloko wabantu sabantu. Iningi labantu lalinabashumayeli abantu sedentary. Kubo kwakhiwa okhonze ukulima. Ngo eBukhara Emirate kwadingeka eningi amaqembu abayimizulane kanye lulwimi ayimizulane. Futhi aphathwe iziza eduze amakamu abo ebusika. Ngo iningi inhlabathi yayivundile. Kwakukhona samanje loamy ihlathi nobumba loess. Nge ngenkasa ezinhle inhlabathi unika isivuno esikhulu enjalo. Summer cishe kuyo yonke indawo yakwa-izwe sishisa futhi somile. Kule ndaba, kwadingeka khona ukuba zihlele yokufakelwa ukuthambisa uhlelo. Lokhu kuhilela ukufakwa izakhiwo ezinkulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Uma umswakama kwaba umphakathi eyanele yezolimo Emirate eBukhara ayengayihlakulela efanelekayo wonke zensimu. Eqinisweni, yiyo kanye kusetshenzwe okungenani ngo-10%. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba umthetho, lezi zindawo etholakala eduze nemithombo yamanzi. Zonke kwamanzi agobhozayo kodwa ukubukela, Surkhan, Amu Darya futhi Kafirnigan, esetshenziswa ukunisela ngokugcwele. On la imifula zidinga ukufakwa uchelela izindawo eziningi ezazingekho, futhi abantu ngabanye, ngisho amadolobhana wonke abantu abangavumelani. Ngakho-ke, amanzi abo wezolimo ayesetshenziswa esincane.

isiko

On insimu kutshalwa:

• Lucerne.
• Ukotini.
• Ugwayi.
• Fig.
• Ukolweni.
• Izitshalo.
• Millet.
• Ibhali.
• ULen.
• Sesame.
• Madder.
• Mak.
• Hemp nokunye.

I ukotini usebenze njengomahluleli omunye imikhiqizo ebaluleke kakhulu yezolimo. ukukhiqizwa baso bafinyelela izigidi ezingu-1,5 amakhilogremu. Kuleli nani, abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye abangu zithunyelwa Russia. Njengoba ezinye izilimo uvuthwe ngokushesha ngenxa okushisa aphezulu e entwasahlobo nasehlobo zonyaka, amasimu asemhlophe ngezinye izikhathi kabusha seeded emabhontjisi nezinye izitshalo. Ilayisi ayetshalwe kuphela ezindaweni abacebile umswakama.

Izivande namahlathi

Kwakumelwe usizo olukhulu bendawo. Vegetable izivande namahlathi kutshalwa amagilebhisi of izinhlobo ezahlukene, Quince, ziyadliwa, ibhilikotsi, ikhabe, plums, amakhabe, apula kanye amagonandoda ngezinye izikhathi. Etshalwayo futhi komkhiwane kanye kamalibhele isihlahla. Lesi sakamuva itholakala entabeni ezindaweni ezishibhile, futhi kwezinye izimo ukudla ezehlukile ngesimo phansi kanye amajikijolo omisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emasimini esekhulile iklabishi, izaqathe, u-anyanisi, ukhukhamba, pepper, radishes, beet nezinye imifino.

zizalela izinkomo

Lwakhiwe kahle, kodwa ngendlela ehlukile ezindaweni ezahlukene. Emathafeni nasesikhathini ezivundile, lapho kukhona abantu abaningi ababehlala lapho umzimba, Izinkomo zaziyizinkulungwane hhayi ezivamile. Izilwane isikhule ikakhulu Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz - Kubantu abayimizulane. Akha emaqeleni entshonalanga. Lapha sibona ezifuywa Karakul izimvu namakameli. Lwakhiwe kahle izinkomo empumalanga izindawo ezisezintabeni. Ikakhulukazi, amadlelo ezazisemizini nezigodi Hissar futhi Alay ububanzi e Darwaz kanye nezinye izindawo. Labantu lapha Simila izimvu, amahhashi, izimbuzi kanye nezinye imfuyo. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa lezi zindawo eBukhara Emirate ezinikezwe iphakethe futhi njalo izilwane lapho behlaba. Njengoba umthengi oyinhloko lingumuzi Karshi futhi Guzar. Laba bathengisi abahambi zathuthelekela ezindaweni plain. Njengoba ngaphambili ayaziwa ngokuba eBukhara Emirate amahhashi thoroughbred futhi emuhle (karabairami, sledge, njll ..).

umkhakha

EBukhara Emirate - izwe kwezolimo. Zazingekho izimboni ezinkulu. Yonke imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa in umshini elula noma ngesandla. Indawo yokuqala embonini wathatha umkhakha ukotini. ukotini Local sicutshungulwe e Calico, bakhohlise, noma olunye udaba. They cishe zonke izingubo, ngaphezu abamele labantu elite. izinto ezaziwa babe kasilika futhi ephuma kabili usilika izindwangu. Uvolo isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko abayimizulane. Okunye athuthukile yokukhiqiza ezimbonini umkhakha zihlanganisa Izihlalo zamahhashi, lesikhumba, nezicathulo, iziqukathi Ceramic noma lwensimbi, amapayipi nensimbi imikhiqizo, amahanisi, zemifino amafutha kanye ukudaya.

ukuhweba

EBukhara Emirate kuthatha evumayo indawo. Lokhu kuba nomphumela omuhle ukuhwebelana namanye amazwe. On the ingxenye European abathengisi Russian eyayigujwa kwingxenye ubudala umzila nendlwana ngokusebenzisa Orenburg futhi Kazalinsk. Izindlela oyinhloko wokuxhumana wenziwa nge ujantshi Astrakhan futhi Uzun-Ada. ERussia akhishelwe khona izimpahla elibiza abayizigidi ezingu-12 p, bawiswa -. 10. zyaket icala (2.5% yenani) imikhiqizo amazwe. Nge izimpahla akhishelwe khona zakhokhelwa 5%, uma abadayisi - eBukhara isakhamuzi ezweni, futhi 2.5% uma kuba Russian.

ifulege

It kuchazwa izimpawu isimo Emirate eBukhara. Ifulege kwaba unxande indwangu luhlaza okotshani. Kanye izincwadi zalo kushaft yegolide zesi-Arabhu ubonisa igama Emir, futhi onqenqemeni khulula - the Shahadah (ubufakazi okuqondene Allah). Phakathi kwalezi zimo kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe ibekwe ucwezana futhi inkanyezi (ezinhlanu-iphuzu). Babesendleleni i- "isandla Fatima" - a njengentelezi zokuzivikela. Khaimah ifulege orange ngemihlobiso abamnyama. Umphini okukhulunywa ngaso oluhlaza, wayekhona lapho kwenzeka phezulu ucezu segolide.

Insignia

Ngokokuqala ngqá Order of Emirate kwangena ngemva kokuthola isimo protectorate. Lo mcimbi enkulu eyenza eziningana izinguquko eziphawulekayo ekuphileni yangaphakathi yezwe. Ikakhulukazi, uhlelo imiklomelo amasevisi yethulwa. Ukuhlukaniswa lokuqala kwaba "Order of Noble eBukhara". Yasungulwa ngu Muzaffar al-Din, ngo 1881. Ngu 1882 th Order ngabhekana zikhulu ibutho kazwelonke. Ngu 1893 th ke lahlukaniswa laba 8 degrees. Ngawo lowo nyaka ke ibuyekeziwe. Ngokuhambisana premium ukuze tape uphawu kwangena. Ngaphambi Kolunye uhambo lwethu Emir senziwa inqolobane oda. Phakathi nohambo lwakhe, wanikeza izinkanyezi ezingaphezu kuka-150. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba kufakazelwa imithombo, zabanikazi kungaba umuntu ehluke kakhulu - kusuka kwabezindaba asebukhosini izintatheli. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, umbusi waqala ukusabalalisa bamazwe Order sika siqu. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwaba nzima ukuthola olusemthethweni, uSharayi, isikhulu sebutho eBukhara, obekungadala engekho ingubo inkanyezi sigqoka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mklomelo ngokuvamile unikezwa Russian. Oda oyitholile abathengisi ihwebelana eBukhara. Kwanele umnikelo omncane isikhulu esithile. Kuthiwa ukuthi akakaze ngokuthi Emir Order of the star. Nakuba le ncazelo wayaziwa kuye. Umklomelo wesibili yasungulwa Abdalahadom ekupheleni 1890. Ayebukeka inkanyezi, waba iribhoni futhi uphawu. Wabizwa "uPhawu Umqhele eBukhara isimo." Ngo 1898 yayibizwa akha another umklomelo - intela Alexander III. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "Iskander Salis" ( "I Sun Alexander"). Lo myalo waklonyeliswa kuphela nezikhulu ezinezikhundla eziphezulu Russian. It ngegolide ngesimo inkanyezi elinemisebe anesibhozo umhlobiso. Maphakathi kwaba embuthanweni, ingaphakathi esemgwaqweni 4 idayimane, owawuseduze calantsatfu, okwakusho uhlamvu "A". Ngo indilinga lencane ngaphansi kwaba sibalo III. Wayephinde sizungezwe amadayimane. Order of the eBukhara Emirate sangomhla Hijri (ikhalenda Islamic). Ukukhiqizwa kwenziwa ngesikhathi izifanekiso ekhethekile. Chasing wahlanganyela Mint.

okuthunyelwe endleleni

Ngo eBukhara Emirate isondo imigwaqo eminingi yayimincane, hhayi ovamile kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, labo iningi etholakala enyakatho-entshonalanga nasenyakatho izinhlangothi yezwe. umyalezo ngesihlalo esinamasondo wayiswa eyenziwa ezinqoleni. Kwakumelwe ezinqoleni 2 amasondo eliphezulu jika ububanzi. Arba ngokuphelele bazivumelanisa nemigwaqo emibi. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela kanye ezokuthutha kwezimpahla eyalo imizila nendlwana ngosizo amakamela. Ukuhamba phakathi sezintaba sezwe esetshenziswa iphakethe amahhashi nezimbongolo kuphela. Khanate lahlukaniswa Hissar Mountains. Ngasenyakatho-entshonalanga nasenyakatho ngakho, zokuthutha nokuxhumana nabantu Kwakuseshwa ikakhulu ezinqoleni futhi ngokwengxenye ku iphakethe yakhe, nakuyo iningizimu - kuphela ukupakisha indlela. Lesi sakamuva kubangelwa ikakhulu ongaphakeme ekuthuthukiseni impucuko endaweni ngakolunye uhlangothi kanti imigwaqo ezimbi - ngakolunye. Cishe bonke indlela eyinhloko iqala ovela eBukhara. Bakhonza hhayi kuphela zokuxhumana zangaphakathi, kodwa futhi ngoba ukuxhumana emazweni angomakhelwane. Indlela emfushane eya Amu Darya egcina Kelif Jam. Umlayezo eyenziwa ezinqoleni. Eduze Kelif babe ukuwela. Lapha, isiteshi Amu Darya lincane. Nokho, kuleli qophelo eziningi ukujula nesivinini ukugeleza. Umlayezo futhi eyenziwa owela kuwo womabili Shire futhi Chushka-Guzar. Lezi izindlela ziholela Kabul, Mazar-i-Sharif no Balkh. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuwela umfula ngesikebhe ungase weqembu lemikhumbi. Lalinama imikhumbi emibili futhi inani elifanayo yensimbi izikebhe. Kwakamuva ephakanyiswe 10,000 amakhilogremu wezimpahla. Nokho, ukuxhumana phakathi Kerki Chardzhui futhi Petro-u-Alexander, yayihlupheka. Kubangela okusalungiswa imikhumbi ezijulile, fairway iyashintsha of Amu-Darya, imisinga yayo okusheshayo nezinye izinto. Asetshenziswa ezokuthutha kanye skiff. Lezi zikebhe bomdabu waphakamisa 300-1000 amakhilogremu. Down traffic umfula wawugcwele amaphini, kanye phezulu - Twine. Ngosuku sebezoba 20 ezilé kude. Samarkand ezweni okuqondene Trans-iCaspian / isitimela cishe ngokuphelele ise eBukhara Emirate, okuyinto kahle ithinta ubuhlobo bayo ukuhweba nge yasePheresiya neRussia.

ibutho

Army emirate kufakwe amasosha avamile futhi izidlamlilo. ucingo wokugcina angu-isidingo. Lapho simemezela gazavat (impi engcwele) kusevisi abathintekayo wonke amaSulumane abangakwazi baphathe isibhamu. Elihamba wayekhona izinkampani 2 Emir Guard 13 Battalion. Sekukonke, kwakukhona abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi 14. Abantu. Elihamba lawa abehlome ngezibhamu bushelelezi-wazalela nezibhamu rifled Izingcupho nge ashaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babebaningi Flint futhi intambo yefilakisi izikhali. I samanje abakhwele amahhashi regiments galabatyrey 20 8 hasabardarov regiments. Bona laba bebehlome ngezibhamu falconets omunye amabili futhi lasetshenziswa njengoba ihhashi yabacibishelayo. Kwakuhlangene inani lawo lalingaba zinkulungwane 14. Abantu. Njengamanje 20 wezikhali izibhamu. Ngemva kokufika kwamandla zaseSoviet eBukhara, lapho neziqhumane futhi inganono-thusi isitshalo lahlelwa. Amasosha uzilungiselele Yimali kancane, ngokwengxenye uhlobo ngesimo ethile kakolweni.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Natives we eBukhara Khanate baba abasunguli eziningi nemizana elise ensimini ka yesimanje Omsk esifundeni. Ngemva kwalokho, benza ngobuningi labantu endaweni. Ngokwesibonelo, kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka izikhulu, abashumayeli Islam kusukela Central Asia eSiberia, eyasungulwa Kazatovo.