Avignon Sopapa. Ukuqala Avignon opapa bamba

Uyini Avignon Sopapa? Esikhathini esiyiminyaka emlandweni wezwe, lezi zenzakalo zenzeka, okwakuyigama imbangela kuzo nokuthi uyoba yini ingabe zonke zingaholela? Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi yonke into icacile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba kunjalo nanoma iyiphi enye senzakalo esingokomlando, akukho impendulo eyodwa zemibuzo eminingi, akukho imithetho, akukho icala. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Avignon Sopapa. Indlela Bonke baqala?

Ngo ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, emashumini eminyaka 13-14, uqala yinye ithi European. France lapha kwaba okufanayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, bonke abantu bakuleli dolobha, ngisho nabefundisi balalela yinkosi.

Ngakho-ke, singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi emakhulwini eminyaka th 13-14, amandla isonto waphelelwa amandla, njengoba ababusi baleli zwe bakhipha baye ube nethonya elingaka ezingaphezu kuka ngezikhathi kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo. Ngokwemvelo, ezimweni ezinjalo, Korol filipp IV sihlasela isitha wakudala - England. Kodwa impi enkulu - a ngezindleko ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuze nezindleko nokugcina inkampani lempi, uPhilippe ephakanyiswe izintela waze wayala abefundisi ukunikeza ingxenye imali engcebweni. Kodwa akugcini lapho. Philip iphutha elikhulu - akavumelananga ngalolu daba uPapa. Besabela kuleso simemo, uPapa wanikeza ukugxekwa yenkosi, aze asongela ngisho ukuthi wayengeke excommunicate yalabo ababacindezela abefundisi ukuba ungakhokha intela. Inkosi ayazanga bahlale izikweletu futhi ukuvinjelwa ukuthekelisa kusuka ezweni ubucwebe. Ngenxa yalokho, iVatican walahlekelwa izimali ivela France.

Ukushintsha inqubomgomo uPapa njengoba Ngomzamo wokwenza lula amaphaphu elala nkosi

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, UPapa Boniface VIII isikhundla kancane esishintshile futhi bavunyelwe abefundisi ukuba ngokuzithandela ukukhokha izintela ngokuhambisana isinqumo sikahulumeni. Kepha njengoba masinyane njengoba uPapa has a umthombo omusha imali, inkosi kuvuselelwe ukugxekwa.

Ukuqala inkampani kokugumbuqelwa Pope Imiphumela yayo

Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi zaqala umkhankaso lokuketula uPapa, eyashaywa ngenxa wafa sokuhlala kwakhe. Pope Benedict XI, ngubani esihlalweni sobukhosi ngemva, wadliswa ushevu ngezinyanga ezingu-8 nje. Ngemva kwezinyanga Cardinals 11 wakhethwa uPapa Bertrand de Got. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, Avignon waba yokuhlala sobupapa entsha. Kwaziqondanela nje ukuba, yena waba ngomusa anikezwe King. Phawula ukuthi into yokuqala eyenza upapa omusha - France wabuyela esifubeni isonto.

Avignon Sopapa - inkathi kusukela 1309 kuya 1377, lapho yokuhlala wayengekho eRoma, kodwa eFrance, e Avignon. Kube uPapa wazizwa ukuzola kakhulu kunokwenziwa eRoma, lapho njalo manje bese bangqubuzana njalo ezilwayo imikhaya ahlukile e-Italy. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-United kapapa wayesenze amaphutha empeleni yaqala iba yingxenye yomhlabathi.

Avignon Sopapa. Usuku: 1309

Akubalulekile ukuqonda elithi "ukudoba" kakhulu ngokoqobo. Kwakuyiqiniso kunalokho, hhayi ukuthunjwa Avignon opapa ngomqondo evamile, kodwa ushintsho inqubomgomo opapa esivuna France. Ukweseka lokhu Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zonke nopapa nkathi kwaba isiFulentshi, like iningi ekolishi of okhadinali, futhi eqinisweni eKolishi Cardinals ukhethe opapa. okhadinali Abaningi ababekade ngakhonza inkantolo French. Ngesikhathi le Avignon opapa bamba zenza ezikwenzayo izithakazelo zenkosi, futhi bafeza izabelo eziningi zokubonisana.

Ngokwemvelo, ezimweni ezinjalo, ngethonya lezombangazwe zopapa buthaka. Nokho, yesontfweni atholwe amandla abo uhlamvu monarchical ngempela. Uma abbots ngaphambili nababhishobhi abangu kuqokwa, manje - babemiswa upapa. Opapa, eqinisweni, elawulwa kuzo zonke izici zokuphila.

Avignon ekuthunjweni - kukhombisa mkhuba jikelele buthakathaka Church

Isimo esichazwe ngenhla isibe reflection yezinto eziyinhloko ezibangela ukuthi ukunquma umlando Ephakathi - okungukuthi, umzabalazo opapa nababusi ka njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma ubukhosi emhlabeni yobuKristu. Ukuchitheka besonto elite wokuziphilisa, futhi kwaba nemiphumela emihle obuhlukahlukene eyathatha emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Kodwa konke kwashintsha kakhulu lapho bekhuphukela esihlalweni sobukhosi abakwaHabsburg. Bona washintsha futhi isimo Inqubomgomo yasebukhosini, ngokugxila hhayi ukunqoba Italy, futhi ikhambi izinkinga esiphuthumayo kuyi ezindaweni German.

Uma uthi nhlá, opapa manje ithuba elihle ukwenza ngqo nasekuqiniseni isimo futhi iziphathimandla zalo. Kodwa eqinisweni kwathi konkhe kwehlukile. Ngemva usongo German ukuthi iqedwe, Italy ugxile kwakunezinxushunxushu nalezo zinxushunxushu. Manje, akukho eboshiwe futhi izigodi edolobheni, elalikade kwadingeka babe munye ubuso isitha esivela ngaphandle. Baphenduka balwa bodwa, ngisho engumakhelwane amadolobha, ingasaphathwa kwamaqembu njalo ayelwa kuleli Izicukuthwane Italy. Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi amaRoma kulokhu kwaba okufanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPapa izikhathi eziningana kwadingeka ngisho ukuba abalekele eRoma, niyesabe izakhamuzi edlubulundayo, amabutho isimo elingumakhelwane, amasosha kwamaqembu nobutha.

I Lomuzi Waphakade isanda eyingozi empilweni sabaphathi ephakeme of the Catholic Church. Ngakho-ke, abaningi uPapa waseRoma esikhundleni sokwenza zabo zokuhlala e Naples, L'Aquila, Anan nakwamanye amadolobha, ngenxa yokwesabela impilo yawo. Ukuqala Avignon opapa bamba nje uxhumeke nokudluliswa yokuhlala e Avignon. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala. Esimweni esinjalo akumangalisi ukuthi ngisho naphakathi kwezinceku okhadinali kwakungekho ubunye, futhi leso sinqumo siba impi yangempela ezilwayo kwamaqembu. Pope elisanda kuqokwa, yebo, wazama ukuba azungeze yedwa abasekeli - izihlobo nabangane, ngakho babamise ukuba izikhundla eziphezulu. Loser kwamaqembu kwadingeka nezikhathi ezinzima, njengoba upapa elisanda kuqokwa wafuna ukubhekana ngokushesha izitha. Kukho konke lokhu, e nezinxushunxushu Ubaba waqhubeka ngokungathi usewuMalusi yesonto, esimelela ngaphezu mithi futhi ababusi. Ngokwemvelo, somgomo wokusetshenziswa kwezilimi eziningi kungaholela esiya ngokuya siba sibi of ubudlelwano kanye nenkosi.

Mandle igunya likapapa

ngxabano Peak, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, kwaphawuleka ngesikhathi wokubusa kaFiliphu Fair, lapho UPapa Boniface VIII wangena ukungqubuzana evulekile nenkosi. Esimeni semakhaya igunya esibuthaka soMbuso uPapa umphumela lwaluselude kuzenzakalele. Ukuphendula usongo ukuletha uPapa King kwakuzondeka, + khona manjalo wathumela esigodlweni sobupapa Shansela Guillaume Nogare. Ukuze izinsukwana ngaphambi kwakuzondeka we Shansela nge Knights engamakhulu bagijimela esigodlweni uPapa. Bahudulela umuntu omdala eziya esihlalweni sobukhosi, eshaya futhi nijabhise kuye. Musa sokwenza ezinjalo, Boniface VIII efa, beqalekisa futhi Guillaume Nogare, noFiliphu. Nokho, umlandeli wakhe, Benedict IX ngazimemezela amasosha ababevuthuza upapa ubudala, kuyilapho kuyigazi elingenacala. Kwenzeka ngempela njengasekuqaleni, futhi kwakuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuthola abantwana - uPapa waseRoma nje washaywa, kodwa washaywa ngemiyalo yezikhulu neNkosi uChristian. Izibalo zikhombe ukuthi izinhlelo engasekelwa amandla yezwe uPapa ongenza imisebenzi yokuba inhloko iSonto LamaKatolika hhayi ngempumelelo.

France njengoba ally lopapa

Kulesi simo, uPapa ziqondiswe kumbusi onegunya esiningi saleso sikhathi umsebenzi - inkosi French. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba khona isidingo sezisebenzi ukukhetha indawo isakhiwo esisha sokuhlala, lapho uPapa ezazingakwazi ukuyilawula esontweni ngaphandle kokwesaba izitha zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Kulokhu, ngoba mkhulu isihlalo ukuphepha kufanele etholakala eduze komngcele isiFulentshi, kodwa noma kunjalo hhayi kweFrance.

Uma kungenjalo eFrance, lapho okuhlala?

Inketho ekahle ngabe Avignon e Provence, ngakho okwenzekayo futhi wathola emlandweni igama "Avignon Sopapa." Ngaleso sikhathi, uPapa wasiza iNkosi laseNaples ukuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi, ngaleyo ndlela ngobuchwepheshe yayingekho endaweni isimo esinonya-Italy, futhi umbuso ka suzerain yakhe.

Avignon Sopapa wabavumela ukuphatha ngokuphepha nebandla bazuza igunya zopapa futhi okhadinali. Ukufika e-Avignon, ngaleyo ndlela uPapa wenza ukuthi leli dolobha elincane enhlokodolobha yezwe Katolika. Ngakho, ekuqaleni Avignon Sopapa ka laseRoma kwakungenele umcimbi enjalo edabukisayo, njengoba kungase kubonakale ekuqaleni.