ATP isakhiwo kanye indima begazi. ATP imisebenzi

Njalo cell emzimbeni wethu zenzeke izigidi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Basuke catalyzed ngu ezihlukahlukene enzyme, okuyinto ngokuvamile zidinga amandla. Uphi cell kuthatha? Lo mbuzo ungaphendulwa ngokucabangela isakhiwo se-molecule ATP - umthombo enkulu namandla.

ATP - umthombo jikelele amandla

ATP imele adenosine, noma triphosphate adenosine. Ingqikithi ingenye imithombo ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu of energy wonke amangqamuzana. Sakhiwo indima begazi ATP ezihambelana eduze. ukusabela Iningi kwamakhemikhali kungathatha indawo kuphela ukubamba iqhaza molecule ketshezi, ikakhulukazi umzimba plastic. Nokho, ATP kuyaqabukela abahileleke ngokuqondile ukusabela for okuvela iyiphi lokhu kudinga amandla amakhulu, ke lisuke limbozwe le izibopho amakhemikhali ATP.

Isakhiwo molecule ketshezi yokuthi uxhumano okuholela phakathi kwala maqembu phosphate uzale omningi amandla. Ngakho, ukukhulumisana okunjalo ubizwa nangokuthi ephezulu amandla noma makroenergeticheskimi (inombolo Macro = eziningi ezinkulu). Ithemu amandla izibopho okokuqala wethulwa usosayensi F. Lipman, futhi kuphakanyiswa ukusebenzisa ukuqoka kubo isithonjana ̴.

Kubalulekile kakhulu ingqamuzana ukuze silondoloze ezingeni njalo ATP. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi nobuntu imisipha amaseli bese imicu yezinzwa, ngoba kuyizinto oluyingozi kakhulu futhi akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yayo zidinga wokuqukethwe lelisetulu triphosphate adenosine.

Isakhiwo molecule ATP

ATP inezigaba ezintathu: ribose begodu i-adenine izinsalela of wali band acid.

Ribose - ama-carbohydrate, libhekisela eqenjini pentose. Lokhu kusho ukuthi indlela yokwakheka ama-athomu ribose 5 carbon okuyinto afakiwe umjikelezo. Ribose ehlangene adenine ihambisane isibopho β-N-glycosidic kuya carbon athomu kuqala. Futhi ohlanganiswe izinsalela pentose of wali band acid ngesikhathi 5th carbon athomu.

Adenine - isisekelo nitrogen. Kuye onjani nitrogen eziyisisekelo exhunywe ribose, njengoba GTP elingalodwa (guanosine triphosphate), TTP (thymidine), CTP (cytidine triphosphate) kanye UTP (uridine triphosphate). Zonke lezi zinto zifana ngezindlela isakhiwo triphosphate adenosine futhi enze cishe engenawo umsebenzi ofanayo, kodwa zitholakala kweselula ezivamile ingasaphathwa.

Izinsalela of wali band acid. Ukuze yenze ribose singahlangana izinsalela ezintathu wali band acid. Uma bobabili noma eyodwa kuphela, ngokulandelana, into okuthiwa Adp (diphosphate) kanye AMP (monophosphate). It is esiphakathi phosphorus izinsalela makroenergeticheskie uxhumano, okuyinto ikhishwe phezu ukudabuka kusukela 40 kuya ku-60 kJ zamandla. Uma izibopho ezimbili ayaphuka, imele 80, okungenani - 120 kJ zamandla. Ngezinye zokuxhumana ikhefu phakathi moiety ribose ne phosphorus ikhishwe 13.8 kJ kuphela, ngakho triphosphate ezimbili kuphela-molecule uxhumano macroergic (P ̴ ̴ F P), futhi i-molecule ye Adp - eyodwa (P ̴ P).

Nazi iziphi izici ATP isakhiwo. Ngenxa yokuthi phakathi izinsalela wali band acid kwakhiwa makroenergeticheskaya isibopho isakhiwo kanye ATP imisebenzi exhumene.

Sakhiwo indima begazi ATP molecule. izici engeziwe ye triphosphate adenosine

Ngaphandle amandla, ATP kungaba Zenza neminye imisebenzi eminingi kuseli. Ekanye nabanye nucleotide triphosphate triphosphate wokwakha of nucleic acid. Kulokhu, ATP, GTP, TTP, CTP futhi UTP abahlinzeki elisekela nitrogen. Le mpahla isetshenziswa izinqubo of DNA ukufanisana kanye nokubhalwa.

ATP Kuyadingeka zeziteshi ion. Ngokwesibonelo, Na-K isiteshi iphampa sodium molecule 3 kusukela amaseli bese ekhiphela potassium 2-molecule kuseli. Lokhu zamanje ion ekudingisweni kwakudingeka balondoloze icala omuhle ebusweni elingaphandle ulwelwesi, kanye kuphela usebenzisa ATP wesiteshi kahle. Kuyefana nasendleleni i-proton ne-calcium iziteshi.

ATP kuyinto eyandulela lezithunywa yesibili ekamu (eyindilinga adenosine monophosphate) - ekamu okuhambisa isiginali etholwe cell ulwelwesi receptor hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi kuyinto effector allosteric. effectors Allosteric - kukhona izinto kusheshiswe noma ukubambezela yonke ukusabela enzymatic. Ngakho, adenosine eyindilinga kuvimbela enzyme catalyzes le cleavage kwe-lactose ku amaseli igciwane.

ATP-molecule uqobo ungakwazi futhi kube effector allosteric. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e izinqubo ezinjalo omelene ATP Adp uba uma triphosphate ngesivinini ukusabela ke kuvimbela diphosphate, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Lawa Imisebenzi kanye nezimiso zakwa ATP.

Njengoba ATP kwakheka cell

Umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo ATP abanjalo ukuthi amangqamuzana efana asetshenziswa ngokushesha futhi ubhujiswe. Ngakho-ke triphosphate zamagama - kuyinto inqubo ebalulekile amandla ukwakheka kuseli.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu indlela ebaluleke kakhulu synthesis triphosphate adenosine:

1. phosphorylation substrate.

2. oxidative phosphorylation.

3. phosphorylation.

Substrate phosphorylation kusekelwe ukusabela eziningi ezenzeka esikhathini cytoplasm cell. Lezi ukusabela abizwa ngokuthi glycolysis - esiteji anaerobic ka kwezimila aerobic. Ngenxa yalokho, omunye umjikelezo we glycolysis kusuka 1 glucose-molecule is kuhlelwe umqondo ngu ezimbili molecule ye pyruvic acid zibuye ezisetshenziswa emasimini ukukhiqiza amandla, futhi kuhlelwe umqondo ezimbili ATP.

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 2ADF 2Fn -> 2C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

phosphorylation oxidative. iseli kwezimila

phosphorylation oxidative - Ukwakheka kwezitho ATP wemukele electron iketango electron ukuthuthwa ulwelwesi. Njengoba kwakhiwa ngenxa yokudlulisa ezinjalo proton umyela is ngakolunye uhlangothi lwale ulwelwesi nokusebenzisa iqoqo amaprotheni ATP ebalulekile synthase kuyinto ukwakha ama-molecule. Inqubo yenzeka ulwelwesi mitochondrial.

Kulandzelana kwalokucuketfwe lokuhleliwe izinyathelo glycolysis futhi oxidative phosphorylation e mitochondria yinqubo jikelele ngokuthi ukuphefumula. Ngemva umjikelezo ogcwele kusuka 1 molecule glucose kuseli 36 Kumiswa zishintshe ATP.

photophosphorylation

inqubo Phosphorylation - lena phosphorylation efanayo oxidative ne umehluko eyodwa kuphela: ukusabela phosphorylation zenzeka chloroplast amaseli bedle ukukhanya. ATP akhicitwe nakuchubeka photosynthesis ukukhanya esiteji - inqubo eyisisekelo yokuthola amandla ezitshalweni eziluhlaza, ulwelwe kanye ezinye amagciwane.

Ngo inqubo ye-photosynthesis ofanayo electron-ezokuthutha uchungechunge pass electron, kuphumele umyela proton. I lokuhlushwa proton ngakolunye uhlangothi lwale ulwelwesi ungumthombo ATP zamagama. Ukubuthanela molecule eyalo synthase enzyme ATP.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo ATP

- Iseli isilinganiso iqukethe 0.04% we mass ingqikithi triphosphate adenosine. Nokho, okubaluleke kakhulu siyenzeka ezicutshini amaseli: 0.2-0.5%.

- In iseli, mayelana 1 bhiliyoni molecule ATP.

- Ingqamuzana ngalinye akaphili ezingaphezu kuka 1 iminithi.

- Omunye ATP-molecule ibuyekeziwe izikhathi 2000-3000 nsuku zonke.

- Isiphetho siwukuthi, ngelilanga umzimba womuntu synthesizes 40kg adenosine triphosphate, futhi ngesikhathi ngasinye bohlu lozalo ATP 250 g

isiphetho

ATP isakhiwo kanye indima begazi molecule ayo ahlobene eduze. Ingqikithi kunendima eyinhloko kule izinqubo zokuphila, ngoba esibophweni amandla phakathi izinsalela phosphate aqukethe omningi amandla. ATP wenza imisebenzi eminingi kuseli, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba singaxoxi lokuhlushwa njalo we ketshezi. Ukubhidlika futhi zamagama bayahamba ngesivinini, isb. Ukuze. Ubuhlobo amandla njalo elisetshenziswa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Kuyinto kuyisakhi esisemqoka kwanoma iyiphi iseli emzimbeni. Lapha, mhlawumbe, konke kungathiwani yini lesi sakhiwo ATP.