Afrika sub-izifunda: isimo, abantu, imvelo

Le ndawo yesibili yezwekazi emhlabeni (ngemva Eshiya) kuyinto Afrika. Subregions yayo (yabo umnotho, labantu, kanye nesimo isimo) zizohlolwa lesi sihloko.

Izinketho division zaleli zwekazi

indawo Afrika - esifundeni ngobukhulu kwendawo emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, isifiso izabelo ngempela ngokwemvelo. Kukhona ezindaweni ezilandelayo ezimbili ezinkulu: tropical naseNyakatho Afrika (kanye nase-Afrika enyakatho Sahara). Kukhona impela umehluko omkhulu zemvelo, yobuzwe, umlando kanye nezenhlalakahle phakathi kwalezi izingxenye.

Saharan Africa - lena esifundeni emuva kakhulu emhlabeni osathuthuka. Futhi esikhathini sethu, isabelo ezolimo GDP yayo ingaphezu kwe-isabelo ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. 28 lamazwe 47 okungenani athuthukile emhlabeni itholakala e-sub-Saharan Africa. Futhi, inombolo enkulu yamazwe ilapha, abangenayo indlela yokungena olwandle (States anjalo esikhathini esifundeni 15).

Kukhona enye inguqulo esigabeni sika-Afrika ngeenyingi. Ngokusho kwakhe, ingxenye - Wik, Tropical naseNyakatho Afrika.

Manje phenya ukucabangela regionalization, okusho ukwabiwa ezinkulu vumelekile izifunda (sub-izifunda) Thina sinesithakazelo zwekazi. Njengamanje, kucatshangwa ukuthi kukhona ezinhlanu kuphela. Afrika has sub-kuzifunda ezilandelayo: Ningizimu, Mpumalanga, Central, West naseNyakatho Afrika (kumephu ngenhla). Kulokhu, izici ezithile emnothweni, abantu nemvelo ngamunye wabo.

North Afrika

North Afrika eya oLwandle Olubomvu ngamazwe aseMedithera nase-Atlantic Ocean. Ngenxa yalesi isikhathi eside esungulwe uxhumo lwayo yonke iMpumalanga Eseduze naseYurophu. Le ndawo ingqikithi ke imayelana million 10 km ^2, elinabantu abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-170. "Olungaphambili lwesonto" Mediterranean ichaza yokuma subregion. Siyabonga kuye, eNyakatho ye-Afrika eyakhelene South-West Asia futhi Southern Europe. It has kundawo ukuze indlela yasolwandle main, esiqala ngo-Yurophu nase-Asia.

Njengoba iwumthombo impucuko, ikoloni Arab

Ogwadule eSahara ayingcosana isikhala enabantu zakha "engemuva" yesifunda. North Afrika kuyinto sombuso impucuko waseGibhithe lasendulo, owenza umnikelo omkhulu isiko. Ingxenye Mediterranean zaleli zwekazi endulo ayebhekwa yayithola okusanhlamvu okuningi waseRoma. Futhi kuze kube namuhla kungenzeka ukuthola izinsalela komhlaba okulawulwa kwemithombo yamanzi zemibukiso phakathi kolwandle ezingaphili lamatshe isihlabathi, kanye nezinye izakhiwo zasendulo. Abaningi emzini, esisogwini olusentshonalanga, Umsuka yabo kusukela waseCarthage nemizana wamaRoma.

ikoloni Arab ukwenzeka 7-12 eminyaka., Uye wathola umthelela omkhulu isiko labantu, ukubunjwa yayo zobuzwe yokuphila. Futhi kubhekwa uhlelo Arab namuhla engxenyeni esenyakatho-Afrika: cishe zonke bendawo lingamaSulumane futhi ukukhuluma isi-Arabhu.

Impilo kwezomnotho sabantu naseNyakatho Afrika

Strip lasogwini wagxilisa ukuphila kwezomnotho we subregion. Nazi yokukhiqiza ezimbonini eziyisisekelo, kanye ezindaweni eziyinhloko wezolimo. Ngokwemvelo, ekhaya cishe kuso sonke isibalo sabantu we subregion. I-Adobe izindlu nge izibuya zobumba futhi izindlu ezinophahla oluyisicaba, luvame ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Emadolobheni kwakuhlelwa abe ukubukeka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ethnography nokuma kwezwe isehlane njengoba izinhlobo ahlukene isitayela Arabhu edolobheni. It libhekene a division zibe abadala nabasha ingxenye. ENyakatho Afrika, ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi i-Maghreb, kodwa lokhu akulona olunembile ngokuphelele.

umnotho

Okwamanje ku-subregion kukhona 15 uthi ezimele. Republics kukhona 13 babo. Amazwe amaningi North American kukhona ampofu. Ngo umnotho Libya futhi Algeria kulinganiselwe kangcono athuthukile. Kula mazwe kukhona supply abalulekile Igesi yemvelo namafutha, okuyinto namuhla kukhona lezimpahla hot emakethe emhlabeni. Imayini idwala phosphate lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa kukamanyolo, waziphatha Morocco. Niger kuyinto uranium umkhiqizi ezinkulu, kodwa uhlala kwelinye lamazwe ampofu kakhulu eNyakatho Afrika.

Mncane enabantu eningizimu ingxenye subregion. labantu Agricultural uhlala ezivundile lapho main ngempahla kanye umthengi isiko kanjalo isundu. Kuphela verblyudovodov-abayimizulane ingatholakala lonke endaweni, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi hhayi yonke indawo. Ingxenye waseLibya futhi Algeria yeSahara, zikhona igesi namafutha Amasimu.

Nciphisa "ukuphila band" kuphela esigodini Nile elalibambeke ehlane kuze eningizimu. Ngokuba ukuthuthukiswa elibangise eNhla neGibhithe kubaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukwakhiwa saseNayile Aswan Hydro nge usizo lwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezomnotho base-USSR.

eNtshonalanga Afrika

I-Sub-izifunda zaleli zwekazi oyithandayo kithi - ngempela isihloko ezibanzi, ngakho silinganisele isici yabo emfushane. Yiya elilandelayo kwesifunda - eNtshonalanga Afrika.

Nazi zone savannah of izingwadule ezishisayo kanye namahlathi zinomswakama bhé, okuyinto zitholakala phakathi eGulf of Guinea futhi ogwadule eSahara. Kuyinto enkulu kunazo zonke kwesifunda yezwekazi ngokuya labantu futhi enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu endaweni. izimo zemvelo lapha zahlukahlukene kakhulu, kanye nokusungulwa yobuhlanga bendawo Kunzima kakhulu - presents ezahlukene Narody Afriki. I subregion esikhathini esidlule endaweni eyinhloko ukuhweba ngezigqila. Sikhuluma nje, kunamaqembu iyakhiwa ezolimo, emelelwe ukukhiqizwa ezihlukahlukene umthengi futhi ipulazi of imali izitshalo. Laphaya subregion kanye nezimboni. Kakhulu isihambile embonini yayo - yezimayini.

Inani labantu base-West Afrika

Ngokusho idatha 2006, inani labantu eNtshonalanga Afrika - abantu abayizigidi ezingu-280. Ngo ukwakheka, kuba multi-yobuhlanga. Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke yobuhlanga - kuyinto vulof, Mandingo, Serer, Moss, Isi-Songhai, Fulani futhi Hausa. Lalolo hlanga lihlukaniswe kanye imigqa ngokolimi ku 3 metagruppy - Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo kanye Afro-Asian. Izilimi YaseYurophu ngo subregion IsiZulu ezivamile futhi French. Amaqembu main wesitjhaba inkolo - amaSulumane, amaKristu futhi likholelwa emimoyeni.

Umnotho zaseNtshonalanga Afrika

Zonke States ukuthi Ulapha - asathuthuka. Njengoba sishilo, zihluke kakhulu kwezomnotho sub-ezifundeni Afrika. Ithebula elingenhla unikeza izici ezifana inkomba obalulekile kwezomnotho zaleli zwekazi sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo izinqolobane kanjani igolide (idatha 2015). Ukuze West African States kuleli thebula zihlanganisa Nigeria, Ghana, Mauritania kanye Cameroon.

A indima yokuhola ukudalwa GDP subregion eyadlalwa ezolimo kanye nezimayini. Amaminerali atholakala eNtshonalanga Afrika - uwoyela, yensimbi netshe, bauxite, igolide, manganese, phosphate kanye diamonds.

I-Sub-Saharan Africa

Kusukela isihloko salesi kwesifunda kuyacaca ukuthi ithatha ingxenye eyinhloko nezwekazi (bhé). Le ndawo ingqikithi esifundeni ayizinkulungwane 6613. ^Km2. amazwe 9 kuphela e-Afrika Ephakathi: Gabon, Angola, Cameroon, Congo Democratic Republic of Congo (lawa uthi ezimbili ezahlukene), São Tomé and Príncipe, Chad, Central African Republic ne-Equatorial Guinea. Futhi lapha esiqhingini St Helena, okuyinto njengendawo yayo ephesheya kwezilwandle we-UK.

States Central Africa zitholakala ezindaweni savannah namahlathi zinomswakama bhé, okuyinto kwasithinta kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezomnotho. Lokhu kwesifunda - yezinto ezicebile izidubedube izindawo, hhayi kuphela e-Afrika, kodwa nasemhlabeni wonke. Ukwakheka yobuhlanga bendawo, ngokungafani kuya esifundeni yangaphambilini iyunifomu. Nine-eshumini ze-ke kukhona Narody Afriki, okuqondene uBantu, abahlobene nomunye.

umnotho subregion sika

Zonke States we subregion, ngokuvumelana ngezigaba UN, ayakhula. Ngaphakathi dalo of omkhiqizo indima eziyisisekelo eyadlalwa ezolimo kanye nezimayini. Kule ndaba, eWest kanye Central Afrika ziyafana. Minerals walulama lapha - ayibe, manganese, ithusi, idayimane, igolide, igesi yemvelo, uwoyela. I subregion has ezinhle Hydropower ezingaba khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuphawulekayo ihlathi Lamasu alapha.

Lawa izici eziyinhloko-Afrika Ephakathi.

East Africa

Itholakala sezulu esishisayo subequatorial. East Africa uya e-Indian Ocean, ngakho uye eside ke lisaqhubeka nobudlelwano nokuhwebelana amazwe Arab naseNdiya. Umnotho wokumbiwa phansi we subregion kukhona zincane, kodwa ukwehluka jikelele kwemithombo yemvelo likhulu kakhulu. Yilokho kakhulu inquma ongakhetha ahlukahlukene ukusetshenziswa kwezomnotho.

Inani labantu base-East Africa

East Africa - wamatshana kakhulu subregion zinhlanga. Imingcele yamazwe amaningi ayebekelwe ezinqumela ngowayeyiLungu kwemibuso yamakoloni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Emasiko nobuhlanga, okuyinto inabantu eMpumalanga Afrika, awazange kubhekwe. Ngenxa kokungafani okukhulu ngokuya ezenhlalo nezamasiko kule kwesifunda has a lungakhiqiza eziphawulekayo yezingxabano. Ngokuvamile kwavuka impi, kuhlanganise abantu abangekho empini.

South Africa

Itholakala kwi engxenyeni eseningizimu yaleli zwekazi okuyinto ezikude kakhulu e-Asia, yiMelika kanye ne-Europe, kodwa uya indlela yasolwandle, imvilophu of ichopho eliseningizimu ye-Afrika. Lokhu kwesifunda iseningizimu Ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu kanye elishisayo ekuthunyelweni eNingizimu Nenkabazwe. Kukhona esibalulekile kwemithombo yemvelo, ikakhulukazi ukugqama amaminerali-ocebile. South Africa (South Africa) - main "umongo" we subregion. Lona kuphela ezweni athuthukile kwezomnotho kuleli zwekazi.

Inani labantu base-Umnotho waseNingizimu Afrika

Inani elikhulu of labantu eNingizimu Afrika livela European. Bantu abantu abakha iningi labantu abakhileyo subregion. Bendawo ngokuvamile abampofu, kodwa traffic emoyeni, kukhona ingqalasizinda ezinhle izivakashi isebenza ngempumelelo sezisunguliwe eNingizimu Afrika, i-Imigwaqo. Izimayini, kanye idiphozithi yanoma igolide, i-platinum, amadayimane namanye amaminerali akha womnotho wethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNingizimu Afrika uya ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe, ezokuvakasha kanye nokukhiqiza.

Ekuphetheni

Njengoba ubona, lonke izwekazi akuyona kahle ngokomnotho. bakhona isakazwa Ukuboshelwa. Okwamanje, abantu mayelana yizigidi eziyinkulungwane bahlala kule izwekazi njengase-Afrika. Subregions kwaba ngathi kuchazwe kafushane. Ekuphetheni, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izwekazi ubhekwa kakhokho isintu: lapha athole izinsalela eminingi yasendulo ka hominids ekuseni nawoyise kungenzeka. Kukhona isayensi ekhethekile Afrika Studies, okuyinto etadisha izinkinga kwezamasiko, kwezombangazwe, kwezomnotho nezenhlalakahle Afrika.