Abantu bomdabu baseMelika: usayizi, amasiko nenkolo

AmaNdiya, angabomncintiswano ohlukile waseMelika, bangabantu baseMelika. Bakhe indawo yonke yeNew World kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi futhi bahlala khona kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Naphezu kokungabikho kokuhlukumezeka kwabantu abaningi, imibhikisho nezinye izinselelo ezibhekene nazo, ezenziwe ngabaseYurophu, zithatha indawo ebaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izifunda zaleli zwe. Ngezansi kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ukuthi yiziphi izinombolo nokuthi yiziphi izinamba abantu baseMelika abalelwa kuzo. Izithombe zama-sub-races ahlukahlukene kanye nabameleli bezizwe ezihlukahlukene kuzokwenza kube lula ukuqonda lesi sihloko ngokucacile.

Indawo yokuhlala nokuchichima

Ama-aborigines eNew World ayehlala lapha ezikhathini zangaphambili, kodwa ezinsukwini zethu, eqinisweni, okuncane kuye kwashintsha kubo. Bahlangana emiphakathini ehlukene, baqhubeke beshumayela izinkolo zabo zenkolo futhi balandele amasiko okhokho babo. Abanye abameleli bomdabu waseMelika basekhaya bafana nabaseYurophu futhi bayamukela ngokuphelele indlela yabo yokuphila. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuba uhlangabezane namaNdiya ahlanzekile noma isigamu kunoma yiliphi izwe elisenyakatho, eningizimu noma enkabeni yeN Novaya Zemlya. Inani labantu "baseNdiya" laseMelika linabantu abayizigidi ezingu-48. Kulezi zigidi ezingu-14 zihlala ePeru, izigidi ezingu-10.1 eMexico, izigidi ezingu-6 eBolivia. Amazwe alandelayo yiGuatemala ne-Ecuador - 5.4 nabantu abayizigidi ezingu-3.4 ngokulandelana. Izigidi ezingama-2,5 zamaNdiya zitholakala e-US, kodwa eCanada kukhona ingxenye yabo - 1.2 million.Kumangalisa ukuthi, emazweni aseBrazil nase-Argentina, amandla amakhulu kangaka, amaNdiya ahlala engakafiki kakade. Inani labantu baseMelika kulezi zindawo selinganiselwa kuzinkulungwane futhi lilinganiselwa ku-700,000 no-600,000 abantu, ngokulandelana.

Umlando wokuvela kwezizwe

Ngokusho kososayensi, abameleli bomncintiswano waseMelika, naphezu kokuhlukana kwabo kunoma yimuphi omunye owaziwa kithi, badluliselwa ezwekazini labo kusukela e-Eurasia. Sekuyiminyaka eyizinkulungwane (cishe eminyakeni eyi-70-12 BC), amaNdiya afika eNew World kulelo bhuloho okuthiwa iBeringian, endaweni iBering Strait ekhona manje . Khona-ke kwakungeyona eyomdabu waseMelika eyathuthuka kancane kancane izwekazi elisha, laqala nge-Alaska futhi liphela ngamaphekula aseningizimu ye-Argentina yanamuhla. Ngemuva kokuba iMelika iqondwe yibo, isizwe ngasinye esihlukene saqala ukukhula ngendlela yaso. Izitayela ezijwayelekile ezazibonwa kuzo zazilandelayo. AmaNdiya eNingizimu Melika ahlonipha umjaho womama. Izakhamuzi zasenyakatho yezwekazi zanelisekile nobukhohlakali. Ezizweni zaseCaribbean, kwakukhona umkhuba owenzela umphakathi wesigaba.

Amazwi ambalwa mayelana ne-biology

Kusukela ekubukeni kwezakhi zofuzo, abantu baseMelika basekhaya, njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, akunjalo ngala mazwe. Indlu yabazali bamaNdiya ithathwa njengososayensi ukuba babe yi-Altai, kusukela lapho bahamba khona emakoloni akude, ezikhathini ezikude, ukuze baqonde amazwe amasha. Iqiniso liwukuthi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingu-25 edlule ukusuka eSiberia kuya eMelika kwakungenzeka ukuba kufinyelele umhlaba, ngaphezu kwalokho, mhlawumbe, abantu babecabangela wonke la mazwe njengezwekazi elilodwa. Ngakho-ke izakhamuzi zasemakhaya ethu zancipha kancane kancane enyakatho ye-Eurasia, zaze zathuthela eNtshonalanga Yezwe, lapho zaphenduka khona amaNdiya. Abacwaningi beza kulesi siphetho ngenxa yokuthi ema-aborigines ase-Altai, uhlobo lwe-Y-chromosome lufana nokushintshaniswa kwalo ne-chromosome ye-American Indian.

Izizwe zasenyakatho

Izizwe zama-Aleuts nama-Eskimos ezithatha indawo engaphansi kwezwekazi, ngeke sithinte, ngoba lo mndeni wohlanga oluhluke ngokuphelele. Abantu bomdabu baseNyakatho Melika bahlala ensimini yekhona manje eCanada ne-United States, kusukela emaqhenqeni angunaphakade kuze kube seGulf of Mexico. Kunamasiko amaningi ahlukene esiwabhala manje:

• AmaNdiya asenyakatho, ahlala eningizimu yeCanada, yizinhlanga ze-Algonkin ne-Athapask. Babezingela i-deer-caribou, futhi bahlanganyela ekudobeni.
• Izizwe ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga - iTlingit, Haida, Salish, Wakashi. Wahlanganyela ekudobeni, kanye nokuzingela olwandle.
• AmaNdiya aseCalifornia abaqoqi abaziwayo bama-acorns. Bahlanganyela nokuzingela nokudoba okuvamile.
• AmaNdiya Woodland ayingxenye yonke empumalanga ye-US yanamuhla. Abantu bomdabu baseNyakatho Melika lapha babemelwe yizizwe ezikhala, i-Algonquin, i-Iroquois. Laba bantu bathengiswa kwezolimo ezihleliwe.
• AmaNdiya aseThafeni Elikhulu abazingeli abadumile bezinyosi zasendle. Kunezinhlobo ezingenakubalwa zezizwe, phakathi kwazo esizobiza ngambalwa kuphela: i-caddo, i-crou, i-oseiji, i-mandana, i-arikara, i-kiowa, i-apache, i-uichita nezinye eziningi.
• Eningizimu yeNyakatho Melika, izizwe zasePueblo, eNavajo nasePima zazihlala. Lawa mazwe ayebhekwa njengowokuthuthukiswa kakhulu, ngoba ama-aborigines ayebandakanyeka kwezolimo, esebenzisa indlela yokunisela okusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza, kanye nemfuyo efanayo.

AmaCaribbean

Kukholelwa ukuthi inani labantu bomdabu baseCentral America lalingcono kakhulu. Kwakukhona kule ngxenye yezwekazi ukuthi amasimu okulimaza nokushisa okwakungenakunyakaziswa kakhulu okwakhiwa ngaleso sikhathi. Yiqiniso, izizwe zalesi sifunda zasebenzisa ukuchelela kabanzi, okwakwenza bakwazi ukwaneliswa hhayi izitshalo ezilula kakhulu, kepha ngezithelo zeso sitshalo njengommbila, i-legumes, i-sunflower, ithanga, i-agave, i-cocoa, ikotini. Babuye bakhula ugwayi. Abantu bomdabu baseLatin America kulawa mazwe nabo bahlanganyela ekuzaleni izinkomo (ngokufanayo namaNdiya ayehlala e-Andes). Esikoleni kwakukhona ikakhulukazi i-lamas. Futhi phawula ukuthi lapha baqala ukuqonda ubuchwepheshe be-metallurgy, futhi isimiso somphakathi sokuqala sasivele sesidlulela esakhiweni sekilasi, saphenduka isimo sesigqila. Phakathi kwezizwe ezazihlala eCaribbean, ungabiza ama-aztec, amaMishtec, amaMaya, amaPurepecha, amaTotonaki kanye namaZapotec.

ENingizimu Melika

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlanga zama - aztec, amaTotonac nabanye, abantu baseMelika baseMelika babengakhulumi kakhulu. Ukuphela okuwukuphela kwe-Inca Empire, eyayise-Andes futhi yayakhiwe amaNdiya afana nalawo. Ezindaweni zezinsuku zanamuhla zaseBrazil zazihlala ezinhlotsheni zokulima, futhi zizingela izinyoni zendawo, izilwane ezincelisayo. Phakathi kwabo ungabiza i-Arawak, iTupi-Guarani. Insimu yase-Argentina yayihlala abazingeli bamahhashi e-guanaco. I-Tierra del Fuego yayihlalwe yizizwe zaseYamana, yena no-Alakaluph. Bahola indlela yokuphila ehamba phambili, ehamba kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezihlobo zabo, futhi bahlanganyela ekudobeni.

Umbuso we-Incas

Lena inhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke yamaNdiya ayekhona phakathi neminyaka eyi-11 neye-13 ensimini yeColombia yanamuhla, ePeru naseChile. Ngaphambi kokuba abantu baseYurophu befike, izakhamuzi zendawo zinezigaba zabo zokuphatha. Umbuso wawuqukethe izingxenye ezine - iChinchaysuyu, iKolasuyu, i-Antisuiu ne-Kuntisuyu, futhi ngamunye wabo wahlukaniswa waba izifundazwe. UMbuso Wase-Inca wawunezikhundla zawo kanye nemithetho, eyayimelwe kakhulu njengesijeziso sezenzo ezithile ezimbi. Uhlelo lokubusa izwe ababenalo, cishe, abaqedile-abanobudlova. Kulo mbuso kwakukhona futhi ibutho, kwakukhona i-order ethile yezenhlalakahle, phezu kwazo izingxenye eziphansi zazo ezazilawulwa. Ukuphumelela okuyinhloko kwe-Incas yizikhulu zabo ezinkulu. Imigwaqo ayakha emithambekeni yama-Andes, ubude, yafinyelela amakhilomitha angu-25 000. Ukuhamba nabo, amaLamas asetshenziswa njengezilwane zepakethe.

Amasiko nokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko

Isiko sabantu bomdabu baseMelika ikakhulukazi izilimi zabo zokuxhumana, eziningi zazo ezingakapheli ngokuphelele. Iqiniso liwukuthi isizwe ngasinye asikona nje ulimi lwalo, kodwa ulimi lwayo oluzimele, oluzwakala kuphela enkulumweni yomlomo, aluzange lubhale ngesikhathi esifanayo. I-alfabhethi yokuqala eMelika yabonakala kuphela ngo-1826 ngaphansi kobuholi bomholi wesizwe saseCherokee, i-Indian Sequoia. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ama-aborigines asezwekazi basebenzisa izibonakaliso ze-pictographic, futhi uma bekufanele baxoxe nabamele ezinye izindawo, basebenzise ukuzithokozisa, ukuzithokozisa nesimo sokubukeka.

Izinkulunkulu zamaNdiya

Naphezu kwenani elikhulu lezizwe ezazihlala emazweni ahlukene nasezindaweni ezihlukene, izinkolelo zabantu baseMelika zazolula, futhi zingahlanganiswa zibe yinye. Iningi lezizwe zaseNyakatho Melika zazikholelwa ukuthi ubuNkulunkulu buyinjengezindiza ezikude kakhulu olwandle. Ngokomlando wabo, okhokho babo babehlala kule ndege. Futhi labo ababenze isono noma babonisa ukungabi namuntu bawela kuwo baba yize. E-Central America, onkulunkulu babanikezwa ukubonakala kwezilwane, ngokuvamile izinyoni. Izizwe ezihlakaniphile zama-Incas zazivame ukucabangela ukuthi onkulunkulu bazo babantu abadala izwe nakho konke okukulo.

Imibono yenkolo yanamuhla yamaNdiya

Namuhla, abahlali bezwekazi laseMelika abahambisani nemikhuba engokwenkolo eyayiyisici sokhokho babo. Abantu abaningi eNyakatho Melika manje bathi bangamaProthestani nezinhlobo zawo. AmaNdiya namaMestizos, ahlala eMexico naseningizimu yezwekazi, cishe bonke banamathela ebuKatolika obuqinile. Abanye babo baba amaJuda. Abambalwa kuphela asekelwe emibonweni yokhokho babo, futhi balondoloza lolu lwazi ekusithekeni okukhulu kubantu abamhlophe.

Isici sezinganekwane

Ekuqaleni, zonke izindaba, izinganekwane nezinye izingoma zomuntu ezazingamaNdiya, zingasitshela ngokuphila kwazo, ngokuphila, ngezindlela zokuthola ukudla. Lezi zizwe zahlabelela izinyoni, izilwane zasendle nezilwane ezidliwayo, abafowabo nabazali. Ngemva kwesikhashana, izinganekwane zathola uhlamvu oluhlukile. AmaNdiya ayengakholelwa ekudalweni kwezwe, okufana kakhulu neyethu yeBhayibheli. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezindabeni eziningi zabantu baseMelika baseMelika kukhona unkulunkulu othize - owesifazane onama-braids. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukumiswa komuntu nokufa, ukudla kanye nempi, umhlaba kanye namanzi. Akanayo igama, kodwa ukubhekisela kwamandla akhe kutholakala cishe yonke imithombo yaseNdiya yasendulo.

Isiphetho

Sikhulume ngenhla ukuthi abantu okuthiwa amaNdiya aseMelika bangama-48 million, ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni. Laba bantu abhalisiwe ezweni labo, okungabomphakathi wakoloni. Uma sicabanga ngala maNdiya asaphila ezizweni, khona-ke isibalo sizoba esikhulu kakhulu. Ngokusho kwedatha engavumelekile, eMelika kunabameleli abangaphezu kuka-60 000 bomncintiswano waseMelika ozovela e-Alaska naseTierra del Fuego.