I-oral cavity, anatomy: isithombe

Umlomo womlomo, isakhiwo esizoxoxwa ngaso esihlokweni sethu, isici "somngcele" phakathi kwemvelo kanye nemvelo yangaphakathi yomuntu. Kudala isivinini esinzima kuma-microorganisms, ukuhlinzeka ngesigaba sokuqala sokugaya nokubonakala kwemisindo.

I-oral cavity: i-anatomy ku-ontogenesis

Phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwamabriyoni womuntu, umlomo womlomo uqala ukuthuthukisa ngosuku lweshumi nambili. Ngokubukeka, kuyisivikelo se-ectoderm, esitholakala phakathi kwenhliziyo ye-protrusion ne-vestide ye-cerebral. Kulesi sikhathi kuthiwa umgodi, noma umlomo womlomo.

Ulimi luqala ngeviki le-4-5 leminyango. Kanye nemisipha yokuhlafuna, kungumphumela wokuguqulwa kwamagceke e-gill. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwesigxobo somlomo, isisindo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kuvumela ukuthi ingane ilalele i-amniotic fluid. Lona imvelo lapho itholakala khona. Ngeviki le-7, ukufihleka ukunambitheka kuvela olimini. Ekuqaleni kwenyanga yesibili yokuthuthukiswa kombungu, ukubunjwa kwesibhakabhaka kuqedwa.

Izici ze-mucosa

I-anatomy yesikhumba somlomo (isithombe sikhombisa isakhiwo sayo) imelelwe yizingxenye ezilandelayo: izindebe, ulimi, izihlathi, amazinyo, izinsini, amathanga wezingqungquthela ezisezingeni eliphakeme, isibhakabhaka nama-tonsils.

Inendima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni imisebenzi yayo idlalwe yi-mucosa eyakhiwe izicubu ze-planar epithelial multilayer. Ngaphansi kwalo yi-membrane ye-basal ne-submucosa. Isici esiyingxenye ye-epithelium yomlomo yikhono eliphakeme lokuvuselela, okubangelwa ukungqimba kwalo, kanye nokumelana nemiphumela emibi yezifo kanye nokucasula kwemvelo.

Eqinisweni, i-mucosa yenziwa ngamaseli ezinyamazane ezixhunyiwe. Kuyinto yokuthi kuneziphetho zezinzwa, izitsha ze- capillary nezethempeli. Empeleni i-mucosa inezinhlaka ezikhethekile zamaselula ezenza imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-macrophages, amafutha namaseli e-plasma. Bahlinzeka nge-phagocytosis yezinhlayiya zangaphandle, ukulawulwa kwe-permmeability yemithwalo yegazi, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-immunoglobulins.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-receptors ku-mucosa yomlomo. Lezi zihlanganisa ubuhlungu, ubuciko kanye nokushisa. Kodwa ukunambitheka akuboni ukuthi kunamahloni. Lo msebenzi wenziwa yingxube ye-muscular yomlomo womlomo - ulimi.

Ngenxa yalokho, kungashiwo ukuthi i-mucosa yesigxobo somlomo womuntu inikeza imisebenzi evikelekile, ebucayi kanye neplastiki.

Ulimi

I-anatomy yesigxobo somlomo womuntu inikeza ukwakheka kokuzwela ukunambitheka. Zenzeka uma amakhemikhali ahlukene evezwa kwi-receptors ezikhethekile. Vumelanisa, umbono we ukunambitha ungumuntu ngamunye. Kodwa ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo zayo eziyinhloko. Lezi zihlanganisa omuncu, obabayo, othakazelisayo nosawoti.

Ama-receptors alawa abizwa ngokuthi yi-chemoreceptors. Zitholakala emafihlethini enambitha, ngalinye elixhuma ekuvuleni komlomo ngezikhathi ezithile. Naphezu kokuhlelwa kwesakhiwo esivamile, bonke bayazikhethela. Ngakho-ke, iphuzu lolimi lugxila ema-receptors abonakala amnandi, emaphethelweni - omuncu, empandeni - ebuhlungu. Okubanzi kakhulu indawo engakwazi ukubona ukunambitheka okusawoti. Itholakala esiqongweni futhi ijikeleze emaphethelweni. Ulimi luhlanganyela ekwakheni imisindo, ukumanzisa, ukugqugquzela nokugwinya ukudla.

Anatomy emlonyeni namazinyo

Ukucubungula kokukhiqiza kokudla kwenziwa ngesizo lamazinyo. Ngokuvamile kunezinhlobo ezingu-32. Kunezinhlayiya ezingu-4, ama-canines amabili, ama-4 amancane nama-molar amakhulu angu-6 kuzo zonke izinhlayiya. Zonke zazo zikhethekile. Ngakho-ke, ngosizo lwe-incisors kanye ne-canines, ukudla kuyanqunywa, futhi nge-molars usuvele uchotshoziwe ube esimweni sama-mushy.

Ngezici zesakhiwo sangaphandle kuzinyo ukuhlukanisa impande, intamo nomqhele. Lesi sigaba siyingxenye yaso ebonakalayo futhi sitholakala ngaphezu kwegamu. Izicubu ezihlanganisa umqhele kuthiwa koqweqwe lwawo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kunzima kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu. Intamo yakha imithi encane eqinile - usimende. Izicubu ezixhumayo ezigcwalisa izinyo zino yi-pulp. Iqukethe ama-fibre ye-nerve, imithwalo ye-lymph and blood. Ngakho-ke, kungenxa ye-pulp ukuthi ukudla okunomsoco nokukhula kwamazinyo kwenzeka.

Ukubunjwa kwalezi zakhiwo zomlomo womlomo? I-plaque yamazinyo isesezinkathini zobumboni. Kodwa zivela izinyanga eziyisithupha emva kokuzalwa kwengane. Ingqikithi engama-20 Ngama-milk, kuze kube yiminyaka engu-10, ishintshwa yizinsuku ezihlala njalo. Okokugcina ukukhula amazinyo okuhlakanipha, avela eneminyaka engu-25. Kubantu, bayabonakala, ngoba balahlekelwa incazelo yabo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo.

Abamukeli

Ososayensi bathi cishe ama-buddha angama-2000 atholakale emlonyeni womlomo. Ekuphenduleni kokudla, bathukuthele. Izimpawu, ezakhiwe kuleli cala, kanye nezintambo zezinzwa zithunyelwa phakathi komnyango okhethekile we-cortex ye-cerebral. Lapha, kunomqondo wokunambitheka.

Kuzo zonke iziqu zabantu ngabanye. Ukunambitheka kunqunywa ububanzi bokuzwela. Kwezamakhemikhali ahlukene, akufani. Okuphezulu kunomunyu, okuphansi kunomuncu. Kodwa umuntu onosawoti nowomnandi ubona okufanayo.

Ukusetshenziselwa kokudla kweMikhali

I-anatomy yesigxobo somlomo kanye ne-pharynx yilezi zihlobo zelondolozi lokugaya ukudla okuyinhloko. Ngokuqondile ukudla, isithombe saso noma ngisho nephunga kukhuthaza ukunyuka. Lokhu kwenzeka ngosizo lwama-glands, amathanga ayo avulwa emlonyeni. Ngosizo lwamathe, i-carbohydrate eyinkimbinkimbi ihlukaniswa ibe yizinambuzane ezilula, ezingenayo i-neutralizing, zithuthukisa futhi zithuthukisa ukudla. Khona-ke, ngosizo lwelulwimi, uqhubekela phambili ku-pharynx, aqhubekele ngaphakathi kwesisu nangesisu.

Ukwakhiwa kwamathe

Ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, ummangali uyisimo esingenakuqhathaniswa nesimo esingaguquki. Okuqukethwe kuka-98% kokuqukethwe kwawo kungamanzi. Ukupaka ushukela oluyinkimbinkimbi kunikezwa ama-enzyme amathe - i-maltase, i-amylase ne-lysozyme. Izinto zokugcina zibuye zenze umsebenzi wokuzivikela, zinikeze izinambuzane ezincane ze-pathogenic futhi ziphulukise amanxeba omlomo womlomo.

I-saliva ibuye iqukethe i-mucus, ebizwa ngokuthi i-mucin. Inikeza ukudla okunomsoco nokukhukhulayo. Ngakho-ke, kokubili ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali nokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali kwenziwa ngumlomo womlomo. I-anatomy yalo mnyango wesimiso sokugaya umzimba ixhunyaniswe ngokuphelele nemisebenzi eyenziwe.

Ukudlwengula kwenzeka kanjani?

Inqubo yamathe ayiyinkinga. Ukuze 'uqale' kubalulekile ukucasula ama-receipt of the mucosa yomlomo. Ngenxa yalokho, kuphakama izimpikiswano zesibindi, kamuva ezithunyelwa emkhatsini wamathambo we-medulla oblongata. Inqubo enjalo ayinqatshelwe-i-reflex.

Kodwa uma sicabanga nje ngelamula elimuncu noma ikhekhe elimnandi, amathe ayoqala ukubonakala emlonyeni. Izisusa ezinjalo zinemibandela.

Ngakho-ke, isigxobo somlomo, isisu esasibhekwa kuso esihlokweni sethu, senza imisebenzi elandelayo:

• Ukunqunywa kwekhwalithi nokunambitha kokudla;
• Ukucubungula kokudla kwamakhemikhali namakhemikhali;
• Ukuvikelwa komzimba kusuka ezigulwini, imikhiqizo engalungile;
• Ukwakhiwa kwesilwane sokudla;
• Ukugawula ama-carbohydrate eziyinkimbinkimbi zibe lula.