Izinhlamvu ze-aluminium. I-Aluminium: isici esivamile

Isici ngasinye samakhemikhali singacatshangwa kusukela ekubukeni kwezesayensi ezintathu: physics, chemistry kanye biology. Futhi kulesi sihloko sizozama ukunikeza izici ze-aluminium ngokunembile ngangokunokwenzeka. Lesi isici samakhemikhali esiseqenjini lesithathu nesikhathi sesithathu, ngokusho kwetafula lezincwadi. I-aluminium iyinsimbi enesilinganiso samakhemikhali ajwayelekile. Futhi kumakhemikhali ayo umuntu angakwazi ukubona izakhiwo zamamphoteric. Umthamo we-aluminium wama-athomu

Izici zomzimba ze-aluminium

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, liqinile. I-aluminium formula ilula kakhulu. Iqukethe ama-athomu (angahlanganisani nama-molecule), ahlanganiswe ne-crystal lattice ibe yinto eqinile. Umbala we-aluminium ungumhlophe we-silvery. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ine-luster ensimbi, njengazo zonke ezinye izinto kuleli qembu. Umbala we-aluminium osetshenziselwa embonini ungase uhluke ngenxa yobuningi be-alloy. Kuyinto ensimbi kakhulu. Ubuningi bayo buyi-2.7 g / cm3, okungukuthi, cishe izikhathi ezintathu zilula ngaphezu kwensimbi. Kulokhu anganikeza kuphela i-magnesium, elula ngisho nesikhumba esibhekene nayo. Ubunzima be-aluminium buphansi kakhulu. Kulo, liphansi kunezinsimbi eziningi. Ubulukhuni be-aluminium bodwa kuphela emkhakheni we-Mohs. Ngakho-ke, ukuliqinisa, ama-alloys asekelwe kule nsimbi ayenezela ngokuqinile.

Ukuqubuka kwe-aluminium kwenzeka ekushiseni kwama-degree angu-660 kuphela. Futhi lipheka lapho livutha ukushisa kwamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu namashumi amahlanu degrees Celsius. Kuyinsimbi enamandla kakhulu futhi ephansi. Lokhu akuwona ukuphela kwezici ezibonakalayo ze-aluminium. Ngingathanda futhi ukuphawula ukuthi le nsimbi ine-conductivity engcono kunazo zonke kagesi ngemva kwethusi nesiliva.

Ukuvama emvelweni

I-Aluminium, izici zobuchwepheshe esizicabangayo, zivame ukutholakala emvelweni. Kungatholakala emaminerali amaningi. I-aluminium ye-Element - yesine phakathi kwabo bonke ekusakazeni kwemvelo. Ingxenyana yayo enkulu emkhakheni womhlaba cishe amaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye. Amaminerali amakhulu, aqukethe ama-athomu awo, a-bauxite, corundum, cryolite. Owokuqala uyidwala eliqukethe ama-oxides ensimbi, i-silicon kanye nensimbi esetshenziselwa ukuphendula, futhi ama-molecule emanzini akhona nesakhiwo. Unemibala engavamile: izingcezu zegrey, ezinombala obomvu neminye imibala, encike ekufikeni kokungcola okuhlukahlukene. Kusukela kumaphesenti angamashumi amathathu kuya kwamashumi ayisithupha kulesi sizwe i-aluminium, isithombe esingabonakala ngenhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-corundum iyi-mineral ejwayelekile kakhulu emvelweni.

Lokhu kuyi-aluminium oxide. I-formula yayo yamakhemikhali i-Al2O3. Ingaba nombala obomvu, ophuzi, obomvu noma obomvu. Ubukhuni bayo emkhakheni we-Mohs yizingxenye eziyisishiyagalolunye. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-corundum ziyaziwa ngama-sapphire nama-rubies, ama-leucosapphires, kanye ne-padparadzha (isafire eliphuzi).

I-Cryolite iyi-mineral nge-formula eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yamakhemikhali. Itkethe aluminium kanye sodium fluorides - AlF3 • 3NaF. Ibukeka njengetshe elingenambala noma elimhlophe, elinobulukhuni obuphansi - kuphela ezintathu emkhakheni we-Mohs. Ezweni lanamuhla lenziwe ngokwanele ebhokisatri. Isetshenziswe ku-metallurgy.

Futhi, i-aluminium ingatholakala emvelweni ezindaweni zobumba, izingxenye eziyinhloko zazo eziyi-oxides ze-silicon kanye nensimbi esetshenziselwayo, ehambisana nama-molecule emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sakhi samakhemikhali singabonwa ekubunjweni kwezintambo, i-chemical formula ebonakala kanje: KNa3 [AlSiO4] 4.

Ukuthola

Izici ze-aluminium zihlanganisa ukucubungula izindlela zokwenziwa kwawo. Kunezindlela eziningana. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium ngenqubo yokuqala kwenzeka ngezinyathelo ezintathu. Ukugcina kwalokhu kuyinkqubo ye-electrolysis ku-cathode kanye ne-anode yamalahle. Ukuze kwenziwe inqubo enjalo, i-aluminium oxide iyadingeka, kanye nezinto eziwusizo ezifana ne-cryolite (ifomula - Na3AlF6) ne-calcium fluoride (CaF2). Ukuze ukwehliswa kwe-aluminium oxide kuqubuke emanzini, kufanele kube nokushisa kanye ne-cryolite encibilikisiwe ne-calcium fluoride kuya ekushiseni okungenani ama-degree angamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi amahlanu ngesilinganiso se-Celsius, bese udlulisa lezi zinto njengamanje ama-amperes ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye kanye ne-voltage yamahlanu- Izintambo eziyisishiyagalombili. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yale nqubo, i-aluminium izohlala ku-cathode, futhi i-molecule ye-oksijini iyobuthelela ku-anode, ephihliza i-anode iphinde iphenduke ibe yi-carbon dioxide. Ngaphambi kokwenza le nqubo, i-bauxite, ekhishwa ngayo i-aluminium oxide, i-pre-cleaned of impurities, futhi inqubo yokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi iyasebenza.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium ngendlela echazwe ngenhla kuvamile kakhulu emetallurgy. Kukhona indlela eyakhiwe ngo-1827 nguF F. Weller. Iqukethe ukuthi i-aluminium ingatholakala ngokuphendula kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwe-chloride yayo ne-potassium. Inqubo enjalo ingenziwa kuphela ngokudala izimo ezikhethekile ngendlela yokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu nokuvutha. Ngakho-ke, kusukela emulenzeni owodwa we-chloride nomthamo ofanayo we-potassium, i-moleyamu eyodwa ye-aluminium kanye nama-moles amathathu e-potassium chloride ingatholakala njengomkhiqizo. Lokhu kuphendula kungabhalwa ngesimo sokwabelana okulandelayo: АІСІ3 + 3К = АІ + 3КСІ. Le ndlela ayitholanga ukuthandwa kakhulu kwi-metallurgy.

Ukufaniswa kwe-aluminium ngokwemithi yamakhemikhali

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, lokhu kuyinto elula equkethe ama-athomu angahlanganisiwe abe ama-molecule. Ifomu lezinhlaka ezifanayo cishe zonke izinsimbi. I-Aluminium inomsebenzi okwenziwe ngamakhemikhali aphezulu kanye nezakhiwo zokunciphisa ezinamandla. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhemikhali e-aluminium kuqala ngokuchazwa kwesenzo salo nezinye izinto ezilula, futhi ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo nezinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi kuzochazwa.

Aluminium kanye nezinto ezilula

Lokhu kuhlanganisa, okokuqala, i-oksijeni - isakhi esivame kakhulu emhlabeni. Amaphesenti angamashumi amabili nanye ahlanganisa umkhathi womhlaba. Ukusabela kwalesi sici nanoma yikuphi okubizwa ngokuthi ukukhipha, noma ukushisa. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Kodwa esimweni se-aluminium, i-oxidation ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile kungenzeka - yile ndlela ifilimu ye-oxide eyakhiwa ngayo. Uma insimbi enikeziwe ichotshoziwe, iyoshisa, inikeze kanjalo inani eliningi lamandla ngendlela yokushisa. Ukufeza impendulo phakathi kwe-aluminium ne-oksijeni, lezi zakhi ziyadingeka ngenani le-molar le-4: 3, okuholela ezingxenyeni ezimbili ze-oxide.

Lokhu kusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali kuboniswa njenge-equation elandelayo: 4AI + 3O2 = 2AIO3. Kanti futhi kungenzeka ukuphendula kwe-aluminium nge-halogen, okufaka u-fluorine, i-iodine, i-bromine ne-chlorine. Amagama yalezi zinqubo avela kumagama ama-halogen ahambisanayo: ukufucumfucuza, ukudayiswa kwe-iodination, ukukhishwa kwamabhomu nokuchlorisa. Lezi zindlela ezijwayelekile zokuphendula.

Ngokwesibonelo, ake sikhulume ukusebenzisana kwe-aluminium ne-chlorine. Lolu hlobo lwenqubo lungenzeka kuphela emakhazeni.

Ngakho-ke, ukuthatha ama-moles amabili e-aluminium kanye nama-moles amathathu e-chlorine, sithola imiphumela emibili ye-chloride yensimbi ebuzwayo. Ukulingana kwalokhu kusabela kanje: 2А + 3СІ = 2АІІ3. Ngendlela efanayo, i-aluminium fluoride, i-bromide ne-iodide yayo ingatholakala.

Ngesibabule, into ebhekene nayo iphendula kuphela uma ishisa. Ukufeza ukuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zinhlanganisela ezimbili, kubalulekile ukuzithatha ngokulingana kwamabili kuya kwezingu-3, kanti ingxenye eyodwa ye-aluminium sulphide yenziwa. I-equation yokusabela yile ndlela elandelayo: 2Al + 3S = Al2S3.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, emazingeni aphezulu okushisa, i-aluminium ihlangana ne-carbon, i-carbide, ne-nitrogen, yokwenza i-nitride. Omunye angacacisa ukulinganisa okulandelayo kokuphendula kwamakhemikhali: 4AI + 3C = AІ4C3; 2Al + N2 = 2AlN.

Ukusebenzisana nezinto ezinzima

Lezi zihlanganisa amanzi, usawoti, ama-acids, ama-bases, ama-oxydes. Kuzo zonke lezi amakhemikhali, i-aluminium iphendula ngokuhlukile. Ake sihlolisise icala ngalinye.

Ukuphendula ngamanzi

Ngesisindo esiyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke emhlabeni, i-aluminium iphendula ngokushisa. Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela uma kususwa kokuqala kwefilimu kusuka e-oxide. Ngenxa yokuxhumana, i-amphoteric hydroxide yakhiwa, futhi i-hydrogen nayo ikhishwa emoyeni. Ukuthatha izingxenye ezimbili ze-aluminium kanye nezingxenye eziyisithupha zamanzi, sithola i-hydroxide ne-hydrogen ngokulingana kwama-molar amabili kuya kwabathathu. Ukulingana kwalokhu kusabela kubhalwe kanje: 2AI + 6H2O = 2AI (OH) 3 + 3H2.

Ukuxhumana nama-acids, izisekelo nezinsimbi

Njengezinye izinsimbi ezisebenzayo, i-aluminium iyakwazi ukufaka ukusabela kokufaka endaweni. Kulesi simo, kungasusa i-hydrogen kusuka e-asidi noma e-cation yensimbi engasetshenzisiwe kasawoti. Ngenxa yokuxhumana okunjalo, kutholakala usawoti we-aluminium, i-hydrogen nayo ikhishwa (uma kwenzeka i-asidi) noma izakhi zensimbi ezihlanzekile (enye engasebenzi kakhulu kuneyona ecatshangelwe). Esimweni sesibili, izakhiwo zokunciphisa okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla zivela. Isibonelo ukusebenzisana kwe-aluminium ne- hydrochloric acid, lapho i-aluminium chloride yakha khona futhi i-hydrogen ikhishwa emoyeni. Lolu hlobo lokuphendula luboniswa ngesimo se-equation elandelayo: 2AI + 6HCl = 2A²СІ3 + 3H2.

Isibonelo sokusebenzisana kwe-aluminium ngosawoti ukuphendula kwayo nge- sulfate yethusi. Ukuthatha lezi zakhi ezimbili, ekugcineni sithola i- aluminium sulphate nethusi elihlanzekile, elizophela njengesikhashana. Nge-acids efana ne-sulfuric ne-nitric, i-aluminium iphendula ngendlela engavamile. Isibonelo, uma i-aluminium yengezwe kwisisombululo esiluhlisayo se-nitrate in isilinganiso se-molar sezingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili kuya ezingamashumi amathathu, izingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili ze-nitrate zensimbi zakhiwa, izingxenye ezintathu ze-nitrogen oxide namanzi ayishumi nanhlanu. Ukulingana kwalokhu kusabela kulotshiwe ngalendlela: 8Al + 30HNO3 = 8Al (NO3) 3 + 3N2O + 15H2O. Le nqubo ivele kuphela lapho kunezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.

Uma uxuba i-aluminium nesisombululo esibuthakathaka se-sulphate acid ngokulingana kwama-molar amabili kuya kwezintathu, sithola i-sulfate yensimbi ebuzwayo ne-hydrogen ngesilinganiso esisodwa kuya kwesithathu. Okokuthi, ukuphendula okujwayelekile okuzokwenzeka kuzokwenzeka, njengokunye kwamanye ama-acids. Ukuze kucaciswe, sinikeza ukulingana: 2Al + 3H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 + 3H2. Noma kunjalo, ngesisombululo esicacile se-asidi efanayo, konke kunzima kakhulu. Lapha, njengokwesimo se-nitrate, kwenziwa umkhiqizo, kodwa hhayi ngesimo se-oxide, kodwa ngesimo sulfure, namanzi. Uma sithatha izingxenye ezimbili ezidingekayo kithi ngokulinganisa kwe-molar ezimbili kuya kwezine, ngakho-ke ngenxa yalokho sithola ingxenye eyodwa kasawoti wensimbi nesulfure embuzweni, futhi amane - amanzi. Lokhu kusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali kungaboniswa ngokulingana okulandelayo: 2Al + 4H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 + S + 4H2O. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-aluminium iyakwazi ukusabela ngezixazululo ze-alkali. Ukufeza lokhu kusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali, kubalulekile ukuthatha ama-moles amabili ensimbi enombono, i- sodium hydroxyde noma i-potassium hydroxide, kanye nama-moles ayisithupha amanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa izinto ezifana ne-sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate noma i-potassium, kanye ne-hydrogen, ekhishwa njengegesi elinomlilo ocijile ngokulingana kwamabili kuya kwezintathu. Lokhu kusabela kwamakhemikhali kungamelwa njenge-equation elandelayo: 2AI + 2KOH + 6H2O = 2K [AI (OH) 4] + 3H2.

Futhi into yokugcina yokucabangela yimizila yokusebenzisana kwe-aluminium ne-oxides ethile. Icala elivame kakhulu futhi lisetshenziselwa ukusabela kukaBeetetov. Lokhu, kanye nezinye eziningi ezingenhla, kwenzeka kuphela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ngakho, ukuze uyisebenzise, udinga ukuthatha ama-moles amabili aluminium kanye nomlenze owodwa we-ferrux oxide. Ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwalezi zinto ezimbili, sithola i-alumina nensimbi yamahhala ngesamba se-moles eyodwa nesibini, ngokulandelana.

Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi ebucayi embonini

Qaphela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium kujwayelekile kakhulu. Okokuqala, imboni yezindiza idinga. Kanye nama-alloys magnesium, ama-alloys asekelwe ensimbi okucatshangelwe nawo asetshenziswa lapha. Singasho ukuthi indiza ejwayelekile ingu-50% eyakhiwe ama-aluminium alloys, kanti injini yayo yi-25%. Futhi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium kwenziwa ekwenzeni izintambo nezintambo ngenxa yokuqhuba kahle kwegesi kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nsimbi kanye nama-alloys ayo asetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezimoto. Kulezi zinto zinezimpawu zezimoto, amabhasi, ama-trolleybuses, amanye ama-trams, kanye nezimoto zezitimela ezivamile nezigesi. Ibuye isetshenziselwe izinhloso ezincane, isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kokupakisha kokudla neminye imikhiqizo, izitsha. Ukuze wenze upende lokuthutha, i-powder yensimbi ebuzwayo iyadingeka. Leli pende liyadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe insimbi ekushiseni. Kungashiwo ukuthi i-aluminium iyinsimbi yesibili esetshenziswa kakhulu embonini ngemuva kwe-ferrum. Amakhemikhali akhe kanye naye ngokuvamile asetshenziswa embonini yamakhemikhali. Lokhu kungenxa yamakhemikhali akhethekile e-aluminium, kufaka phakathi izindawo zayo zokunciphisa kanye nama-amphotericity yamakhemikhali awo. I-hydroxide yesici samakhemikhali esibucayi siyadingeka ukuze kuhlanzwe amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa ekwenzeni imithi. Futhi ingatholakala kwezinye izinhlobo zepulasitiki nezinye izinto.

Iqhaza emvelweni

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, i-aluminium itholakala ngobuningi emkhakheni womhlaba. Kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni izinto eziphilayo. I-Aluminium ibandakanyeka ekulawulweni kwezinqubo zokukhula, ihlanganisa izicubu ezixhumeneyo, njenge-bone, ligament nezinye. Ngenxa yale microelement, izinqubo zokuvuselela izicubu zenziwa ngokushesha. Ukuntuleka kwayo kubonakala yizibonakaliso ezilandelayo: ukukhathazeka okuthuthukiswa nokukhula ezinganeni, kubantu abadala - ukukhathala okungapheli, ukwehlisa ukusebenza kahle, ukungasebenzi kahle kokunyakaza, ukuncipha kwamazinga okuvuselelwa kwezicubu, ukukhubazeka kwemisipha, ikakhulukazi emlenzeni. Isimo esinjalo singavela uma udla imikhiqizo embalwa kakhulu nokuqukethwe kwe-microelected given.

Kodwa-ke, inkinga ephindaphindiwe yi-aluminium engaphezu komzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpawu ezinjengokwesaba, ukucindezeleka, ukuphazamiseka kokulala, ukulahlekelwa inkumbulo, ukumelana nokucindezeleka, ukunciphisa isimiso se-musculoskelet ngokuvamile kugcinwa, okungaholela ekuqhekekeni okuphindaphindiwe nokuphambana. Njengoba ngokweqile okwedlulele kwe-aluminium emzimbeni, kunezinkinga kaningi ekusebenziseni cishe zonke izinhlelo zomzimba.

Kule nkinga kungabangela izizathu eziningi. Okokuqala, kuyinto cookware aluminium. Ososayensi baye bafakazela isikhathi eside ukuthi izitsha ezenziwe ngensimbi okukhulunywe ngayo azifanelekile ukupheka kuyo, ngoba ekushiseni okuphezulu enye i-aluminium isungisiwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, udla okuningi kwalokhu okulandelwayo kunokuba umzimba udinga.

Isizathu sesibili - ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwezimonyo ezinokuqukethwe kwensimbi noma usawoti walo. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yimuphi umkhiqizo, kufanele ufunde ngokucophelela ukwakheka kwawo. I-Cosmetics akuyona into ehlukile.

Isizathu sesithathu sithatha izidakamizwa ezinama aluminium amaningi, isikhathi eside. Futhi futhi ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kwamavithamini kanye nezithasiselo zokudla, ezifaka le microelement.

Manje ake sibheke ukuthi imikhiqizo aqukethe aluminium ukulungisa ukudla kwakho futhi ukuhlela imenyu efanele. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko izaqathe, ushizi kusetshenzwe, ukolo, alum, amazambane. Izithelo amapetshisi ukwatapheya yanconywa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-aluminiyamu-ocebile iklabishi, irayisi, amakhambi amaningi. Futhi, we cations metal zingase amanzi okuphuza. Ukuze ugweme eliphezulu kakhulu noma eliphansi okuqukethwe aluminium emzimbeni (Nokho, nje njenganoma yiluphi olunye izakhi mkhondo), udinga ukuqapha ngokucophelela ukudla kwabo bese uzama ukwenza kube olinganiselayo ngangokunokwenzeka.