Acid acid isakhiwo. Incazelo kanye ngezigaba amino acid

Phakathi ukuhlukahluka esikhulu izinto zemvelo amino acid nendawo ekhethekile. Kuyinto ngenxa yenani wazo ongavamile kokubili biology kanye ne-chemistry organic. Iqiniso liwukuthi kusukela ama-amino acid aqukethe molecule elula eziyinkimbinkimbi amaprotheni, okuyinto kuyisisekelo sesihlalo ngasinye ifomu lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi isayensi unaka sina ekutadisheni nezindaba ezifana acid acid isakhiwo, izakhiwo, kukhiqizwa futhi kusetshenziswa. Inani elikhulu lezi zakhi kwezokwelapha, lapho esetshenziselwa khona njengoba amalungiselelo okwelapha. Kulabo bantu abenza sina wahlanganyela impilo yabo, ukuhola ngendlela esebenzayo wokuphila, amaprotheni monomers kukhona uhlobo ukudla (okuthiwa ezemidlalo umsoco). Ezinye izinhlobo elisetshenziswa organic zokwenziwa-chemistry njengoba feedstock enkulu ekwakhekeni nezindwangu zokwenziwa - enanth kanye inayiloni. Njengoba ubona, i-acid acid ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu kokubili imvelo kanye emphakathini wesintu, ngakho ukubheka ngokuningiliziwe.

Izici isakhiwo amino acid

Compounds alesi sigaba izinto amphoteric organic, okusho aqukethe amaqembu amabili ukusebenza, futhi ngenxa yalokho abonise izakhiwo ezimbili. Ikakhulukazi, amangqamuzana samanje hydrocarbyl ezizivelelayo enamathiselwe amaqembu acid NH ₂ namaqembu carboxylic COOH. I zamakhemikhali nezinye izinto njengemigoqo base-amino acid, indlela acid. Isomers compounds enjalo kubonakala ngenxa ushintsho noma ukucushwa kwezendawo skeleton carbon, noma acid isikhundla, kanye nokubekwa ngezigaba amino acid kunqunywa isekelwe izici kwesakhiwo izindawo hydrocarbon olukhulu. Kungathatha ngendlela uchungechunge ngqo noma branched futhi aqukethe izakhiwo eyindilinga.

umsebenzi Optical acid aminocarboxylic

Zonke monomers ka polypeptides nezinhlobo zabo 20 ekhona emzimbeni izitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu, kukhona acid L-acid. Iningi lazo libe carbon athomu quin, ukuvula ngenkathi ligijima athuthukisiwe ukukhanya ugongolo kwesobunxele. Amabili isoleucine monomer futhi threonine - babe ama-athomu amabili carbon okunjalo futhi aminoacetic acid (glycine) - akukho. amino ngeengaba umsebenzi optical kabanzi oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo futhi molecular biology ekutadisheni inqubo okuhunyushiwe amaprotheni biosynthesis. Ngokuthakazelisayo, D-ifomu amino acid neze ingxenye amaketanga polypeptide amaprotheni, kodwa zikhona nolwelwesi amagciwane imikhiqizo umzimba isikhunta, actinomycetes, ukuthi, eqinisweni, abakuthola imithi elwa namagciwane zemvelo ezifana gramicidin kuthiwa. Ngo-biochemistry eyaziwa kahle unesimo D-ifomu isakhiwo ngekwendzawo efana citrulline, homoserine, ornithine, ukudlala indima ebalulekile ukusabela cell umzimba.

Kuyini zwitterions?

Nalapha futhi, monomers ukuthi amaprotheni akhiwa amaqembu obusebenzayo kukhona ama futhi acid carboxylic. Izinhlayiyana -NH ₂ futhi COOH basebenzisane ndawonye ngaphakathi molecule, okuholela nosawoti kwangaphakathi, ngokuthi ion okuguquguqukayo (zwitterion). Lokhu kuwachaza kahle isakhiwo sangaphakathi amino acid abo okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuze uxhumane kumakhemikhali awuketshezi polar, njengamanzi. Ukuba khona izinhlayiya icala e isixazululo kubangela conductivity yabo.

acid Yini α-amino

Uma iqembu amino ku-molecule e-carbon-athomu lokuqala, uma ngibala kusukela indawo carboxyl indawo, ezifana acid acid kungokwalabo isigaba of acid α-amino. Akulesi indawo ephambili kophawu, ngoba kusukela lezi monomers nalolwakheke zonke amaprotheni molecule eziphila abakhuthele, isib, ezifana enzyme, i-hemoglobin, actin, collagen nokunye okunjalo. D. isakhiwo saleli ekilasini amino acid angabhekwa isibonelo glycine, okufanayo okuyinto kabanzi umkhuba neurologic njengoba kulungiselelwa opholile for ekwelapheni amafomu omnene zokucindezeleka futhi neurasthenia.

igama International lokhu acid acid - α-glycine, kukhona i-optical L-ukuma futhi proteinogenic, okuhilelekile inqubo translation and liyingxenye macromolecules amaprotheni.

Amaphrotheni kanye nendima yabo umzimba monomers

Akunakwenzeka ukuba zibone ngeso lengqondo ukusebenza evamile umzimba ezincelisayo, kuhlanganise nomuntu, ngaphandle kwama-hormone, ehlanganisa amaprotheni molecule. Isakhiwo amakhemikhali le amino acid ngaphakathi kubo, kuqinisekisa bengabakaJehova le α-amafomu. Isb, triiodothyronine kanti thyroxine ezivezwa indlala yegilo. Bona lokulawula umzimba kumaseli zalo umqondo kusuka α-amino acid tyrosine. I amaprotheni elula eziyinkimbinkimbi ezitholakala njengoba monomers ezinkulu 20 nemikhiqizo yabo. I prothrombin, elawula igazi coagulation, kuyisici esihlupha carboxyglutamic acid myosin (imisipha amaprotheni) methyllysine itholiwe, enzyme peroxidase - selenocysteine.

Umsoco amaprotheni monomers zabo

Uma ucabangela isakhiwo amino acid kanye ngezigaba zabo, sizogxila ukushiyana kwezidalwa esekelwe ikhono noma ukungakwazi amaprotheni monomers kwemiqondo kumaseli. Alanine, proline, tyrosine nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali kwakheka ukusabela exchange epulasitiki kanye tryptophan, nezinye acid eziyisikhombisa acid badinga ukuthola umzimba wethu kuphela ukudla.

Omunye inkomba ukudla lesifanele nolinganiselayo akuwona ezingeni ukudliwa ngabantu ukudla amaprotheni. Kufanele kube okungenani ingxenye yesine ka-isamba ukudla wathola umzimba ngosuku. Kubaluleke ngokukhethekile ukuthi amaprotheni eziqukethwe ngezithako zawo valine, isoleucine, nezinye amino acid ezibalulekile. Kulokhu, amaprotheni abizwa ngokuthi ephelele. Bangenela umzimba womuntu kusuka ukudla isitshalo, noma ukudla okune isikhunta.

Monomers ngokwabo amaprotheni kubalulekile ayikwazi kuhlelwe amaseli mammalian. Uma sicabangela isakhiwo zishintshe amino acid, okuyizinto ezibalulekile, singabona ukuthi basonta amakilasi ezahlukene. Ngakho, valine futhi leucine kukhona uchungechunge aliphatic, tryptophan - kuya elimnandi amino acid kanye threonine - a hydroxyamino.