Voronezh wenkululeko kubahlaseli amaNazi

Amandla nesibindi abantu baseSoviet bayinqoba impi esibi kunazo kwekhulu elidlule. feat wazo wawudlula kwansuku on the front, ngaphambili langemuva, emkhakheni, emahlathini engabandlululi nasemaxhaphozini. Amakhasi we History of the Patriotic Omkhulu angasulwa izinkumbulo zabantu, lokhu kwandisa isikhathi sokuthula futhi ukudamba kancane kancane isizukulwane nobuqhawe. Kumele sikhumbule futhi udlulise lokuxoxela izizukulwane ezizayo, izifundo isibindi kanye esikalini yenhlekelele abantu. Isikhathi eside impela eLeningrad, Battle of eMoscow, kwaseStalingrad, eKursk, kukhululwa kwebantfu Voronezh nayo yonke ukulwa naleyo mpi, okwasiza uwine intshi nasezweni lokuzalwa ngezimpilo zabo.

Isimo phambili

Summer 1942 kwaba ngenxa amaJalimane ithuba lesibili yokutakula isinyathelo empini. Iqembu elikhulu amasosha uvinjiwe ohlangothini enyakatho (Leningrad), ukulahlekelwa omkhulu Empini eMoscow omnene kakhulu nentshiseko uHitler waletha amapulani akhe wasithatha umbani eSoviet Union esiphansi. Manje, zonke operation lempi sihlelwe kahle, olwenziwe regrouping amabutho, ukulungiselela indlela supply Iinhlangano amasevisi labaqaphi elingemuva. ngezenzo zonya zamaNazi ezindaweni ehlasela baye wavusa negagasi yabashokobezi ukunyakaza futhi iqembu elikhulu isitha akazange bazizwa bephephile ngokuphelele. Iziphazamiso supply amakhulu aphazamisa wesitimela izimoto kanye nezisebenzi kanye nemishini, futhi ukubhujiswa okuphelele amayunithi amancane laseJalimane, ukudluliswa intelligence amayunithi njalo ibutho laseSoviet ingathiyeki kakhulu abahlaseli. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza "Blue" (ku Eastern Front) yasungulwa ikhumbula zonke izimo kungenzeka, kodwa ngisho nge ndlela abanekhono amasu, amaNazi akazange acabangele aphikelele nesibindi abavikeli ka Voronezh. Lo muzi Russian lasendulo imi endleleni uHitler, kodwa bamba yayo nokubhujiswa, ngokuvumelana amaJalimane, kwakungadingi ngesikhathi esibalulekile. zimangaza kakhulu kubo kwaba impi yokugcina emzini Voronezh. Yokukhululwa yayo izuzwe ngokugcwele ngenxa ngoJanuwari 1943, imisebenzi okuhlaselayo esebenzayo, kodwa wahlala "elinganqobeki."

Okuqondiwe okusha kukaHitler

Ngenxa insimu enkulu indawo amayunithi lempi amaJalimane ebhekene nenkinga supply. The Army njalo abadinga ukudla, izingubo kanye nophethiloli. Ubuyise kwakudingeka imithombo yendalo, okuyinto ababengamaphayona ngaleso sikhathi bangena bagxila ezandleni isitha. Ukuthwebula of eCaucasus ngabe isinqumo nophethiloli futhi energy imithombo yenkinga, kodwa umyalo baseSoviet ukuthi abenze noma izinhlelo kaHitler yayicacile, ngakho ngasempumalanga bagxila samabutho amakhulu ukumelana naye. Ukunqamula esisempumalanga yoMfula Don, kulandele ukubhujiswa amabutho ahlomile ezinze Voronezh, ezongenza amaNazi ukuqhuba ukusebenza ngempumelelo "Blue" nokuthuthukisa ukuhlasela full-scale emzini kwaseStalingrad. Ngakho-ke, isiqondiso eningizimu-mpumalanga phambi ehlobo lika-1942 amabutho omkhulu yebutho undlovukayiphikiswa babe kanzulu. Abangaphezu kwesigamu wonke amalunga esinenjini 35-40% zezigaba elihamba abathintekayo ngezihluthu Soviet-isiJalimane, abeke phambili kulesi sikhundla ukuze lelisu amaphupho le sokudumisa sika sokudla eCaucasus. Juni 28, 1942 amaJalimane umkhankaso i-Operation "Blue", okuyinto wathiywa amasosha aseSoviet ngo-kwaseStalingrad futhi emzini Voronezh. Liberation kusukela amaNazi walinda eKursk, orel, ngubani bathunjwa ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa eMoscow.

I ehlasela Voronezh

Kusukela ekuqaleni Voronezh impi, efana nayo yonke imizi yase-USSR, wayiswa isimo wezempi. , A ngekonga, amabhizinisi ezingasho ziye buyisela imikhiqizo lempi (izinto ezingaphezu kuka-100: .. IL-2 izindiza, "Katyusha", armored, imifaniswano, njll), enkulu kunazo zonke futhi okubaluleke kakhulu emnothweni zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo kuya ezingemuva. Voronezh yayilungiselela dudula ukuhlaselwa kungenzeka amaNazi evela entshonalanga. Entwasahlobo ka-1942 saqala esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa olunzulu owabhubhisa amathrekhi tram. Ngawo lowo mzuzwana kwaba kuphela indlela ezokuthutha ukusebenza. Kulimala isikhungo esingokomlando edolobheni elidala of Voronezh. Labor Liberation Street (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo Vvedenskaya) ngokuphelele nesonto futhi isonto sezindela walahlekelwa imali ethe esikhumbuzo zomlando. Division PVO yadalwa amantombazane ayehlala kule ndawo futhi umuzi ngokwawo. Iningi nemobilizovannyh phakathi njalo amadoda empi (abasebenzi, othisha, abafundi) waya abezempi, okwakuthatha komvimbo wokuqala kanye German wempi. Ngezinye isiqondiso Voronezh front line obuphelele kwaba abalulekile, yingakho ibutho lamaJalimane wafohla ukuzivikela futhi ngokushesha kwaba komkhawulo edolobheni. Julayi 6 amaNazi ewela i-Don, angena edolobheni Voronezh. Kulesi sigaba, ojenene German ngokwenama kubika ukuthunjwa edolobheni, abazange ukulindela ukuthi uthwebule ngokugcwele ke abazange baphumelele. Ukukhululwa Voronezh 25 Januwari, 1943 kungenxa bridgeheads umbani labetibambile zonke empini Soviet yokuzivikela. Ngesikhathi nesenzakalo lwamaNazi emzini kakhulu ke labhujiswa ngamabhomu, evutha izindlu, izimboni. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, eyenziwa mass kuhlengwe labantu, izibhedlela, okuyiyona ngxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yezimpahla amabhizinisi zezimboni, nokukhishwa zomlando namasiko.

front line

Voronezh wenkululeko kubahlaseli amaNazi waqala kusukela ebhange kwesokunxele emfuleni. Phambili kusukela eningizimu nasentshonalanga, amaJalimane singakaze sibonane nge wenqaba efanele, ngakho edolobheni ayekholelwa lithunjwa. Ibhange kwesokudla eMfuleni Voronezh engakaze beliqiniselwe izimpi ukuzivikela, amayunithi njalo ibutho laseSoviet bengekho, ukudlulisa yabo kwakuzothatha isikhathi futhi endaweni yokubekwa obala ukuthunyelwa. Edolobheni beniyingxenye NKVD, abezempi Ibutho, ibutho 41 Umngcele onogada kanye Gunners anti-aircraft, owathatha babekezelela. Iningi lezi zakhi sishukumiseleka ukuba ibhange kwesokunxele emfuleni futhi waqala ukwakha izinqaba. Umsebenzi kwaba ekuphumuleni ukuthi kuzobambezela kusengaphambili yamaNazi. Lokhu sekwenze kwaba lula ukuthi ivikele bhuloho Voronezh bese wehlisa ukuqala amayunithi laseJalimane kuze kufike izingxenye ezisele. Ngo izimo zempi ezisemadolobheni Voronezh kokuzama isitha wamonyuka waya ebhange kwesokunxele phesheya. On oda kukaStalin ngo Voronezh Reserve Brigade wathunyelwa 8, ehlanganisa Siberians. AmaJalimane wakwazi ukuthola ukusizakala ibhange kwesokudla, kodwa baqhubeka kusengaphambili yabo wayeka emfuleni, noma kunalokho engenakwenzeka sokuphoqa. Front line osuka esiteshini. Otrozhka ukuze confluence. Voronezh Don. Isikhundla amasosha aseSoviet zitholakala ezindaweni zokuhlala kanye phansi imboni, kwaba yisona sikhali esingalindelekile ezinhle. Isitha akazange abone ukufuduka amayunithi, umyalo okuthunyelwe kanye babeyogcina ngesikhathi kwabantu lentuthu amandla ukuzivikela. UMbusi izinga kwafika ukuze sikulibazise amaFascist eMfuleni Voronezh, hhayi ukuthatha izikhundla. AbaseSoviet Imininingwane wabika phezu ukuziphatha impi kunalokho ezingacacile. Kwakuthinta lizwakalise mayelana ngezihluthu endaweni Voronezh.

ukuzivikela

Ngo-July 4, 1942 izimpi abanolaka zalwelwa ngebhange ngakwesokunene somuzi. amayunithi eziningana amasosha aseSoviet, abaphathi, amavolontiya, ingxenye NKVD, The Gunners anti-aircraft isinyathelo e Voronezh city centre. Ukusebenzisa njengoba cover isakhiwo saleli dolobha, bawela ebhange kwesokudla futhi ababhubhise amaNazi. Ukunqamula kwenziwa nge okukhulu wezikhali ukwesekwa, okwakubekelwa zigxilé ibhange kwesokunxele. Fighters kusukela emfuleni baphuthuma ngokushesha empini nendikimba aphakeme lesitha, eyayinecilongo ngokunenzuzo indawo. Kwesokudla IBhangengodla kunalokho emaweni, okwenza kube nzima ngayo ukuhamba amayunithi. isibindi Desperate balaba bantu kuholele yokuthi ngoJulayi 6-7, ekulweni kwakwenzekani ezitaladini: Pomyalovsky, uStepan Razin, Revolution Avenue, Nikitinskaya, Engels, Umshicilelo Dzerzhinsky, Liberation of Labour. Voronezh akazange sehlulwe bahlaseli, kodwa kwadingeka ukuba ayeke ecasula, bephethe kakhulu kulahleka kwayo ngesikhathi ukuwela. Ukuphumelela amasosha efika ngabuyela ekhunjini kwesokunxele ngo-July 10, umgomo wabo oyinhloko ukuqinisa izikhundla ukuzivikela futhi ulungiselele ukuvela okulandelayo bridgeheads. Voronezh wenkululeko owaqala ngokuvukela usuku ukuqala futhi lwathatha izinyanga eziyisikhombisa eside.

izindawo Zezıhlabane kumephu

Ukukhululwa Voronezh baqhubeka, kwesokunxele yasebhange umugqa zokuzivikela madolonzima isitha ekuthumbeni wonke umuzi. imisebenzi ezephula umthetho aziphelanga, weza ukusekelwa, futhi amabutho aseSoviet ezinze edolobheni baqhubeka ukubhubhisa amaNazi. Front line ishintshile izikhathi eziningana ngosuku, umzabalazo owawuqondene ikota, emgwaqweni, indlu ngayinye. German ithangi futhi elihamba ukwahlukana wazama ngokuphindaphindiwe ukungethusa ukuze ukuwela umfula Voronezh. Ukukhululwa ibhange kwesokunxele ukuzivikela kwakusho kokunqotshwa komuzi, engachazeki. amabhuloho Otrozhenskie Crossing Semiluksky ngaphansi njalo amabhomu, sokuqhuma kwamabhomu nokungabi ithangi ukuhlaselwa. Abavikeli nje alwa kwaze kwaba sekufeni, yabuyisela izakhiwo ezilimele ngaphansi umlilo phakathi nokuhlasela. Nge ogwini zomthetho emva counterattacks amaNazi wahoxisa amabutho aseSoviet, ngokuletha abalimele, ababaleki abangu, ngaleso sikhathi amaJalimane wazama ukuhlasela noma ukusheshe wokugijima ikholomu. Bawela umfula Voronezh kuhlulekile futhi ibhuloho wesitimela, amasosha aseSoviet, ngoba siqaphela ukuthi isikhathi eside ngeke bakwazi uqukethe ukuhlaselwa lesitha, elalibambeke ibhuloho evutha kwengoma. Ebusuku, span emaphakathi sasithathwa futhi yasha. Voronezh wenkululeko kubahlaseli amaNazi kwakubangelwa ukusungula isizinda, okungase ancike ehlasela uhlangothi ebuthweni laseSoviet. Bambela phansi izindleko siqu izikhundla zabo ukuphila Chizhovka nangaphansi Shilovo, amasosha wabhubhisa namaqembu amakhulu isitha. Lezi zindawo okuzobe kudlalelwa kukhona engxenyeni kwesokudla ebhange lomuzi, amaJalimane wakwazi ukuthola ukusizakala kuwo futhi enikeziwe ukumelana namandla. amasosha Chizhovka ngokuthi "isigodi ukufa", kodwa athumba futhi bayiphathe, zibancishe sethubeni elihle amaJalimane, ubophele izenzo zabo abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi ye-dolobha.

Agasti, Septhemba 42

udlame senzeka esibhedlela futhi on campus. District City Park and Agricultural Institute pitted nge inhlamvu neziqhumane, sakhiwo ngasinye umhlaba ofakwe igazi amasosha aseSoviet owalwela ukuze kukhululwe Voronezh. Izithombe izindawo enkazimulweni lempi ngigcinile wonke esikalini nesihluku yimpi ngempela. UFakazi futhi lesikhumbuzo kosuku iyona Rotunda (Showroom umnyango ukuhlinzwa), yiyona kuphela isakhiwo lokusinda esibhedlela lesifunda. AmaJalimane wenza njalo umzimba ngendlela emplacement ezinezivikelo eziqinile, okuyinto kwenza okholwayo wangakwazi amasosha aseSoviet wasithatha into osendaweni ezibalulekile. Skirmishes lwaluqhubeka izinyanga, yi yabo kwaba kuqiniswa of front line, amaJalimane baphoqeleka ukuba ashona. Ukukhululwa Voronezh, ibhange salo esifanele, yayithatha izinsuku 212 nobusuku obungamashumi amane. Ukulwa kwakwenzekani edolobheni, namadlelo ayo, emiphakathini yonkana ubude emfuleni.

Voronezh wenkululeko kubahlaseli amaNazi

"Ukusebenza Little Saturn" Kwakuhlelwe ngokucophelela futhi okulungiselelwe umyalo Soviet. Emlandweni impi, ivamise ukubizwa ngokuthi "kwaseStalingrad phezu Don", ke kwenziwa oluvelele abakhuzi bempi: P. S. Rybalko, G. K. Zhukov, Vasilevskiy A. M., K. S. Moskalenko, I. D. Chernyahovsky, uF Golikov. isinyathelo sokuqala okuhlaselayo enziwe bridgeheads, okwakubonisa bawahlanganise amayunithi futhi ahlale izakhiwo ozungezayo umnyuziki ekulweni. Ukukhululwa Voronezh ngo-January 25 kwaba umphumela Battle of Voronezh (Januwari 24, 1943 - Februwari 2). 60 Army iphansi kwesandla sika-Ivan Chernyakhovsky bawuthumba umuzi bese uhlanza it ngokuphelele kusukela izingcezu Umphikisi yakho. Soviet isinyathelo sezempi ophoqelelwe amaNazi wokubaleka emzini, kokushiya isikhundla sabo phambi ukuba azungeze amaJalimane ngazama ukuzigcina amayunithi ukulwa elungele impi. Long, izimpi uyakhathaza, ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, kakhulu kwanciphisa inani amabutho aseJalimane futhi bangawusebenzisa lokulwa yayo umoya. Ngo imibiko esuka Izindaba 26. 01. '43 kwakuzwakala umyalezo okulandelayo: ngenxa amabutho okuhlaselayo we amabutho aseSoviet we Voronezh futhi Bryansk izimpi kwaba yokukhululwa Voronezh 25 Januwari, 1943. Izithombe namavidiyo yosuku libonise libonwe yembubhiso. Lo muzi wachithwa ngokuphelele, nakwabakhileyo kuyo, noma kwesobunxele, noma abulawa amaNazi. On amanxiwa izindlu ezisele kwakuthuleke ukuze abantu zazithuthumela kusukela umsindo wezigi zakhe siqu.

ekubhujisweni

Hitler Voronezh kwakudingeka zithuthukisa esilungele offensives okwengeziwe empumalanga. AmaJalimane umuzi futhi ayikwazanga, Ngakho-ke, lapho kuqala engxenyeni kwesokudla yasebhange babethole ukuze wonke esisekhona izimayini kwamabhilidi amade. ukuqhuma okunamandla kwacekela phansi iminyuziyamu, amasonto, Palace of Amaphayona, zokuphatha isakhiwo injongo. Zonke izinto eziyigugu ezazisele kulelo dolobha, bayiswa eNtshonalanga, kuhlanganise lesikhumbuzo zethusi Petru 1 futhi Lenin. Ezezindlu labhujiswa 96%, emigqeni tram namandla imigqa ubhujiswe, ukuxhumana awazange esebenza ngayo. I-mlando city centre eyakhiwa lokhuni lashisa phakathi nesikhathi sokuqhuma kwamabhomu, itshe futhi isitini izakhiwo, izitolo ifektri yizincithakalo, beqiniselwa ukuzivikela. Hitler wabhala ukuthi Voronezh seziphelile ebusweni bomhlaba, ekululameni yayo ayiphelele kuzothatha iminyaka 50-70, kwamenelisa nale yi. Ukubuyela kusukela ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi abazihlelele ayokwakha kabusha umuzi ngokoqobo sitini ngesitini, izakhiwo eziningi abangu yafakwa amabhomu agqitshwayo, okuholela lezakhamuzi ezafa. Voronezh wayephakathi 15 wabhubhisa kakhulu ngesikhathi Omkhulu impi Patriotic yamadolobha. On ekululameni kwakhe isimemezelo esikhethekile amathuluzi nezimpahla zokwakha akhethiwe. Voronezh ayizange owayezinikele amaJalimane nasencithakalweni, lapho benamandla umoya impi, amathuna mass embozwe abavikeli babo, kodwa uyaphila futhi ukhule.

Inani ngaphambili

Division sivikele Voronezh, kwenziwe ngesikhathi esifanayo eziningi imisebenzi ebalulekile. Zazibophela iqembu elikhulu amabutho esitha, eyayingahlanganisi nje kuphela ohlangothini isiJalimane, kodwa futhi kuncike kubangane bawo kule mpi. IsiNtaliyane, amabutho Hungarian bahlulwa ngesikhathi zihlasela bebheke Voronezh. Ngemva kunqotshwa waseHungary (engazi kwaze kwaba usuku ukulahlekelwa emikhulu) baphuma umfelandawonye eJalimane futhi empini ngezihluthu empumalanga. Voronezh abavikeli embozwe eMoscow futhi ngikhulumele kudingekile inethiwekhi sezokuthutha sikazwelonke e isiqondiso eseningizimu. abavikeli komuzi babengavunyelwe Hitler ukumbamba ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi Wakhumula uba yingxenye yalelo qembu ukuthi bekumele ukuhamba ngo kwaseStalingrad. Ngo Voronezh isiqondiso 25 ukwehlukana German kwabhujiswa, amasosha angaphezu kuka-75 eziyinkulungwane nezikhulu umaluju. Lapho umsebenzi undlovukayiphikiswa yale ndawo kanti futhi mass idolobha ukubulala uyaca lwabantu ababengekho lezakhamuzi eziye zaholela ekwakhekeni ukunyakaza yabashokobezi. Ngemva wenkululeko zalamaqembu.I bajoyine amayunithi njalo ebuthweni laseSoviet. Liberation Day Voronezh baba izigidi eziningi zabantu kuyiholide hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ekuqaleni umsebenzi omkhulu okudala. Ukubuyiselwa edolobheni waphoqelela abakhileyo Izenzo ezintsha, kodwa ngo-1945, "elinganqobeki" ukuphila kwaba ngawo ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele.