Uyini uhlelo ulimi nokwakheka kwayo?

Kuyini uhlelo ulimi? Yini eyenza ihluke kwezinye eziningi ovikelekile imigomo ezilimini? uhlelo ulimi yilona iqoqo izakhi zolimi. Kubalulekile ukuthi abekho bebodwa, kodwa kuhlobene eduze. Futhi yakha uhlelo olulodwa futhi ephelele. Ngamunye izingxenye zalo abe ukubaluleka ezithile.

isakhiwo

uhlelo Ulimi Kuyinto engacabangeki ngaphandle amayunithi ulimi, amazinga, izinhlamvu, nokunye. D. Konke lokhu izakhi ezigoqwe ku uhlaka ne yokwehlayo esiqinile. Ndawonye ukwakha izingxenye zincane ezibangelwa amazinga aphakeme. uhlelo Ulimi kuhlanganisa isichazamazwi. Kuthathwa yokusungula, okubandakanya ngomumo eyenziwe amayunithi kolimi. Mshini kokubonisa kuyinto lolimi.

Ngazo zonke izilimi kukhona ezinye izindawo zihluke kakhulu nomunye nezici zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, ingahluka futhi nokuvumelana kwabo. Ngakho, ushintsho ngisho eyodwa elementi phonology labo abazokwazi ekushintsheni lonke ulimi wonkana, kanti esimweni nesilulumagama lokhu ngeke kwenzeke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo kuhlanganisa azungeze futhi isikhungo.

Umqondo isakhiwo

Ngaphezu igama elithi "Uhlelo yezilimi ', futhi zamukela imfundiso isakhiwo namalimi wemiphakathi. Ezinye izazi zezilimi ababheke kuyahambisana, abanye - cha. Izincazelo iyehlukana, kodwa phakathi kwabo kukhona ethandwa kakhulu. Ngokusho komunye wabo, isakhiwo ulimi sivezwe kula ubudlelwano phakathi izakhi zalo. Futhi ukuqhathanisa edume nge uzimele. Isakhiwo solimi kungase kubhekwe iqoqo ubudlelwane njalo futhi ukuxhumana phakathi amayunithi kolimi. Basuke kubangelwa nemvelo futhi agcwele imisebenzi kanye nezici ohlelweni.

indaba

Indlela ulimi njengoba isimiso sokuba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Lo mbono esabekwa grammarians lasendulo. Nokho, ngomqondo wesimanje ukuthini igama elithi "Uhlelo ulimi" Kwavela kuphela yesimanje izikhathi sibonga umsebenzi onjalo ososayensi ovelele njengoba uFerdinand de Saussure, uWilhelm von Humboldt, August Schleicher no-Ivan Boduen de Courtenay.

Owokugcina lezi zazi zolimi ezikhonjwe amayunithi ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokolimi: phoneme, grapheme, morpheme. Saussure kwaba umsunguli umqondo wokuthi ulimi (ohlelweni) kuyinto okuphambene inkulumo. Lokhu Lemfundiso yanda kubalandeli bakhe. Ngakho kwaba khona lonke isiyalo - yezilimi kwesakhiwo.

amazinga

Amazinga eyisiqalo tiered uhlelo ulimi (obizwa nangokuthi subsystems). Lezi zihlanganisa amayunithi eyohlobo namalimi wemiphakathi. Izinga ngalinye linama awayo imithetho ngezigaba zawo kusekelwe. Phakathi olulodwa uqimba iyunithi ungene ubuhlobo (isibonelo, ukwakha isiphakamiso nemisho). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhi abasemazingeni ahlukahlukene ingase zifakwe komunye nomunye. Ngakho, morpheme siqukethe phonemes futhi amazwi - we morpheme.

amazinga Key kohlelo ulimi bayingxenye yiluphi ulimi. Izazi zolimi ukuhlonza eziningana eziyizitezi ezifana: morphemic, lwemisindvo, syntactic (ebhekisela iziphakamiso) futhi lucebe (ie ngamazwi ..). Phakathi kokunye, kukhona amazinga aphezulu kolimi. sici yabo esiwuphawu iyona "amayunithi kabili emaceleni," okungukuthi, labo amayunithi ngokolimi ezithinta imigomo okuqukethwe ngekukhula. Ngakho ezingeni eliphakeme, isibonelo, i-semantic.

amazinga Amafomu

Lo mkhuba okuyisidingo ukwakhiwa kohlelo ulimi segmentation kokusakaza inkulumo. It ubhekwa ekuqaleni lakhetsiwe emabintana noma izitatimende. Badlala indima zokuxhumana amayunithi. Uhlelo ekusakazweni inkulumo ngolimi elihambisana ezingeni syntactic. Eyesibili isigaba of izingxenye - izitatimende division. Ngenxa yalokho, walibumba temagama. Bahlanganisa imisebenzi heterogeneous - isihlobo, bheke, nominative. netakhiwo temagama abonakala ngamagama noma amathokheni.

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, lesi simiso izimpawu ngokolimi wukuthi labo kusuka ezingeni lucebe. kwakhiwa silulumagama It is. Esigabeni esilandelayo kube izingxenye lihlotshaniswa ukukhululwa ukugeleza inkulumo amayunithi kulencane. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi morphs. Ezinye zazo anezincazelo ezifanayo nemithetho yolimi nendlela lucebe. Lezi morphs ndawonye morpheme.

Segmentation kokusakaza inkulumo usuphothuliwe ukukhululwa kwe izingxenye ezincane yokukhuluma - umsindo. Ahluke nezici zabo ezingokomzimba. Kodwa umsebenzi wabo (Eyingqayizivele) uyefana. Umsindo bachazwa ngolimi ezivamile iyunithi. Ubizwa ngokuthi i-phoneme - ingxenye sakugcina ulimi. Singasho umelwe amancane (kodwa ezibalulekile) izitini ukwakhiwa elikhulu namalimi wemiphakathi. Ukusebenzisa uhlelo umsindo kwakhiwa ulimi ezingeni Imphimiso.

iyunithi ulimi

Ake sibheke indlela iyunithi uhlelo ulimi ihluke kwezinye izakhi zalo. Iqiniso ukuthi kukhona irreducible. Ngakho, lesi sinyathelo kuyinto ephansi ngolimi isitebhisi. Amayunithi babe ngeengaba eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, ezihlukaniswe umsindo khona igobolondo. Kulokhu, amayunithi ezifana morphemes, phonemes futhi amazwi, awela iqembu elifanayo. Bona abhekwa akuleso banalo njalo umsindo igobolondo. Esikhathini nezinye qembu umfuziselo amabinzana, emagama kanye nemisho. Zibizwa isihlobo ezibonakalayo, njengoba incazelo yabo ezakhayo ukuthi generalized.

Enye ngezigaba kusekelwe ngokuvumelana ukuthi ungumnikazi ingxenye yenani uhlelo. Lena uphawu ezibalulekile. amayunithi Material kolimi zihlukaniswe eyodwa (labo abangenayo amagugu yabo) kanye zamazwe amabili (benawo incazelo). Bona (izwi futhi morpheme) ube elinye igama. Lezi amayunithi zaziwa ngokuthi ephakeme ulimi iyunithi.

ngesifundo esihleliwe ulimi futhi impahla yayo akuyona emi namanje. Namuhla kuye kwaba umkhuba, owawuthi umqondo ka 'ubunye' futhi "izakhi" abangu enenjongo ahlukaniswe. Lokhu yinto empeleni esasisesisha. It is kuyanda inkolelo yokuthi njengoba okuqukethwe plan kanye plan izakhi Inkulumo yolimi zihlukile-non-kwawena. Kulesi ihluke amayunithi.

Iziphi ezinye izici libhekene uhlelo ulimi? emayunithi elulwimi ihluke nomunye ezisebenza, qualitatively futhi quantitatively. Ngalesi esintwini ujwayelene kwehlukahlukana kwetilwimi obujulile futhi okusakazekile ezinjalo.

uhlelo izakhiwo

Abasekeli structuralism ukholelwa ukuthi uhlelo ulimi isiRashiya (noma iyiphi enye) libhekene izici eziningana - eqinile ivalwe futhi conditioning ngalokuvakalako. Kukhona umbono ephambene. Umelelwa comparativists. Bakholelwa ukuthi ulimi njengoba uhlelo ngokolimi linamandla futhi siyavuma ukushintsha. imibono efanayo kabanzi asekelwe ezindaweni ezintsha wesayensi yezilimi.

Kodwa ngisho nabalandeli inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela Dynamics kanye kokuhlukana we ulimi akaphiki yokuthi yiluphi uhlelo kolimi izindlela has a ukuzinza ezithile. Sibangelwa property isakhiwo, okuyinto uba umthetho ngenxa ezihlukahlukene izakhi zolimi. kokuhlukana Dialectical nokuzinza. Basuke ukuthambekela eziphikisanayo. Noma yiliphi igama ohlelweni ulimi iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi iyiphi libhekene kunethonya elikhulu.

Izici amayunithi

Esinye isici esibalulekile pheceza uhlelo ulimi - kukhona izakhiwo emayunithi elulwimi. imvelo yabo kubonakala ukuxhumana nomunye. Ngezinye izikhathi izazi zezilimi shayela izakhiwo subsystem imisebenzi okuyinto akha. Lezi zici zihlukaniswe zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Lesi sakamuva kuncike ubudlelwano kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwalabo ngokwabo amayunithi. izakhiwo sangaphandle bathonywa ulimi ubudlelwane nezwe elingaphandle, ngokoqobo imicabango yomuntu nemizwa.

Amayunithi yakha uhlelo ngenxa uxhumano yabo. I izakhiwo zalezi ubudlelwano nhlobonhlobo. Ezinye zivumelana umsebenzi yekuchumana kolimi. Abanye zibonisa ngokucacile ukuhlobana phakathi kolimi nengqondo yomuntu izindlela - umthombo khona lalo. Ngokuvamile, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zimi ihluzo ngezimbazo evundla mpo.

amazinga ukuhlanganisa namayunithi

Subsystem (noma ezingeni) ngolimi lwabelwe uma ngokuvamile it has zonke izici ezingukhiye ulimi uhlelo. Njengoba-ke, kuyadingeka ukuhambisana constructiveness. Ngamanye amazwi, izinga iyunithi kufanele ihileleke inhlangano temandla, etholakala ngenhla esigabeni. Ngolimi konke kuhlobene, futhi ingxenye yalo ngeke kube khona ngokuhlukile lonke umzimba.

Izakhiwo subsystem kuhluke izinga kusukela izakhiwo amayunithi ukuthi ukwakha ezingeni layo aphansi. Leli phuzu kubaluleke kakhulu. ezingeni izakhiwo zinqunywa kuphela amayunithi kolimi engena ngqo oyiyo. umfuziselo okunjalo liyisici esibalulekile. Izazi zolimi ukuzama ukwethula ulimi njengoba uhlelo multi-tiered - umzamo ukwakha ezahlukene ekahle ukuhleleka kuka uhlelo. Umbono ofanayo kungenziwa ngokuthi nakancane. onobuhle theory kuhluke kakhulu kusuka ngokoqobo. Nakuba zonke izilimi kakhulu, akuyona uhlelo ziyalingana nobunye ephelele. Yingakho ngo yezilimi okungakhulunywanga ngakho nemithetho ukuthi wonke umuntu uyazi namanje esikoleni.