UralZIS- 355M: Ukucaciswa. Truck. Ural Automobile Plant yaqanjwa Stalin

Izazi-mlando ubuchwepheshe zasekhaya bakholelwa ukuthi mhla elihambayo Miass imoto wafika zokugcina UralZIS- 355M, yaphela ngenkathi trehtonki ZIS-5. Yena "Zakhar Ivanovich," njengoba wethiwa ngabantu. Yikuphi phakathi nempi waba legend. Kungani-ke? Iqiniso ukuthi 355M kwaba ukuguqulwa lokugcina adumile "Zahara". Kodwa umshini, ngasendleleni, isibe ukuthuthukiswa yimpumelelo kakhulu futhi ezimele ngokugcwele, waba dedengu kwaphoqa ngemuva umlando yezimoto Soviet.

prehistory

Ekwindla ka-1941, amabhizinisi ukuvikela eMoscow, phakathi kobani Stalin Factory (ZIS), zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo kuya empumalanga yezwe nomuzi Ulyanovsk, Chelyabinsk, Miass. Novemba 30 Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwenziwa isinqumo njalo okufinyeziwe Miass Factory №316 State Defense Committee (GKO), wahlanganyela zokukhiqiza amabhomu, ukuguqula, bese usebenzisa izindawo zokukhiqiza we dolobha izakhiwo kanye nezinhlaka, ukuhlela ukukhiqizwa kwe izinjini for izimoto angabanjwa zempi.

Ngo-April 1942, imisebenzi ziye eyenziwa - isitshalo wathola. Ngemva konyaka, isinqumo T-izikweletu, lesi sitshalo kabusha elindelwe ukuguqulwa - e emincane-ibhizinisi esikhiqiza amaloli. Ngenxa yalesi izitshalo inhlangano kusukela Ulyanovsk lapho eqoqwe trehtonki ZIS-5B zadluliselwa Miass. Kusukela ngalowo mzuzu kuqhubeke, bonke amandla imoto imboni entsha egxile ukwenziwa amaloli.

Ural "zahar"

July 8, 1944 amasango ifektri kwafika Ural lokuqala "Zahara", kodwa ngaphansi kwegama lakhe siqu - UralZIS- 5B.

Miass trehtonki engavamile kwaba ukuthi uma ziqhathaniswa imodeli eMoscow weloli kulula futhi eshibhile umkhawulo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, amaphiko washaya ukuma oyindilinga asuswe isakhiwo ngokubeka esikhundleni T emise-ashiselwe. Ngaphakathi gumbi Unamekwe clapboard. Metal ukugijima amabhodi isondo usebe salandelwa ukhuni, yensimbi udaka enezinto - ku ipulangwe, izibani ezimbili kwasala ngakwesokunxele (yokushayela). Ukushisisa uhlelo gumbi namawindi umnyango manje ayifakiwe. Brake uhlelo wasebenza kuphela oluvala amasondo labaqaphi elingemuva.

Izinyathelo ezinjalo uvumele emshinini ngamunye ukulondoloza 124 kg uthayela ukuthi impi kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba ukukhululeka umshini, kanye 77-amahhashi injini ZIS-5M, kukhuphuke Dynamics yayo by 35%, njengoba iloli Ural baba ukonga 10-16% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Moscow ZiSami kanye.

Hhayi usesikhathini

Ngemva kokubuyela e-Plant yaqanjwa Stalin kusukela esiphuthumayo ekhaya labo, kusho uMnyango edolobheni ukuze athuthukise 'Zakhar Ivanovich, "waya ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene: eMoscow ZIS-5 iqale siguqulelwa ZIS-150, kwase kuba kwabayishumi ZIS-164, futhi ngokusebenzisa ZIS-164A (imodeli Lesisemkhatsini ) ku ZIS-130. Okungukuthi, intuthuko lwalusaqhubeka. Ngo Miass Sisalokhu eqoqwe zakudala ZIS-5B.

Kungaba okungalungile bathi UralZIS- hhayi bazama ukuthuthukisa "Zahara". Ngo-1947 Urals sesiqala ukwakha UralZIS- 353 - trehtonki ngcono. Umsebenzi waqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-1951, kodwa kube nenkinga zingaxazululeki: uzama balahle uyisidala, cab emincane, nabaqambi bavela, inketho Nokho ukuthi libukeka lifana ZIS-150, ukwenza isikhunta ukuze ukukhiqizwa yayo serial ezimweni ezikhona Kwakunzima kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi wokwakha sanqamuka.

sinqumo sesikhashana

Njengoba umshini omusha akusebenzanga ukuqedela, futhi ZIS-5 kuzo zonke izici siphelelwe yisikhathi, kwanqunywa ukuba uqale ukukhiqizwa nsuku yesikhashana, iloli imakwe UralZIS- 5M.

Ngaphandle, it cishe akahlukile kusukela "Zahara", ngoba imoto namanje esungulwe sakudala gumbi, kuphela manje amaphiko babanjwa, umumo ovikelekile, elifana elalise-izimoto pre-impi. Kodwa ngaphakathi iloli ngishintshile eziningi.

"Ukugxusha" okusha for iloli elidala

Okokuqala, i-modified "zahar" ine injini olusha, okuyinto eziye zaguqulwa: crank futhi isilinda ikhanda, efakwe aluminium pistons kanye carburetor entsha. Bebonke, lokhu kwenza ukuba ushintshe isilinganiso kokucindezelwa ngokuvusa yona 5.7 (yangaphambili kwaba 4.6), ngenxa yalokhu amandla okwandisiwe injini (kusuka 76 kuya 85 l. C.) Futhi ukuncipha 7% ukulawula petrol. Ijubane phezulu umshini kukhuphuke ngo-10 km / h, futhi manje kwaba 70 km / h.

Futhi elolini design lwenteke ukugeleza uwoyela purifier, injini block heater, ukuhlinzeka umkhakha kuqala injini qala-up, ngisho nalapho frost ngezansi 20 degrees; igiya ayo amasha; fuel ithangi 110 amalitha; at 12 zamanje kagesi; futhi eziningi nezinye ngcono ezincane. By the way, iningi ezintsha likhishiwe ne "353rd" abanolwazi.

Ekhuluma "353rd"

Ngo-1956 sathola ithuba ukubhekana UralZIS- 353 ukuhambisa, ekugcineni, kusukela iphuzu efile. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Gorky Automobile Plant babesebenza phezu Gaz-62. Ekuqaleni, nabaqambi ehlelelwe lesi sakhiwo iloli bonnet. Ngakho-ke, le gumbi kwaba inguqulo kancane kabusha kwe-model of the Gaz-51. Kodwa ngokushesha esishiywe dengwane. Gorky wanquma ukusebenzisa isigwebo abanikeze asebenza nabo, angathathwa ibekwe injini. Nokho, ngenxa, inguqulo yokuqala sinqatshiwe, izitembu ebesezilungele, futhi ababe besaba funa.

AA Lipgart - Uthisha Bauman University, ngaphambili umklami induna igesi, kanye unjiniyela ifektri e Miass, kahle izinkinga Urals. Nguye wacebisa ezingadingekile kakade Gaz izitembu adlulisele ozakwabo at UralZIS-, owawenziwa.

Car UralZIS- 355M

Nge yokufuna cab entsha UralZIS- 353 futhi ithole elinye mshini olunezinombolo - "355M". Nakuba lokhu imoto kwakubhekwa njengesenzo ekuphuculeni endala "Zakhar Ivanovich," eqinisweni okufanayo kwaba cishe model entsha iloli. Wheelbase wahlala cishe azizange zishintshe, okusho ukuthi, esifana ZIS-5 (3842 mm), kodwa ubukhulu eziyisisekelo UralZIS- washintsha 355M, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yinde ukuba 470 mm platform umzimba. Njengoba lolu shintsho kungenxa anda umthwalo esithwele nomthamo umshini (kufika ku amathani 3-5), futhi umzimba ngokwawo, futhi yayo obandayo ukuze chassis ukuba kwamqinisa le njongo ukusebenzisa womshini okuqinile, kanye izikwele ezibophayo kakhulu. By the way, ngokusobala UralZIS- 355M, endlwaneni eyakhiwe okuyinto inguqulo walishintsha kancane we Gaz-51, kanye umzimba omusha sasifana esekhulile ngobukhulu, "utshani."

Yesimanje motor "355 th"

injini Kubuyekeziwe weloli futhi kwaba wokubuyekeza ezinkulu: abaklami baye awusebenzisa ezimanzi isilinda ikhanda lenyuka ndima ukuvuleka, futhi crankcase ukupholisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintshwa cam iphrofayela ye cam, ngcono Lubrication uhlelo futhi ifakwe uMbhalo block anti-ukugqwala liner. Ogibele crankshaft ezingemuva uphawu uwoyela ngakususi ukuvuza lwamafutha crankcase ngokusebenzisa eziveza ukuthi ZIS-5 kwadingeka esimeni esingokwemvelo. Ngcono-accessory drive izindlela kakhulu ziyancipha umsindo ngesikhathi ukusebenza injini. Ngokuvamile, Update powertrain UralZIS- 355M encishisiwe isisindo sayo ngo-30 kg.

Okunye izinguquko ezenziwe ukuklanywa iloli

I ukuhamba iye ngcono kakhulu ukugxusha ibhokisi packings, wasebenzisa kwagcizelela esaziwa omfisha, lapho isikhathi eside-ayeke igiya lwesithathu, njengoba kuye kwenzeke uma ku "kaSowari". Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CPT ngokunembile igxile mayelana crankshaft injini.

Yehlelwa ukuguqulwa nokwakhiwa amabhuloho UralZIS- 355M. Phambili waba njalo nakakhulu zungeza iyunithi, kanye sebenzisa amafutha yezitolo. Ngenxa yokuthi iloli elisha liye lenyuka phambi isondo ithrekhi, engu- oluvala amasondo uvumelanise futhi aye ngekwandza. Ngesikhathi oluvala amasondo misa, kuyinto abakhi ehola ukusetha reducer somzimba kanye ulwelwesi ngaphansi amagiya ohlangothini nokushintsha izinkomishi ukuqondanisa umehluko.

Ngaphambili ukumiswa senziwa ngesimo i side leaf iziphethu ngenxa yokushaqeka mfutho, okwenza kuhle esithambile. Engemuva, kunalokho, isibe nzima ngenxa lenyuka cross-section amashidi podressornikov osayizi.

Ukuze uthuthukise maneuverability wemoto, iqalisa a eziqondisa indlela entsha kinematics lula futhi gear ratio 20,5: 1 (v ZIS-5, kwaba 15.9: 1).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, UralZIS- 355M esetshenziswa yesimanje olulodwa-wire uhlelo 12 engama-volt angu, setha Front kanye inkinobho unyawo-isinyathelo switch ukukhanya (kude-eduze), isilawuli edluliselwe nge isiqondiso izinkomba. Ukuze ebusuku ukuseviswa ngaphansi hood efakwe isibani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphaneli sensimbi ibuyekeziwe, futhi kwakungekho ukukhanya gumbi ophahleni.

A patency iloli ezinhle inikeza imvume kakhudlwana, okuyinto ifaniswe entry-phuma engeli (44 degrees - ngaphambili, 27.5 - ngemuva), kanye ngcono traction izici injini.

UralZIS- 355M: ezibekiweko lobuchwepheshe

Kwakumelwe kanje:

• Wheel ifomula - 4x2.
• Ubukhulu - 6290 mm x 2280 mm x 2095 mm.
• Ground Clearance - 26,2 mm.
• Wheelbase: ezingemuva - 1675 mm, Front - 1611 mm.
• Irediyasi ujikeleza (zangaphandle) - 8.3 amamitha.
• isisindo Gross - 7050 kg.
• Ukunqanda isisindo - 3400 kg.
• Inkokhelo UralZIS- 355M - 3500 kg.
• amandla Engine - 95 l / s.
• uphethiloli umthamo - 110 amalitha.
• Ukusetshenziswa uphethiloli - 24 amalitha / 100 km.
• ngesivinini esiphezulu - 75 km / h.

ukukhiqizwa serial imoto entsha

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi UralZIS- 355M eside ngakho wazama ukubeka ekukhiqizeni, ekuqaleni okuhleliwe ukukhulula ngonyaka owodwa kuphela (1959), bese kuphela ukuze ukulungisisa bonke ngaphambilini atshalwe kubiza. Nokho, imodeli akuwenzanga emgqeni inhlangano iminyaka eyisikhombisa, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu kokuhlaziywa ikhasimende.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiklamo imoto ngezikhathi wanezela eminye ngcono: ngo-1959 - emkhonweni oluvundlile cardan ngokuhambisa yathathelwa indawo inkulumo ethi sihlobene inaliti, 1960 - ekumisweni phambi esikhundleni yisikhathi isigwedlo ukushaqeka wezinciphisi sezisungule kangcono - telescopic, 1961 - ukupholisa crankcase yaba avaliwe.

Naphezu kwentuthuko eziningi ezivelayo, ukubukeka umshini azishintshile, ngaphandle ukushintsha okucashunwe wanyamalala isifinyezo "ZIS", futhi manje yena olufana ne - "UralAZ". Nakuba phakathi kwabashayeli bamaloli uhlala "zahar," noma enye wabizwa ngokuthi "Urals".

Ukulungiswa "Urals"

Imboni kukhicite olusha, nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi, a "Zahara" omusha, izinguqulo ezimbili: UralZIS- 355M - ibhodi, kanti eyesibili - nje chassis, okuyinto avame ukusetshenziswa ngaphansi ethangini.

Njengoba "Uralets" ubhekana lo flatbed mass semi olusemthethweni kungaba amathani amahlanu, futhi imali yangempela futhi ayisishiyagalolunye, bese lokhu imoto ukucindezelwa kwakuvame ukusetshenziswa njengezaba ugandaganda semitrailer.

Abaningi bafuna wayebuye UralZIS- 355M - ugodo, i-trailer - nokonakala. Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, chassis 'Zahara' lalisetshenziswa njengesibhedlela imishini ukuthambisa, ezimotweni, assenizatorskaya amathangi, iziteshi compressor. Nokho, ngo-1958 Urals ezikhishwe ngisho wonke-wheel drive version of the iloli, imishini party lalilincane kakhulu futhi ikakhulu Tipper version.

Ngo-1960 e Kazakhstan ngesisekelo eqoqwe UralZIS- 355M ibhasi nge izihlalo 40, futhi le nqola-hlobo. Kafushane, imoto kusuka miasstsev kwenzakala yimpumelelo kakhulu, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwakukhona kuphela ukuguqulwa i trehtonki ZIS-5 ubudala.

Ukuze lapho ufuna

ukukhiqizwa iminyaka 355 serial ngowokuqala kwaqondana ukuthuthukiswa kwamazwe eseyintombi yifusi, ngakho imoto ikakhulukazi wathunyelwa eSiberia, eMpumalanga Ekude, kanye Kazakhstan. Engxenyeni enkabeni nasentshonalanga ye-USSR imoto wakhululwa izinto eziningi ezincane. Ngo-1962, iqembu amaloli e version ukuthekelisa wathunyelwa Afghanistan kanye Finland.

Ubude imoto isitshalo ekhiqizwa ayizinkulungwane 192 yale mishini. Ngu amazinga ekukhiqizweni ingxenye encane, Nokho imoto umise ngokwaso njengoba imali yesondlo ongaphakeme, umshini kakhulu okunokwethenjelwa futhi ngamandla, kanye nabakhulu, ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso, amandla esithwele. Naphezu isitatimende esisencwadini amathani TTX 3.5, ikakhulukazi ngaphandle zingaphazamisi, wayeshaye phansi bethwele, futhi amathani amahlanu wezimpahla. Abashayeli wamthanda futhi ngcono ukuqhathanisa, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi iloli omncane akwazi ukuthinta ngiziqhayise khona heater cab. ukumiswa Yebo, futhi eqoqwe ngempumelelo futhi injini nge traction ezinhle avumele umshayeli ukuba azethembe ngempela, ngisho emgwaqeni ezimbi kakhulu.

Ngokuvamile, UralZIS- 355M, nakuba ayengafiki abe legend kweSoviet imoto umkhakha Nokho, indima kalula inkomba, nokwethenjelwa lula bafanelekele kahle. Hhayi lutho ngoba lo mshini ngase ngithunyelwa ukuyosebenza e siyisinqumo esinzima kunazo zonke kuzo zonke izici izifunda wezwe.

I last imoto off the line inhlangano yabantwana bakwa-ibhizinisi 16 Okthoba, 1965. Ngalolu suku, ngenkathi "Zakhar Ivanovich" iphelile.

Kuze kube manje zisesimweni ucishe ezinhle wahlala izimoto mayelana amabili kuphela, bese, iningi labo ngaphansi kwamandla ayo ukuhambisa alikho isimo, sivuse kubo akunakwenzeka. Futhi sonke ngoba izingxenye ayikwazi ukutholwa ku injini. Yiqiniso, ezinye izingcweti wakwazi ukufaka ngaphansi hood we Zil injini kodwa okusuka kanye ukubaluleka imoto lalahleka.