Uphi i-Central Forest Reserve? Central-Forest State Biosphere Reserve: incazelo, imvelo namaqiniso athakazelisayo

Kuhle ukuthi ezweni lethu eliyingqayizivele lemvelo lilondolozwe izizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo, lapho ungakujabulela khona uhlobo lwalo lwangempela, ugcine izilwane ezinkulu, uphefumule iphunga eliphilisa ukuphila kwezimbali nemifino! Enye yalezi zikhonkwane yi-Central-Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Unendaba engavamile, eyedlule eyinkimbinkimbi nesethulo esihle. Ososayensi baqhuba ucwaningo lwabo olubalulekile, ngaleyo ndlela baqinisekise ukuthi kunezinye izinto eziphilayo zaseRussia. Kodwa inqolobane ivulekile kubo bonke abathandi bemvelo. Izingane zijabula kakhulu lapha. Kuzo, imisebenzi ekhangayo yangaphandle nemikhumbi yezokuvakasha iqhutshwa, futhi uBaba Yaga, ohlala ehlathini, uhlela ukuba abahlengikazi abasezitsheni bezokwelapha bezobuchwepheshe bahlole ukuhlolwa kwangempela.

Indawo

I-Central-Forest State Nature Reserve itholakala emazweni esifundeni saseTver kuya eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeTver. Ngokwezibalo, indawo yakhe ngokuphathelene namadolobha amakhulu aseduze kubonakala kanje:

• Ukusuka eMoscow kunomgwaqo oqondile kuya endaweni engaba ngu-285 km;
• Kusuka eKaluga 274 km;
• Kusukela kuVitebsk 212 km;
• Kusuka eSmolensk 175 km;
• Kusukela ku-Tver 167 km;
• Kusuka ku-Rzhev 75 km.

Emazweni angu-68 ukusuka emazweni agodliwe, iLake Seliger eyingqayizivele ihamba.

Ezindaweni ezivamile, i-Central-Forest State Reserve isendaweni yaseValdai Upland, e-Atlantic (i-Caspian-Baltic) yezingxenye eziphezulu zeMigodi yaseVolga naseWest Dvina. Eduze emingceleni yendawo yokugcina, noma ngqo ensimini yayo, imithombo yamifula yaseMezh, Tyudma, Tudovka, neZhukop igeleza emhlabeni.

Umlando wokugcina

Izindawo lapho i-Central Forest Reserve yesifunda saseTver ihlala khona iyalondolozwa kahle kuze kube sekhulwini lama-20 ngoba ukubunjwa komhlabathi kanye namazwe asolwandle kubangela ubunzima ekuthuthukiseni umnotho. Ngekhulu le-18 bayibizwa nge-Okovsky noma i-Volkonsky Forest. Kwakukhona izithulu lapha. Amadolobhana ambalwa kuphela angahlala emifuleni iTudovka naseZhukop. Esiqhingini sase-Okovsky kwakukhona ukuzingela ama-dachas kaGeneral Romeyko, Count Sheremetyev kanye nabanikazi bezindlu eziningana. Bonke beza lapha ukuzozingela futhi bengasasetshenzisanga leli hlathi, futhi i-Romeiko nayo yafaka imithetho yokuzivikela ehlathini, inqabela ukuzingela nokugubha imithi, naphezu kokuphakama okuhlukene lapho kwakungekho khona amanzi aphelile, abalimi behlehlise noma baqothule, balima umhlaba Zadalwa izindawo zokuhlala.

Ngo-1905, besaba ukuguqulwa, abanikazi bokuqala baqala ukuthengisa izimpahla zabo, futhi abanikazi abasha ngenxa yenzuzo badala lokho ababekufunayo. Lesi simo asizange sishintshe ngisho nangemva kwe-Great October Revolution ka-1017th. Ngama-1920 kuphela uhulumeni waseSoviet wabhekana nokulondolozwa kwemithombo yemvelo.

Izigaba zesisekelo

I-Central Forest Reserve yesifunda saseTver yasungulwa kumadokhumenti ngo-1931 ekupheleni kwamaholide omnyaka omusha, ngoDisemba 31. Nokho, ukusebenza ekudalweni kwayo kwaqala ngonyaka ka-1925. Khona-ke uprofesa othisha wesigaba sokufundisa eSomolensk, uGrigory L. Grave, wahola lohambo lokutadisha imithombo yemvelo eduze kwaseMoscow futhi wakhipha isinqumo sokuthi yizwe lesifunda iTver phakathi kweVolga neNorthern Dvina ezifanele kakhulu ukugcinwa. Lokhu bekuphikisana nabathengisi bezozindawo futhi banquma izihlahla eziwusizo kakhulu, ukuze amazwe alahlekelwe yonke into. Ngo-1930, iGrave yahlela ukuhambela okusha futhi ichaza insimu entsha yokugcina. Kusukela ekumakaleni kwayo kwakuhlanganisa kuphela amahektare angu-3000 kuphela. Ngenxa yemizamo yalowo muntu, kwavela indawo yokugcina, futhi uGrave waba umqondisi wayo.

Izinkinga ezihlangenwe nakho

Emashumini ama-30 no-40 ukugcinwa kwehlathi eliphakathi kweTver eduze neTver basebenze ngempumelelo futhi bathokoza - bakhela izakhiwo zokuphatha, laboratories, izindlu zabasebenzi, imigwaqo. Basebenze lapha abantu abangu-61, okuyilapho kwakukhona abalindi abangu-15 nabasebenzi abacwaningi abangu-21. Umzamo omkhulu wanikezwa ekugcinweni kwe-ecologist osemusha uVladimir Stanchinsky, owahlela indlela edidiyelwe yokusebenza. Kodwa le ndoda yanyunjwa ngo-1941, igxilile, yaphonswa ejele, lapho yafa khona ngonyaka owodwa.

Uhulumeni wasekela imali enhle kakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukwenza ucwaningo oluningi futhi basebenzise izinhlelo ze-eco eziwusizo, kodwa yonke impi yawela. Abasebenzi abaningi ababhalisile noma bazinikezele phambili, abasele bazama ukuphuma endaweni yokugcina, futhi abantu basekhaya bendawo abangenandaba nabo bakhipha konke abakwaziyo. Ngomnyaka we-1941, inhlangano ehlanganyelanayo yayisebenza ensimini yendawo yokugcina. Ama-fascists nama-henchmen, amapolisi, ayesaba ukungena ehlathini, kodwa aphanga i-manor neyamamyuziyamu, abhubhisa amaqoqo amaningi nemibhalo yesandla, abhubhisa ama-ruble angama-265,000, okwakungumthelela omkhulu osukwini lweSoviet.

Ngaphambili kuphela okuthuthela entshonalanga, ukugcinwa kwe-Central Forest kwaqala umsebenzi wayo. Abasebenzi bakhe babenabantu abangu-13 kuphela. Abantu basha ngokuvuselela ama-laboratories alahlekile, aphinde awakhiwe. Kodwa ngo-1951 indawo yokuvuswa yayivaliwe, futhi abasebenzi baxoshwa. Kuphela ngemva kweminyaka engu-9, okwakuphindwa futhi kwalahlekelwa futhi, kwaphinde kwavuselelwa. Ngo-1985, lokhu kugcinwa kufakwe enkundleni yamazwe ngamazwe e-UNESCO evikelwe. Manje kukhona umnyango wesayense, abasebenzi bezilindi, i-laboratory ye-craniological, iphuzu eliqinile lokutadisha impilo yezinyosi ezibomvu, umuzi wabasebenzi, indlu yezihambi kanye nehostele yezivakashi.

Isakhiwo

Inqolobane yaseCentral Forest inendawo engamahektha angu-70 500. Ihlukaniswe ngezigaba:

• Ingqikithi egcinwe;
• I-Buffer;
• Ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo.

Emkhakheni wokugcina (indawo engu-24415 hectares), noma yimuphi umsebenzi ophula ukulinganisela kwemvelo emvelweni awunqatshelwe. Kukhona indawo yokuthula okuphelele lapha, ukuhlala kwe-Zapovedny kuyatholakala.

Indawo ye-buffer iyisiqeshana somhlaba eduze komkhawulo womgogodla, ububanzi be-1 km nobubanzi bendawo engaba ngu-130 km2. Kukhona izindawo zokudoba, izikhukhula zemithi, izinqolobane, amapheshana emvelo, izikhumbuzo zemvelo.

Ezindaweni zokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kunezinqolobane kanye namapulangwe e-wood-grouse. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezikwele lapha ezivunyelwe ukuqoqa amakhowe, ama-cranberries namanye amajikijolo, ukugubha inhlanzi, ukudoba ngezintambo zokudoba.

Izici zemvelo

I-Central Forest State Biosphere Reserve ihlala ethafeni elihle lapho kutholakala amafomu okusiza ama-glacial. Ngaphezulu kwezinga lolwandle, uphawu lwalo lungamamitha angu-220-280. Insimu yesigceme imelwe yi-moraine ridges. Kunezimbiza zamachibi lapha. Ngokuvamile, kunezinsiza eziningi zamanzi - kuwo wonke ama-sq km angu-1 kukhona amamitha angu-750 emifudlana nemifula. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba atholakala kumamitha amathathu ukusuka phezulu. Izindawo ezinkulu (6323 hactare) zithatha izimpambu. Phakathi kwabo, "Verkhovsky moss", "Staroselsky moss", "Demikhovsky moss" kanye enkulu "Katin moss".

Isakhiwo somhlabathi se-reserve sinikezwa kabanzi. Lapha kune-sod, i-podzolic, i-marsh, i-peat, i-humus, i-alluvial, inhlabathi ye-gley nezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene zayo, isibonelo, i-sod-podzolic, i-peat-podzolic-gley.

Isimo sezulu esisesigodini sinomswakama futhi sipholile, ehlobo amazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka -16 ° C, ebusika -10 ° C, ezinsukwini ezishisayo zonyaka 45%.

I-Flora

I-Central-Forest Reserve inezwe elincane elimpofu, elihlotshaniswa nezimo ezicacile zesimo sezulu kanye nenhlabathi. Lapha izitshalo zaseYurophu zinqoba, yizihlobo ezingu-546 kuphela, ikakhulukazi ezikhula kahle emthunzini. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-herbaceous - izinhlobo ezingu-490, izihlahla nezihlahla ze-semishrubs - izinhlobo ezingu-34, izihlahla - izinhlobo eziyi-16, amasiko - izinhlobo ezingu-6. Esikhungweni sikhula i-birch, i-aspen, i-elm, i-ash, i-pin, i-spruce (kunezindawo zehlathi elincane eliseningizimu ye-taiga spruce), i-linden, i-oak, i-alder.

Phakathi kwezitshalo ze-herbaceous lapha kunabameleli abaningi beBhuku eliBomvu, isibonelo, ubuhlungu, i-lunnik evuselelayo, i- Venus slipper. Kusukela emifuleni nasezimbali lapho uhlala khona ungabona ama-daisies, i-mallow, i-Ivan-da-marju, i-bellow, i-fern, i-calla, i-veronica, i-medinitsu, i-gravel, nasemanzini nasemasimini aseduze nabo bakhula ama-blueberries, ama-cranberries, ama-cloudberries, ama-blackberries.

Imfuyo

Kwabafowethu abancane, iCentral Forest Reserve yaba ipharadesi. Izilwane lapha zimelelwa izinhlobo ezingu-335. Izidumbu ezinqolobaneni zinkulu (amabhere, izimpisi, i-moose, i-lynx, izimpungushe, inyamazane, izimbongolo zasendle, i-roe deer) nezincane (amantonga, amantombazane, ama-beavers, ama-mink, ama-ferrets, ama-badgers, ama-moles, ama-hedgehogs) - inamba engu-56. Kanti futhi endaweni yesigceme kukhona ama-amphibians (amaxoxo, amathanga, amasha), izilonda, izinyoka. Emifuleni nasezintanjeni ezigeleza endaweni yesigodi, kunezinhlobo ezingu-18 zezinhlanzi. Kodwa ezihlukahlukene kunazo zonke lapha, yebo, izinyoni. Izibalo ezingu-250 zabhaliswe. Amagatsha ashaywa ngamagagasi, i-goldfinches, i-Orioles, i-thrushes, i-flycatchers, ama-finches, ama-chiffchains, ama-dawn, namakhosi. Ebusuku, izikhumba nezikhumba zihamba zizingela, amaFolcons asePeregrine, ama-eagles abonakele, ama-eagles egolide ne-cobs. Eduze amadada amadleke amadleke, ama-woodcocks, ama-waders, ama-cranes, ama-herons. I-reserve ihlotshiswe ngabagogo bezinkuni, okuvikelekile ngokukhethekile kubashumayeli.

Ukudla kwezinyoni eziningi kukhona izinambuzane, okuyizinqolobane ezibalelwa ku-600 eziphilayo. Akubona bonke abameleli babo abamnandi ukubheka futhi abangenabungozi, kodwa akekho ophikisana nobuhle bezimvemvane. Kunezinhlobo ezingu-250 lapha. Iphumelela kakhulu yi-admiral, pigeon, mama-of-pearl, i-lemongrass, i-angler.

Imigwaqo yokubheka

I-Central-Forest Biosphere Reserve iyajabula futhi izingane, nabantu abadala. Kukhona izindlela eziningana zabathandi bemvelo. Ezintathu zazo zifushane, cishe ikhilomitha ubude, kodwa zithandekayo. Baba Yaga balinda lapha abahambi, kodwa hhayi ukuwadla, kodwa ukuhlela ukuhlolwa kolwazi lwendlela yalezi zindawo. Imigudu yilezi:

1. "Izimfihlo zehlathi lase-Okovsky." Lapha ikhula ipineyini eneminyaka engamakhulu amathathu ubudala ubude bamamitha angu-46, amapulatifomu okuqapha afakwe, futhi yonke indlela ibhalwa ngamabhodi.
2. "Amahlathi alfabhethi". Kulo mzila kuyathakazelisa ukutadisha imidwebo yabantu abahlala emahlathini, amasampula awo afakwa emaflethini.
3. "I-Staroselsky moss." Le ndlela igijima ngasemfudlaneni, kodwa indlela iphinde ibhalwe ngamabhodi. Kuyo ungawahloniphi izinyoni kuphela (ama-chibis, ama-waders, ama-wagtails, ama-cranes) kodwa futhi ama-moose, ngisho namahabhere, ngezinye izikhathi afika emanzini ukuze adle amajikijolo.

Kubantu abadala asezindaweni ezigcinwe kuyo, imizila enobude obuyi-25 km iye yasungulwa. Ziya ejulile ehlathini futhi zenziwa nge-escort. Lona "Isikhulu Esibomvu", "Barsuchikha" neSiberia. Emigwaqweni ihlelwe izindlu, lapho ungazitholela khona, ube nesidla bese uchitha ubusuku.

Isimiso somsebenzi namanani

Ukugcinwa kwe-Central Forest e-Tver esifundeni kuvulwe izivakashi lonke isonto (ngaphandle ngoMgqibelo nangeSonto) kusukela ngo-10 ekuseni kuya ku-12 ebusuku, ihora lesidlo sasemini, futhi umsebenzi uqhubeka kusukela ngo-13: 00 kuya ku-16: 00. Intengo yokungena yile:

• Ukudala kuze kube ngu-10 iminyaka - ama-ruble ama-50;
• Kuze kube yiminyaka engu-16 - ama-ruble angu-75;
• Abantu abadala - ama-ruble angu-150.

Ukuhambisa emigwaqeni amakhilomitha angu-25 ubude budinga ama-ruble angu-1000 ngosuku olungu-1.

Ukuvakashela izindleko zemyuziyamu kusuka kuma-ruble angu-250 kuya kwangu-400 (kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu beqembu).

Kungenzeka ukuba uchithe ubusuku ebulungelweni ngamarublekhi angu-300 ngelanga (ku-zaimka nasehostele) kanye ne-ruble ayi-600 endlini yezihambi.

Ukudluliselwa edolobheni laseNelidovo (42 km ukusuka emzaneni waseZapovedny) ngakwesinye isiqondisi kubiza kusuka ku-600 kuya ku-3000 ruble, kuye ngokuthi isigaba sezokuthutha.