Umthetho Ukwakheka njalo: izibonelo ekwakhiweni, ukubaluleka

Omunye futhi efanayo enkompolo chemical has a Ukwakheka njalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ndawo futhi iyiphi indlela ukulungiselela isampula. Lena esiphethweni ngomunye wabokuqala wafika umsunguli wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali yesimanje, usosayensi French Antoine de Lavoisier. Wakwazi ukunquma indlela yokwakheka amanzi, umoya, izinto eziphilayo, wayekholelwa ukuthi izinhlayiya kufakwe compounds ngezabelo ezithile. Kamuva, omunye wemithi kusukela France JL Proust kwase zavela umthetho Ukwakheka njalo. Bobabili abacwaningi baye wafaka eziningi umzamo ukuvikela imibono yabo kanjani impikiswano ethile wezesayensi.

Ukubuka isakhiwo ndaba ekuqa- le XVIII futhi XIX eminyaka,

izakhi zamakhemikhali, yokuxhuma nomunye okungu ahlukahlukene ukwakha sebuningini izinto. Ngayinye yalezi libhekene isethi ezithile zama-athomu kanye isilinganiso yabo mass. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu XVIII, ososayensi abaningi babecabanga ngendlela ehlukile. Inkinga ngabo kwaba efanele of amasu ambalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhundla ukubukwa-athomu-yamangqamuzana ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona wezimbangi, wabusa imfundiso yokuziphendukela phlogiston - element wasenganekwaneni. Ukusungulwa kwe ukwakheka ambalwa of ndaba negalelo elikhulu:

• A. de Lavoisier;
• MV Lomonosov;
• Zh L. Prust.
• D. Dalton.

Zh. L. Prusta sokunconywa itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ngcono izindlela ambalwa Lavoisier, balandela ngokuqinile. Usosayensi aphakanyisiwe umthetho enkulu ocacile, olondolozela izakhi ubuhlobo e amaphethini uxhumano. Umsebenzi kulesi siqondiso Proust waqala ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, kodwa ukuqashelwa umsebenzi wakhe wathola kuphela 1808. Dzhon Dalton emhlabeni ngesikhathi esifanayo wasungula umqondo zama-athomu nesisindo elandayo lalezi zinhlobo, okungu amaningi.

Biography zh. L. Prusta

Owaqamba ezihlongozwayo umthetho Ukwakheka njalo, wazalwa ngo-September 26, 1754 entshonalanga yeFrance. Ubaba Zhozefa Lui kwaba wemithi e Angers. Yena nendodana yakhe ejwayele ucwaningo nge chemical. Le nsizwa nezifundo zakhe e-Paris, lapho ahlangana khona nge Lavoisier nemibono yakhe ngokwesayensi. Ngo 1776, Proust enyathelisa incwadi yakhe yokuqala sina emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Kusukela 1799 kuya 1806 ukuthi ephethwe usosayensi laboratory eMadrid. France Proust wabuya e 1806. Ngemva kokuhlala isikhathi esifushane e Paris, Zhozef Lui waya emizini yabo. Eminyakeni 1808-1816 zaqashelwa umsebenzi wakhe ekuhloleni ukubunjwa izinto, kuhlanganise i-glucose. Ngo-1817 yena umhlalaphansi futhi Wayehlala yedwa kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe (1826). Proust kwaba isazi kulenkhulu isikhathi sakhe, a Knight ka iButho Ukuhlonipha, ilungu Royal Academy of Sciences of eNaples.

Umthetho Ukwakheka njalo. izibonelo

Zh. L. Prust wavula glucose, ezazidume ngokutshala ukunqoba brilliant kule mpikiswano wesayense Berthollet compatriot, imbangela okuyinto Wawungumthetho Ukwakheka njalo. I Proust ekwakhiweni ezihlongozwayo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: uma izakhi eziningi akha isampula okumsulwa amakhemikhali, liphethe athomu efanayo. Ubuhlobo ukugudluka yabo futhi nemvelo zisetshenziswa. izibonelo:

1. Sodium chloride (NaCl) ingalungiswa ngu basabela hydrochloric acid ne-sodium hydroxide. Eyesibili indlela - Ukwelashwa hydrochloric acid ne sodium carbonate. Ezahlukahlukene ukusabela ezimbili chemical ukuthola kwakwakhe kabani Ifomula NaCl. Kokubili lokuqala futhi esimweni sesibili, indaba iqukethe 39,33% sodium ne 60,66% chlorine.
2. Oxygen (chemical uphawu O) kwetinhlavu molecule yamanzi sibopha ukuthi esilinganayo hydrogen (H). Uma i-hydrogen is wasithukuthelela 1.11 g 8,89 g oksijini, ukuthi yakheke 10 g amanzi (H ₂ O). Ukwandisa imali omunye izinto kuholela umphumela ofanayo. Hhayi asabela ngayo athomu element, okwakuthatha ngokweqile. Sisindvo amanzi kule experiment kuyafana - 10 g, Ukwakheka ibonisa yayo yamangqamuzana ifomula H ₂ O.

Lokho Okushiwo ukutholakala enkulu ocacile

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX kwamakhemikhali theory waphasisa umthetho ukuthi ukuxhuma ejenti uchaze ubudlelwane babo. Sasifunda izici qualitative ambalwa yososayensi abaningi ngubani ezihlongozwayo ekwakhiweni jikelele. Imibono eliyisisekelo babe M. V Lomonosova mayelana nokongiwa mass zamakhemikhali. Umi umthetho JL Proust sika enkulu esiqondile kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba isayensi umkhuba. Ngesisekelo kule formula ubuhlobo kulotshwe amanzi kuphela ngesimo H ₂ O, futhi indlela yokwakheka sulfuric acid - H _{2 4 SO.} Kodwa umthetho Proust akuyona njengoba esibanzi ngemfundiso Lomonosov. Ngakho-ke, indlela amagama abekwe ngayo ecacisa ngemva kokutholakala isotopes. Ngakho ngokuthi ama-athomu yona leyo nto kokuba mass ezahlukene. Isilinganiso izinhlayiya in the yokwakheka sampuli njalo, kodwa kuphela ngaphansi isimo njalo Ukwakheka isotopic. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwakheka mass hydrogen nomoya-mpilo ngendlela ezivamile futhi amanzi esindayo kuyahluka. Uketshezi yesibili luyinto IKhompyuthaYami hydrogen - deuterium. isisindo osindayo amanzi ngaphezulu kokujwayelekile.

ukubukwa Modern ukubunjwa ketshezi

Ngokuhambisana isilinganiso ekwakhiweni ngesisindo Proust ama-athomu akha into ethile kungokwaphakade, ezimele indlela yokuthola isampuli. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu cwaningo XX metal Alloys Kwatholakala compounds yenziwe ngohlobo onhlobonhlobo. Kulokhu, isisindo iyunithi isici kumakhemikhali kungase kungahambisani isisindo ezahlukene enye ingxenye. Ngokwesibonelo, e compounds of thallium futhi bismuth per unit mass we-akhawunti yokuqala kusukela 1.2 kuya 1.8 isisindo amayunithi umbandela wesibili. Izibonelo ezinjalo zingatholakala phakathi intermetallic compounds, oxides, nesibabule ezibangela, i-nitrogen, carbon, i-hydrogen nezinsimbi. Ngenxa yalokho, imithetho sitholwe Proust futhi Dalton, evumelekile ngokugcwele kuphela izinto abe ukwakheka kwama-molecule. Lezi zihlanganisa acid eziningi, oxides, hydrides. isakhiwo qualitative ambalwa of lezi zakhi kuyinto njalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwakheka amanzi emkhathini, izilwandle, izinguzunga zeqhwa eziphilayo ibonisa H ifomula ₂ O.