Umsunguli wezempi photojournalism uRobert Kapa: biography, ubuciko kanye namaqiniso athakazelisayo

Sekuyiminyaka engama-40 uye wenza okuningi. Wahamba yonke iplanethi, wayengabangane nabalobi abadumile kunazo zonke ngesikhathi sakhe, ngokwesibonelo, noHemingway noSteinbeck, bavakashela izimpi ezinhlanu, baba ukhokho wazo zonke izinhlobo - i-photojournalism yezempi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wayedume njengowesifazane wesifazane, umvuthwandazi nesidakwa, wasinda ekufeni kowesifazane othandekayo nentombi yakhe empini, cishe washada nomfazi omuhle kunazo zonke emhlabeni - i-superstar movie - futhi wafela empini ngesikhathi ebulawa nesosha elivamile. Njengoba kunikezwe isikhathi eside ukuthi uRobert Kapa akakho njengomuntu, kodwa kwakuyi-hoax ecatshangelwe kahle, umuntu angayamukela isichazamazwi esinjalo script yefilimu efanelwe i-Oscar.

Ikusasa elikhulu lilindele!

Ngesikhathi ngo-1913 umfana ezalwa emndenini wabanikazi be-studio yezemidlalo phakathi noBudapest, uDezo noJulia Fridman, babeqiniseka ukuthi lokhu kuyoba ubuntu obungavamile, obuyophumelela empilweni. Esinye sezibonakaliso zalokhu abone ngesibonakaliso esincane esivela ngenhla - umntwana wayenomunwe owengeziwe ekhanda lakhe, okwakususwa ngokucophelela ngaphandle kwemiphumela yezempilo nokubukeka komfana. Le ndodana ibizwa ngokuthi u-Andre Erno, nakuba ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile wathola isiteketiso, esifana nesiteketiso sezobugebengu futhi waba yisikhathi esithile igama lakhe - uBundy. Kusobala ukuthi lo mfana ongumJuda ovela emndenini ohloniphekile wayehlukaniswa ngukufutheka komzwelo, ingqondo ephilile futhi enyanyeka ekuthuleni okuthula.

Kule minyaka engu-30. I-Hungary yaba elinye lamazwe lapho ama-fascists aqala khona ukubusa, futhi uBundy wahlanganyela ngokushesha emnyangweni wokubhikisha ngokumelene nohulumeni waseHorthy. Ngemva kokuboshwa nokushushiswa kwamaphoyisa, washiya eHungary futhi ngo-1931 wangena eNyuvesi yaseBerlin e-Faculty of Journalism. Kodwa kwakungenayo imali yokuqhubeka isifundo, futhi uBundy wathola umsebenzi esithombeni sezithombe Die Foto. Amandla kanye nenhlalakahle yale nsizwa ayizange ibonakale, futhi kungekudala wanikezwa ukudubula izenzakalo ezibalulekile zezombangazwe, okwakukhona ngaleso sikhathi esiphezulu okwanele kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Impumelelo yokuqala

Ekhuluma ngoDisemba 1932 eCopenhagen, uLeon Trotsky, axoshwa nguStalin evela ezweni futhi wesaba imizamo, avimbela noma yisiphi izithombe. Kodwa lo photographer osemusha u-André Fridman wakwazi ukuthatha izithombe ezimbalwa, ezanyatheliswa yizincwadi eziningi ezihamba phambili zaseYurophu. Lena kwakuyimpumelelo yangempela ye-photojournalist oyisiqalo. Uqala ukuchazwa ngemigomo eyisisekelo yomsebenzi wakhe, okuyinto esemqoka azoyikhulumela kamuva, kakade njengoRobert Kapa: "Uma izithombe zakho zingekho kahle - kusho ukuthi awusondelene ngokwanele!"

Yena ngokwakhe wayengu-1933 phakathi nendawo yezemicimbi, enkabeni yebhayili, lapho inhlekelele enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni eyayizoba khona: amaNazi aqala ukubusa eJalimane. U-photojournalist ongumJuda onombono ohlangothini lwesokunxele owawuseBerlin waba esongela ukuphila, futhi uhamba waya eFrance, eParis. Kukhona ngo-1935, njengoba yena ngokwakhe ehlambalaza, "lapho eneminyaka engama-22 ezalwa" umsunguli wesikhathi esizayo we-photojournalism yezempi uRobert Kapa. "Baba" kungacatshangwa u-Andre Friedman, kodwa wayekulindeleke, "umama."

Gerda Tarot

Umhlangano wabo wawungumphumela ohlanzekile. Lapho u-André emema njengesibonelo esisodwa intombazane enhle, futhi yena, owabalekela amaNazi, yena, ephethe umkhwenyana futhi eyaziwa idumela le-photographer omuhle, wathatha intombazane naye. WayengumJuda waseJalimane enezimpande zasePoland, futhi igama lakhe kwakunguGerda Pogorilaya. Inhlonipho ye-model ayizange ihlupheke, kodwa uGerda wayengeke amelane nezintelezi ze-donjuan. Kwakukhona ukuthi bangabalingani, futhi uGerda, njengo-Andre, uzama ukwenza ukuphila ngo-photojournalism. Umsebenzi we-Andre wathinteka ngolwazi olubi lwesiFulentshi kanye nokuba khona eParis komunye umlobi wezithombe ogama lakhe linguFridman. Ngokushesha, ndawonye, bahlakulela ukuhamba ngokuhlakanipha.

Ukubaluleka kokugxeka kwabo kwaba, njengoba kufanele kube, okulula futhi okunengqondo. Esikhundleni sama-photographer angamaJuda angaziwayo angafunwa yinoma yikuphi ukushicilela okuqinile, isithombe sezithombe esidumile nesithandekayo esivela kude saseMelika kufanele sivele, lapho izithombe zakhe zithathwa khona ngamaphephandaba namaphephandaba amakhulu, futhi izindaba zakhe ziphathwa yi-agent ekhethekile, ehlangene - futhi Isithombejournalist, intombazane encane yokukholelwa kwesokunxele. Ngokushesha ku-press yaseParis kwaqala ukubonakala kumangalisa futhi kubukhali, okuvame ukuhlambalaza ama-photo-reports, okusayinwe igama elimibalabala uRobert Capa (uRobert Capa). Izingxoxo namahhovisi okuhlela zaqhutshwa ngumphathi wakhe - uGerda Taro, futhi ngezinye izikhathi wayemthumelela umsebenzi. Abantu abasha bavula i-ejensi yezithombe ezanqoba udumo olukhulu, lapho umAmerican wenganekwane engumnikazi womlingani, noTaro - unobhala wakhe nomphathi.

Impi eSpain

I-hoax yembulwa lapho, beyithuthele eNew York, bazama ukukhipha umnikazi we-ejensi yabo yezithombe kumuntu owaziwayo waseFrance. Kodwa wayesezidumile ngempela, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uRobert Capa uye wathola inyama negazi nokubukeka okumnandi kakhulu. Ukumboza ukuqala kwempi yombango e-Spain, uRobert noGerda bahamba njengabathwebuli bezithombe ezidumile, ngamagama angazange adinge ukukhangisa nokuhleleka. Ngaphandle kokuthakazelisa ngobuchwepheshe, emasimini omzabalazo wokuqala wokulwa ne-fascism ababizelwayo kanye nesihawu esithile ne-leftist, imibono yezenhlalakahle, ngaleso sikhathi eyayivela abantu abaningi abacabanga emhlabeni wonke.

Impi yokuqala, idutshulwa nguRobert Kapa, yaba yinto yakhe yokuqala, lapho esebenzisa khona izindlela zokuthola izithombe ezingenazo kuphela ukuchithwa kwedokhumenti, kodwa futhi nemicabango ephezulu kanye nomthelela omkhulu kulabo abalaleli. Izithombe zakhe zihlale ziveza isimo sengqondo esingaqondakali esibhekene nalokho okwenzekayo - ukuzwelana nokuhlonipha umlingisi oyedwa, ukudelela nokudelela abanye. Isibindi somuntu siqu namandla akwenza iKapa ithathe izithombe ezithatha izibhamu futhi zizwakala ngokuqhuma kwamagobolondo, futhi inhlanhla kanye nokuthambekela kwezobuciko kwenza kube yimibhalo engaqapheli futhi emangalisayo yomlando.

I shot edume kunazo zonke

NgoSeptemba 5, 1936, iCapa yayisemigodini yamaRiphabhliki e-Sierra Morena ezintabeni. Isimo sengqondo sabasosha abaphikisana noFranco kwakungabalulekile. Ama-Loyalists, okungukuthi, abasekeli be-republic, abavikela igunya elisemthethweni labahlubuki beGeneral Franco, beyazi ukuthi isitha sabo sithole izikhali ezintsha ezenziwe ngokuzenzakalelayo zaseJalimane, okwakungavumela ukudubula okungakaze kube khona.

Ngemuva kwalokho, uKapa ukhumbula ukuthi lapho umyalo womyalo weLoyalist uqala ukuhlasela futhi amasosha aqala ukuphuma ezindaweni zokukhosela, kwashona umshini omkhulu. Umthwebuli wezithombe waqonda "uLwandle" lwakhe ngaphezu komsele futhi wacindezela ngephutha umcibisholo. Ngesikhathi i-negative eyathunyelwa iKapa ejensi yabonakala, ezincwadini eziningi isithombe sanyatheliswa, kamuva esibizwa ngokuthi isithombe esidume kakhulu emhlabeni, esenziwe ngesikhathi sokulwa. Kwakukhona ubufakazi obuhlukahlukene kanye nezifundo ezazikhuluma ngesimo esithinta isithombe, mayelana nokuziphatha okubi kwesiteji esenziwa iKapa. Ukuphikisana akugcini kuze kube manje, kodwa okushiwo isithombe esithathwe ngumthwebuli wezithombe uRobert Kapa asishintshi lokhu: ukujwayelekile kwesikhashana sokufa okuthunjwe ikhamera kubonisa ukwesabeka okukhulu-okungafani nomuntu - okungavamile kwempi.

Ukulahlekelwa

Ehlobo lika-1937, ekholini elibuyisela emuva lamaRiphabhuliki, eduze nesigodi saseMadunete saseMadrid, leli tangi laphutha ngephutha iloli elinalimala. Kukhona umngane nomngane weKapa - Gerda Taro. Ngosuku olulandelayo - uJulayi 26 - washonela ngokulimala kwakhe. Ukulahlekelwa kwamthonya kakhulu uRobert. Abangane bakhe bakhumbula ukuthi wayengeke alulame kulokhu kuze kube sekugcineni. Manje kwakudingeka asebenze yedwa ejensi elizalwe nguhlelo lwayo oluhlangene, kodwa okubaluleke nakakhulu, walahlekelwa umngane wakhe othandekayo, okusho ukuthi, ngokusho kwemibiko ethile, uzothola injabulo yomndeni.

Impi elandelayo, ushiya yedwa. Izithombe ezithathwe yiKapa eChina, lapho ukuhlasela kwebutho laseJapane kuqala ngo-1938, kwasungula izakhamuzi zaseMelika nabaseMelika hhayi nje kuphela esifundeni esiyinkimbinkimbi yomhlaba, kodwa futhi kwakuyisibonelo esabekayo sokuthi umlilo womhlaba wezwe wawuvutha ngamandla amakhulu futhi uhlala eceleni Kungenzeka kunoma ubani.

Impi Yezwe II

Ukucaca komthetho waseMelika ukuthola ilungelo lokuba yisakhamuzi kwaholela ngo-1940 esimweni esiyinkimbinkimbi nomshushisi wesithombe esivele esidumile. Ngokusemthethweni, uKapa wasala isakhamuzi saseHungary, umlingani we-fascist Germany kanye nomphikisi we-anti-Hitler. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, phakathi nayo yonke impi wayeyisisebenzi esisemthethweni somagazini waseMelika onamandla kunazo zonke UKUPHILA. Kulesi sikhundla, wabamba iqhaza ekusebenzeni kwamanzi amaningi aseYurophu e-Europe - ekufikeni kwamabutho ase-Allied eNormandy.

Ngokulandelayo, encwadini edumile ethi "Umbono Ofihlekile" kaRobert Kapa, incazelo enokwethenjelwa neyesabekayo ngoJune 6, 1944, eyenziwa nguye endaweni yomkhakha waseNorman ogwini, okhethwe emabalazweni aseMelika aseMelika njengomkhakha we-Omaha Beach, yathunyelwa. Wayenguye kuphela umlobi wezentengiselwano endaweni eyingozi kakhulu ukufika ezweni laseMelika. Wayesengozini eyingozi njalo ngomzuzwana, ehambisana namasosha ajwayelekile ngaphansi komlilo oshisayo amaJalimane aholele eziqongweni ezibheke ogwini.

I-Kapa yadutshulwa amakhemikhali amaningana wefilimu, ekwazi ukuyisindisa ezinhlamvu, ukugxeka nokuwela emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakumlindele ukwethuka kwangempela: ngenxa yokuqondiswa komsizi we-laboratory owabonisa izinto ezivela eNormandy ehhovisi lokuhlela loMagazini waseLondon, cishe yonke inhlolovo yalahleka. Kusele amafremu angu-11 kuphela, ayenamaphutha ahlukahlukene ezobuchwepheshe. Ngokungazelelwe kuqukethe kubo okungajwayelekile, ukufiphaza, ukuphawula kwanikeza izithombe lezo zindlela ezibonisa ukuthi zanyathelisa bonke abezindaba abahamba phambili emhlabeni futhi zaba yizigaba zobuciko bezithombe.

Isikhungo "Magnum"

Inkazimulo ye-post-war yomlando womdabu owedume kakhulu we-United States ayizange ishintshe indlela yokuphila kaRobert Kapa. Wayengabangane nabaculi nabalobi, bathandana ngaphandle kokukhumbula inkanyezi ze-movie. I-diva edumile kunazo zonke ngaleso sikhathi, i-Ingrid Bergman eyimangalisa, yayilungele ukushada naye uma eyeka ukuya ezindaweni ezingqubuzana nempi. Ngenxa yalokho, bahlukana.

Ngo-1947, i-agnum photo agency yasungulwa, iholwa uRobert Kapa. Ama-classic photoarties - u-Henri Cartier-Beresson, uDavid Seymour, uGeorge Roger - abajoyina naye, babe nomgomo wokwakha inhlangano ehamba phambili yezithombe-zithombe, ezikwazi ukuchaza izenzakalo emhlabeni wonke ngekhwalithi edingekayo kanye nesivinini. Lo mgomo waphumelela, naphezu kwezikhathi ezinzima eziqotshwe yi-agency.

Izimpi emva kwempi

Robert Capa, biography, izithombe, izincwadi ezigcwele izinto ezimbi ezivela emasimini ezempi, zithandwa ukudubula nokuphila okunokuthula, ukuthola izindaba ezaba yizigaba zakudala. Ngo-1949, wenza uhambo oluya e-USSR, okwakuwumzamo wokuvula i-"Iron Curtain" ephansi.

Kodwa umsebenzi oyinhloko kwakuyi-photojournalism yezempi. I-Kapa iqhubekile ukuhamba lapho kuqhuma khona isibhamu. Ngo-1948, uhlanganisa izenzakalo zempi eyamemezelwa yizizwe zase-Arab esifundazweni esisha sakwa-Israyeli.

Isithombe sokugcina somlobi uRobert Cap senziwa ngo-May 25, 1954 e-Indochina. Kubonisa ukuthi amasosha aseMelika ahamba kanjani ngokuzungeza ingxenye yesigcawu somgwaqo. Ngomzuzwana, ukuqhuma kwemayini yokulwa nabasebenzi kuzozwakala, kuphelile impilo yomuntu odumile we-photojournalist.