Umlando yentuthuko kagesi. Ososayensi ababa nengxenye ekuthuthukiseni ubunjiniyela kagesi, kanye ngezenzo zabo

Electrical - ensimini enkulu kakhulu yolwazi, okuhlanganisa konke ehlangene ukusetshenziswa amandla kagesi. Lesi senzakalo izikimu, amadivaysi, imishini kanye izingxenye futhi isifundo imihlola kagesi kanye nokusebenzisa kwabo okuwusizo. Ububanzi Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka - zonke izindawo ezimpilweni zethu.

Indlela Bonke baqala

Umlando of Electrical Development uvalwe exhumene nesintu kuwo wonke umlando wakhe intuthuko. Abantu abanesifiso zemvelo, ababengakholwa ukuchaza. Umlando of Electrical Development - imizamo njalo ukuphinda ukuthi kwenzekani endaweni emzungezile.

Lolu cwaningo eyathatha amakhulu amaningi eminyaka futhi abaningi. Kodwa kuphela ekhulwini lesikhombisa umlando Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka waqala countdown yayo ngempela abantu ukusetshenziswa usezuze ulwazi namakhono.

ithiyori

Ososayensi ababa nengxenye ekuthuthukiseni Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka - kuyinto izinkulungwane amagama, zonke zazo kulesi sihloko asikwazi ecacisiwe. Kodwa kukhona umuntu, ogama ucwaningo zasiza ekwenzeni umhlaba wethu indlela manje.

Umlando ukuthi: ngomunye wabokuqala arhola ukunaka kwakhe ukuthi ngemva bezihlikihla amber ngokumelene uvolo, kungaba ukudweba izinto, wayengumGreki sefilosofi Thales laseMilethu. ucwaningo lakhe wayifeza ngekhulu lesikhombisa BC. Ayikho iziphetho ayisisekelo, ngeshwa, wayengeke akwazi ukukwenza. Kodwa zonke kokuma kwakhe wakuloba ngokucophelela futhi adluliselwa inzalo.

Igama esilandelayo uhlu "ososayensi, onjiniyela kagesi kanye ngezenzo zabo" okunemibandela uvele kuphela 1663, lapho emzini laseMagdeburg Otto Fon Gerike yakhelwe umshini, okuyinto ibhola esingagcini nje ukuheha, kodwa dudula izinto.

ososayensi Famous

Ngemva kwalokho, Home Electronics ukubeka ezifana ososayensi abaziwayo, njenge:

• Stiven Gray, owayengifundela ukulinga ukudluliselwa kukagesi noma ibanga. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi nocwaningo lwakhe isiphetho yokuthi izinto ezahlukene amandla sokudlulisa.
• Sharl Dyufe, ngubani ezihlongozwayo imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinhlobo ezahlukene ugesi.
• UmDashi Pieter van Musschenbroek. Sekuvele abadumile okusungulile epholisayo.
• Ngezenzo wafunda mkhuba Georg Richman futhi Mikhail Lomonosov.
• UBenjamin Franklin. Lo muntu wehlela emlandweni njengoba umsunguli we induku umbani.
• Luigi Galvani.
• Vasily Petrov.
• Sharl Kulon.
• Hans Oersted.
• Alessandro Volta.
• Andre Ampere.
• Maykl Faradey, nabanye abaningi.

energetics

Electrical - isayensi okuyindawo ehlanganisa izingxenye ezine zokuqala futhi kumila okuyinto amandla. Kuyinto yezinto wokuphehla, ukuwudlulisa ukusetshenziswa zamandla. Isintu siye sazama ngempumelelo ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe ukusetshenziswa yabo siqu kuphela ekhulwini le-19.

ibhethri lwasekuqaleni ivumela idivayisi ukusebenza kuphela isikhashana, ukuthi akazange ukwanelisa izifiso of ososayensi. Umsunguli wendlela sibonelo wokuqala generator baba Hungarian Anosh Anyos Jedlik e 1827. Ngeshwa, abo usosayensi inzalo enelungelo lobunikazi, futhi igama lakhe uhlala kuphela ezincwadini zomlando.

Kamuva ugesi Ushintshe Ippolit Piksi. Idivayisi ilula: a stator yakha ensimini njalo kazibuthe, futhi iqoqo Windings.

Umlando Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka nokuthuthukiswa amandla ngeke akwenze ngaphandle kokukhuluma igama UMichael Faraday. Nguye owasungula le generator kuqala, okuyinto uvunyelwe ukuphakela voltage wamanje kanye njalo. Ngemva kwalokho, izindlela eziye zaguqulwa Shtererom Emile uHenry Wilde, Zenobia amagremu.

DC

Ngo-1873 embukisweni e Vienna labonakala kahle by ukwethulwa kwe-futha kusukela emshinini, elise ngaphezu ikhilomitha kude.

Ugesi ngokuqiniseka nokunqoba izwe. Isintu saba esitholakalayo esifana izinto ezazingaziwa ezintsha njengoba yocingo, motor kagesi izimoto kanye nemikhumbi, ukukhanyisa ezisemadolobheni. Dynamos Huge ngokwethukela kusetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenziwa kagesi ngezinga ezimbonini. Imizi kwaqala ukuvela the trams lokuqala kanye trolleybuses. Umqondo DC bakamalalahlengezela iqalise usosayensi odumile uThomas Edison. Nokho, lobu buchwepheshe benamaphutha yayo.

Theory Ubunjiniyela Electrical emibhalweni zezemfundo kwakusho esehlanganise inani elikhulu kunawo kungenzeka wezokuHlaliswa kwaBantu nezindawo ngogesi. Kodwa DC inebanga elinganiselwe kakhulu - kungathi izinkulungwane ezimbili noma ezintathu amakhilomitha yaqala ukulahlekelwa omkhulu. Isici esibalulekile kwathatha i zamanje kushintshana imishini steel nobungako odala, ubukhulu wefektri ehloniphekile.

Nikola Tesla

Umuntu owasungula le ubuchwepheshe obusha kubhekwa ukuthi ube usosayensi Serbian Nikola Tesla. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe wayehumusha ekutadisheni AC umthamo, ulithumele ibanga. Kagesi (Wabasaqalayo kuba iqiniso elithakazelisayo) yakhiwa ezimisweni zalo eziyisisekelo. Namuhla, njalo ekhaya enye indalo usosayensi omkhulu.

Umsunguli wanika izwe ugesi multiphase, lokungeniswa motor, esiphikisayo futhi izinto eziningi ezafika nomuntu. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-komsebenzi yocingo, inkampani yocingo, Edison laboratory kanye kamuva amabhizinisi abo Tesla kwaba nesikhathi esimnandi ngenxa yobuningi ucwaningo.

Isintu, ngeshwa, akazange wathola okweshumi kwe zatholakala ngokwesayensi. Abanikazi imali uwoyela bebelokhu ngokunamandla ngokumelene inguquko kagesi ngakulahla nganoma iyiphi indlela zokuzivikela ukuze uzame ukuwunqanda.

Ngokusho amahlebezi, Nicola wakwazi ukwakha futhi ayeke iziphepho, ukudlulisa ugesi ngaphandle kwezintambo ukuze yingasiphi wonke, teleported wempi, ngisho sokucasuka kokuwa meteorite eSiberia. indoda esingaphezulu kakhulu kwesivamile, ayengumkhwenyana wakhe.

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, Nicola tye, ukubhejela AC. Engineering kagesi (ikakhulukazi Wabasaqalayo) ingeyokuqala ukukhuluma mayelana nezimiso zakhe. Wayeqinisile, ukuthi ugesi kungenziwa wondle izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha isebenzisa babashayeli kuphela. Endabeni unomphela 'abafowabo' amandla kuyadingeka ukuba zonke amakhilomitha amabili noma amathathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kube njalo inakekelwe.

Kuze kube manje, i-DC namanje kwesokunxele indawo ezokuthutha kagesi - trams, trolley amabhasi, amakhanda zikagesi, izinjini izimboni, ibhethri, ishaja. Nokho, unikezwa nokuthuthukisa ithekhnoloji, kungenzeka ukuthi "postoyanke" maduze kube kuphela emakhasini umlando.

Electromechanics

Eyesibili izigaba kagesi echaza isimiso zokuguqula amandla mechanical ibe amandla kagesi kanye noHezekeli, ubizwa ngokuthi Electromechanics.

Eyokuqala usosayensi yavivshim izwe umsebenzi wabo on Electromechanics, kwaba usosayensi Swiss Engelbert Arnold, okwathi ngo-1891 eshicilelwe indatshana theory kanye nomklamo for the Windings umshini. Ngemva kwalokho, imiphumela yesayensi emhlabeni agcwaliswa Blondel ucwaningo Vidmar, Kostenko, Dreyfus Tolvinskogo, Circle Park.

Ngo-1942, isiHungary-American Gabriel IziKr ekugcineni wakwazi kwakha umbono jikelele kubo bonke imishini kagesi, futhi ngenxa yalokho sihlanganise imizamo abacwaningi abaningi ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka.

Electromechanics wajabulela isithakazelo nzile ososayensi emhlabeni wonke, bese kuwo kokuba wesayensi ezifana electrodynamics (uhlola ubuhlobo imihlola kagesi kanye uzibuthe), omakhenikha (ukutadisha ezinyakazayo zemizimba kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwazo), kanye Thermal Physics (amandla theory lezisekelo, wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, ukushisa nokudluliselwa mass ) kanye nabanye.

Izinkinga main okuye wafunda ngaphansi kohlaka zocwaningo isifundo kanye nokuthuthukiswa Transformers, ujikeleze kazibuthe amakhulu, le komugqa umthwalo lamanje, u-Arnold njalo. Izihloko Main - imishini kagesi kanye indlela, izinhlobo ezahlukene transformers.

postulates Electromechanics

Izinkolelo emithathu eyinhloko Electromechanics imithetho:

• lokungeniswa kagesi Faraday;
• wamanje Imininingwane kuya wesifunda kazibuthe;
• amabutho kagesi (owaziwa nangokuthi umthetho Ampere sika).

Ngenxa yalokho, ososayensi ucwaningo, ugesi, kwakutholakala ukuthi amandla ayikwazi ukuhanjiswa ngaphandle kokulahleka, bonke imishini ongaqhuba yezimoto imodi nomshini ophehla ugesi, futhi ukuthi amasimu Rotor futhi stator iqinile isihlobo ukuba sazana.

Ifomula eyisisekelo ezothando:

• izimoto kagesi;
• zilingana voltage Windings imishini kagesi;
• torque engu kagesi.

Okuzenzakalelayo zokulawula

Direction nakanjani kwaduma emva kwaba sobala ukuthi impumelelo imishini Ungashintshanisa bokusebenza komuntu.

isilawuli okuzenzakalelayo - nekhono lokusebenzisa ngobuhlakani ekusebenzeni namanye amadivayisi noma izinhlelo lonke. Operable izinga lokushisa, velocity, ukunyakaza kanye nesivinini engeli ukunyakaza. Izikhundla kungaba kwenziwe kwimodi egcwele othomathikhi, futhi ukubamba iqhaza umuntu.

Umshini wokuqala lolu hlobo angabhekwa iyunithi, yakhelwe by Charles Bebidzhem. Ngosizo ulwazi oluqukethwe amakhadi Punch babekwazi kwenziwe ukulawula futha esebenzisa injini umusi.

I-computer yokuqala wachazwa emibhalweni isazi Irish uPercy Ludgate, eyayibonakala wethulwa emphakathini ngo-1909.

amadivaysi ikhompyutha Analog uvele nje ngaphambi kokugqashuka kwempi yezwe yesibili. Ubutha eziningana ekhuluphalisiweyo kakhulu ekuthuthukeni kwale umkhakha ethembisa.

I sibonelo lokuqala ikhompyutha yesimanje wadalwa German Konrad Zuse ngo-1938.

Kuze kube manje, lo othomathikhi indawo elawula uhlelo, njengoba yayibizwa kanjalo sicatshangelwa by abasunguli ngempumelelo esikhundleni abantu ezimbonini, ukwenza umsebenzi okuyisidina kakhulu futhi kuyingozi.

electronics

Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuthuthukiswa steel kagesi, izinto zobuchwepheshe ukuthi Uyi bhiliyoni izikhathi ezingaphezu eqondile kuka nozakwabo analog.

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke okusungulile German sokuqala umshini cipher "Enigma". Bese - the decoders British electronic ngawo wazama ukuxazulula amakhodi eyinkimbinkimbi.

Kwakukhona yokubala namakhompyutha.

Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje ukuphila lihlotshaniswa electronics amafoni kanye amaphilisi. Futhi lokho kuyoba ukuthuthukiswa amadivayisi yethu kusasa, singakwazi kuphela ukuqagela. Kodwa ososayensi imini nobusuku nje ukusebenza kusimangaze zonke futhi wenze ukuphila kujabulise kakhulu futhi kulula ukuthi ithule.