Umlando Montenegro lasendulo

Ngo engxenyeni esentshonalanga iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan is wageza sijikijelwa amagagasi ka eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Adriatic Sea i isimo Montenegro lasendulo. umlando wezwe, sifinyeto lesi sihloko, kuyinto uchungechunge engapheli emzabalazweni ubukhosi kazwelonke, nokuyinto eyaphela ngo-2006, ukuqashelwa uzibuse.

isimo sidilizwa Dukla

Umlando Montenegro, ezandulela mina ekhulwini BC. e., kancane ifundelwe. Esikwaziyo ukuthi lesi sifunda ukuthi eyayihlala Illyrians - abamele neqembu elikhulu kakhulu abantu Indo-European. I ekhulwini BC. e. endaweni yanqotshwa eRoma, ukuyigcina Ngaphansi kokulawula kwazo, uma nje ekhulwini IV, yawa ngaphansi ukumelana bakhona.

Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, uqala inqubo azinze lokho manje Montenegro lwamaSlav. okukhulu Ikakhulukazi kwaba ngekhulu VII, kodwa sekuphele iminyaka engu-300 emazweni aseBalkan kanye ezindaweni ezakhelene Umkhawulo wama-Adriatic, kwakhiwa geqe Slav, okuyinto wazala igama Dukla. nobukhosi bawo abakhileyo ezweni kwadingeka ukuba njalo otvoovyvat olunegazi futhi akuyona izimpi yimpumelelo ngokuchema nabantu bakwamanye amazwe njalo.

Ngaphansi kokubusa WaseByzantium

On the ukuphila sezizwe zakwa Slavic endaweni Montenegro yesimanje walondoloza ukwaziswa elinesihloko amarekhodi uMbusi waseByzantium Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo (905-959). Kulo, usitshela indaba izizwe abahlala endaweni futhi wasungula emzini Skadar, Budva, Kotor futhi Ulcinj. UbuKristu Dukla lasendulo kwaqinisekiswa ekupheleni kwekhulu IX, futhi kulapha kanye eRussia kusukela waseByzantium.

Ekhulwini XI Dukla nabo bonke ndawonye ne insimu yakhe Serbian bathunjwa wayiyisa eByzantium, oko inkathi lalichumile enkulu, ukuyise inqubomgomo ububanzi wamakoloni. Umlando Montenegro kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo iye nezenzakalo ezibabazekayo, kodwa kule minyaka kuye wamngenisa ikakhulukazi igazi eliningi, ngoba maphakathi abahlaseli ngxabano babesuke izifunda engaphakathi baseSerbia ukuba ogwini Adriatic Sea, futhi impi esemqoka zenzeka.

Indima Prince Stefan Vojislav ukusungula esimweni

Ngaleso sikhathi, i-yesiteleka kakhulu emlandweni abadlala indima enkulu emlandweni ubukhulu of Duklja (ikusasa Montenegro), kwaba bombusi wawo ozimisele ukwenza Stefan Vojislav. Ngo 1035 wahola kuvukela ethandwa ngokumelene baseByzantium, kodwa lanqotshwa uthathiwe ethunyelwe iConstantinople. Nokho, naphezu kobunzima, uStefanu wakwazi ukubaleka ekuthunjweni ke, ahambe ibanga elide emuva Dukla, futhi kukhona futhi ukuthatha amandla ezandleni zabo siqu.

Ekugcineni, ngo-1042 empini ngasedolobheni Ibha kwakukhona impi ewumnqamula-juqu lapho duklyanskaya Army, eyasungulwa futhi iqondiswa Prince Stefan Vojislav, sichitha siqeda wahlasela baseByzantium. Lo mcimbi abuqede ukubusa isizwe, futhi kwaba ukuqala kokudaliweyo geqe Duklyanskogo.

Sokuthuthwa kwempahla isimo, ilandelwa ekufeni kwakhe

Ngemva kokufa Stefana Voislava kwakuphuma amandla ngofuzo wendodana yakhe uMichael, owakwazi unamathisele ezindaweni zabo isimo esikhulu fanele kuze lo Serbia. Wayengumuntu ababusi bokuqala baseMontenegro waklonyeliswa isihloko wenkosi, anikezwe wona 1077 uPapa Gregory VII.

Eyayisekhona amarekhodi indaba eyaziwa ukuthi ubukhulu elalisanda kumiswa lahlukaniswa laba izindawo ehlukile, ngasekhanda ngayinye esenziwa umdala, ebizwa ngokuthi County. Ngesikhathi lapho ibhodi isimo esibonise King uConstantine Bodean (1081-1099), yafinyelela-zenith futhi abathintekayo cishe nayo yonke insimu waseSerbia, kuhlanganise Bosnia, Raska futhi Zachlumia. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izwe wangena shí i uchungechunge engapheli izimpi zombango, lakhipha yi County zendawo, futhi ilahlekelwe amandla yayo yangaphambili.

Ukuwa isimo esisodwa-ezinamandla

Kusukela ngekhulu XI, ekuphileni kwansuku zonke futhi kancane kancane uqala faka igama elisha simile Duklyanskogo isimo - Zeta. Ngokusho zezilimi, kuvela izwi lasendulo "umvuni" futhi ibonisa indlela eyisisekelo yomsebenzi wezomnotho kwezakhamuzi zawo.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-XI kanye no- XII eminyaka, umlando Montenegro waphinda kokufaka inkathi ukwehla kwezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki, ozobakhona phakathi nalo lonke ikhulu esilandelayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Zeta kanye enamandla buthaka kangangokuthi yahlukana yaba principalities ehlukile (zhupy), aba ngaphansi kokulawula of Raska, ngaphambi nje kokuba lokhu kuphela endaweni Serbian, ingxenye ububona.

Amadolobha abaye baba umlando

Nge ngalezi zenzakalo zihlobene kakhulu emlandweni Kotor (Montenegro) - City, ogwini Adriatic Sea, futhi manje zokuphatha kanye izivakashi isikhungo ngobukhulu. Ngo 1186, ngemva kwezinsuku eziningi nokuvinjezelwa, yena lathunjwa amaviyo Serbian Prince Stefan Nemanja futhi ohlanganiswe Raschke. Ukuze okwamanje usuku indaba watshelwa indaba abavikeli yakhe nobuqhawe wabulala, kodwa akazange ufisa ukubeka phansi izikhali phambi kwabo luphakeme amabutho.

Phakathi XIII - ekhulwini XIV, awasalayo idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke ogwini lwase-Adriatic, ukuchuma kwezomnotho lusekelwe nokuhwebelana ezindaweni elise emaphakathi Serbia. Khona-ke ezingeni elilandelayo out umlando Budva (Montenegro) - omunye resort elikhulu lesimanje-Adriatic, eyasungulwa ekhulwini IX futhi kuyakhulunywa amarekhodi soMbusi uConstantine Bogryanorodnogo. Bekanye namanye amadolobha amabili - Ulcinj and Bar - sekuyinto isikhungo ophambili shipbuilding lokuzula kwenkathi.

Nge izimiso ayo - izimiso ezilawula oda zokuphila yabo, leyo mizi babejabulela amalungelo zokuzibusa, futhi zonke izindaba olunikezwa uMkhandlu - uhlobo ephalamende, esakhiwa abamele amakilasi ezahlukene.

Ukuhlasela abanqobi

Ngo 1371 umbuso Serbo-Greek, wasungula kanye Prince Stefan Nemanja, Zeta bese ugcine ngaphansi kolawulo, ngokungazelelwe ziwile, okuholela isimo esasikhona lokho manje Montenegro, okwesikhathi esithile ukuze uthole inkululeko. Nokho, ngasekupheleni kwawo-80-yalolucwaningo komuzi, elise-Adriatic, kwavele ayehlasela Turkish, futhi ngemva kwempi zehluleka Juni 1389 kweKosovo, iningi izingxenye sangaphakathi Zetas babe ngaphansi kokubusa koMbuso WaseTurkey.

Ekuqaleni Ekhulwini leminyaka elizayo, umlando Montenegro kwekwemukela okukhulu nakakhulu. Ngu abanqobi Turkish ungeze baseVenice, ukuze uthwebule ezinye izindawo zayo ugu eyayisele khulula kuze kube yileso sikhathi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Venice uye sicindezelwe ababusi abaseTurkey emazweni ayenqotshiwe, futhi 1439 cishe wonke Zeta kwathiwa protectorate yayo kulawulwa izinduna omkhaya Crnojevic. Phakathi nale nkathi isimo iqanjwe kabusha futhi lethiwa zamanje Montenegro.

Ngaphansi kokubusa koMbuso WaseTurkey

Nokho, uMbuso WaseTurkey ayimanga izinhloso zawo nolaka, futhi ngokushesha baqala umkhankaso imizamo emisha ukuhlasela. Ngenxa yalokho, umlando eSerbia naseMontenegro iminyaka eminingi yayihamba, wathi kusukela Istanbul. Ngo-1499, abaseTurkey yanqoba cishe nayo yonke insimu baseMontenegro, ngaphandle amadolobha bambalwa ogwini ka Kotor Bay.

Uma libuswa Sultan of Turkey, Montenegro lalenziwa kweyunithi ezimele zokuphatha, ngokuthi sanjak. Ukuphathwa waphathiswa kuye indodana yangaphambili Prince Ivana Chernoevicha, uzoguqulelwa Islam futhi wathatha igama Skender Bey.

Bonke abakhileyo iziphathimandla ezintsha intela - Filur, ukukhokhelwa kwawo kwakuyizingalo umthwalo osindayo mpofu ngu Iminyaka yempi eMontenegro. Nokho, izazi-mlando zisikisela ukuthi umthetho WaseTurkey ezihlobene umlando ikakhulu lwedolobha Montenegro, njengoba etindzaweni tasemakhaya letikhashane futhi sezintaba, ikakhulukazi abaseTurkey cishe wayengekho.

I kazwelonke womzabalazo wenkululeko ka eMontenegro

Ukuphela XVI kanye XVII kwekhulu saphawula ukuqala ekuqaleni jikelele womzabalazo wenkululeko bamelana nokubusa Turkish. Omunye iziqephu yesiteleka kakhulu kwaba Kwagqashuka 1604 kuvukela eholwa nababusi Grdana. Empini ngasedolobheni Lushkopolya, lezi zihlubuki wakwazi ukunqoba ibutho umbusi Turkish. Lokhu kunqoba anikeza ugqozi ukunyakaza, okuyinto njengoba sihlanganisa lonke izwe Montenegro wakhukhuleka eminyakeni ezayo.

Umlando wezwe ngesikhathi XVII-XVIII eminyaka kuyinkathi eyisikhathi ngokujulile womzabalazo wenkululeko kazwelonke, lapho kunqoba yesikhashana zalandelwa ukunqotshwa, ethi ukuphila kwezinkulungwane eMontenegro. Ngo elwa izakhamizi emazweni amaningi wencike ukusekela Venice, ogwini Adriatic eyayintula okwabo cabanga yoMbuso WaseTurkey njengoba isitha ezingaba khona. Lapho 1645 phakathi Turkey kanye Venice, impi, kule ndawo bakusebenzisa lokhu, futhi ukuvukela, wazama ukuya ngaphansi protectorate Venetian, kodwa kwakunzima ukuba kwetfulwe loluhlelo.

Ukuthola uzibuse

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII le womzabalazo wenkululeko ka eMontenegro kazwelonke eholwa Potr Negosh. Wakwazi babe komkhulumeli umqondo kazwelonke, basisiza kakhulu ukusekelwa kwamaqembu disparate ukukhulula ingxenye enkulu yezwe esuka kobushiqela WaseTurkey. Esikhundleni sakhe Danilo Njegos kwaholela izinkulungwane eziningi izidlamlilo, ngubani won 1858 eduze Grahovets uzowanqoba abaseTurkey, umphumela owawungumnyaka ukuhlanganisa zomthetho kobukhosi wezwe. Umlando Montenegro kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukuba khona njalo ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele.

In the state, luphakathi amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka, selikhonza yoMbuso WaseTurkey, olwasungulwa sikazwelonke - OMhlangano. Ngemva ukuxoshwa endaweni-Turks baseMontenegro ikhule kakhulu ngenxa ukufakwa kulo uthathile phambi izindawo ezinothe kakhulu. Yena waphindiselwa yokungena olwandle, futhi umqhele zonke kwaba Ukwamukelwa koMthethosisekelo lokuqala Montenegro. Nokho, ngaphansi isimo namanje kuyinto lezinceku ubukhulu Njegos lwamakhosi. Ekugcineni, ukuzimela Montenegro sika kwathiwa ngesikhathi Berlin iCongress of ngonyaka 1878.

Umlando Omfushane Montenegro ekhulwini XX

izwe Ikhulu abasha baqala ukuya nge isimemezelo embusweni wakhe ezalandela ngo-1910. Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, Montenegro wathatha ohlangothini Entente, futhi ngo-1916 lathunjwa ibutho Austro-Hungarian. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, isinqumo Omkhulu Wesigungu Sikazwelonke liketulwa lwamakhosi monarchical Njegos naseMontenegro munye Serbia.

Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili, izwe kwakuhlezi amabutho Italy. Kusukela ngo-1945, Montenegro kwadingeka isimo republic federal, futhi ngo-2006 waba geqe.