Umndeni njengeqembu lezenhlalakahle kanye nesikhungo senhlalo. Indima yomndeni kanye nezinkinga zomndeni emphakathini

Umndeni yiqembu lezenhlalakahle ngaphakathi lapho kukhona uxhumano oluthile. Kungaba ubuhlobo begazi, umshado noma ukutholwa. Wonke amalungu awo anesabelomali esivamile, impilo, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo komunye nomunye. Kukhona ubudlelwano bobudlelwane phakathi kwabo, okuholela ekuzibophezelweni kwezinto eziphilayo, imigomo yomthetho, umthwalo wemfanelo, njll. Umndeni uyisikhungo senhlalo esibaluleke kakhulu. Ochwepheshe abaningi bakhathazekile ngalesi sihloko, ngakho bahlanganyela ngokucophelela ocwaningweni lwawo. Ngokuqhubekayo esihlokweni esizoxoxa ngazo ngokuningiliziwe ngale ncazelo, sizofunda imisebenzi nemigomo ebekwe yi-state ngaphambi "kweselula yomphakathi". Ngezansi futhi ukuhlukaniswa kanye nencazelo yezinhlobo eziyinhloko. Masiphinde sicabangele izici ezisemqoka zomndeni kanye nendima yeqembu lomphakathi emphakathini.

Ukuhlukaniswa. Izibalo

Umndeni yiqembu elincane lomphakathi, elixhunyaniswa nezici eziningi, isibonelo, ngomshado. Kodwa, ngeshwa, esikhathini sethu, ngokusho kwezibalo, inani lehlukaniso likhula njalo, futhi eRussia ohlwini olunjalo lithathe indawo ehamba phambili maduzane. Ngaphambilini, yayihlala ilandelwa yi-United States. Noma kunjalo, yiqiniso, kukhona ukusebenzisana okuningi okusha. Njalo ngonyaka ezweni lakithi imishado engu-2 million ibhaliswe.

Izidingo Zobuntu

Umndeni njengeqembu lezenhlalakahle kanye nesikhungo sezenhlalakahle kwavela esikhathini esidlule, ngaphambi kwenkolo, ibutho, umbuso. Omunye waseMelika, u-Abraham Maslow, owafunda ngenkuthalo kwengqondo, wadala isibonelo esibonisa ukuthi yini ngempela umuntu ayifisa kuqala. Umqondo womndeni njengeqembu lomphakathi uhlanganisa:

1. Izidingo zobulili nezomzimba.

2. Ukuthembela ekuphepheni kokukhona.

3. Ukuxhumana nabanye abantu.

4. Isidingo sokuqashelwa njengomuntu emphakathini.

5. Ukuziqhenya.

Ngenxa yalokho okudingekayo, isakhiwo sonke somndeni sakhiwa. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezigaba zayo. Ngenani lezingane, imindeni ihlukaniswe yaba ngabantwana, izingane ezincane futhi zinezingane eziningi. Kukhona ukuhlukaniswa futhi ngokusho ukuthi lo mbhangqwana uhlala ndawonye isikhathi esingakanani: osanda kushada, abaneminyaka emaphakathi, asebekhulile abashadile. Noma kunjalo kukhona imindeni yasemaphandleni nasemadolobheni, obumbene kanye nabangalingani (nguyena oyinhloko emndenini).

Amaqiniso omlando

Umndeni njengesikhungo sezenhlalo esibaluleke kunazo zonke kudala umlando wesintu sonke. Phela, ezikhathini zasendulo kwakukhona amaqembu abantu ababenento efanayo. Ngandlela-thile, kusekhona eminye imiphakathi eyayiqala, isibonelo, phakathi kwabantu baseNyakatho noma ezizweni zase-Afrika Ephakathi, lapho isikhungo somshado sisebenza khona kuphela. Ayikho imithetho ecacile, amaphoyisa kanye nenkantolo ayenawo umsebenzi. Kodwa noma yiziphi izinyunyana ezinjalo, noma kunjalo, zinemibono yomndeni njengeqembu lomphakathi. Isibonelo, umndeni we nyukliya, okubandakanya umyeni, umfazi nezingane zabo. Uma kusekhona izihlobo - ugogo, ugogo, abazukulu, abazala, njll - khona-ke lokhu kuzoba ngumndeni owedlule. Kodwa, ngeshwa, okwamanje, abantu abaningi abasizi ngokukhethekile ukuxhumana nezinye izihlobo, ngakho umndeni we nyukliya iyisikhungo senhlalakahle esivame kakhulu namuhla. Okubi kakhulu, ngoba kunoma yiziphi izimo zokuphila ungathola usizo ezihlotsheni, uma ungakhohlwa ukuthi zikhona.

Amafomu omshado

Umqondo womndeni njengeqembu lomphakathi uhlanganisa umqondo wendabuko. Konke kuqala ngobuhlobo phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane, okukhula kube yinto engaphezulu. Futhi akukhathaleki uma kukhona izingane ezinale nyunyana noma cha, zingakwazi ukuxhuma izinhloso zabo ndawonye. Kamuva, kungase kuhlakazeke ngenxa yesehlukaniso noma ukufa komunye womlingani. Umndeni onjalo, lapho ingane ikhuliswa khona ngumzali oyedwa, ubizwa ngokuthi awuphelele kumabhuku ezenhlalo. Kukhona into enjengokuthi i-exogamy. Kungukuthi ukhetho lomlingani lukhawulelwe eqenjini elithile labantu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, isibonelo, akuvunyelwe ukushada ngokwezindinganiso zomthetho nezokuziphatha zomfowabo - umdabu noma umzala. Eminye imiphakathi inqabela ukukhetha umngane womshado esizayo phakathi komndeni wabo, isizwe. Kukhona futhi ukuthi ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu abahlukene bezinhlanga ezahlukene, okungafani nakancane emphakathini akunakwenzeka. Okuthandwa kakhulu entshonalanga kuwukuphela komuntu, okuhlanganisa umshado phakathi kwabantu ababili bobulili obuhlukile. Nakuba kunezizwe ezithandwa isithembu (isivumelwano lapho kukhona khona umuntu ongaphezu komuntu oyedwa). Kukhona ngisho nobuhlobo obungajwayelekile, lapho amantombazane amaningana namadoda amaningana ejoyina umndeni. Futhi kwenzeka ukuthi owesifazane unamadoda amaningana. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi i-polyandry. Kodwa ikakhulukazi emishadweni engeyona ejwayelekile isithembu ithandwa kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, umndeni njengesikhungo sezenhlalakahle esibaluleke kakhulu kumele uhambisane nemithetho ethathwe lapho, lapho kwakhiwa khona.

Ukusabalalisa kwehlukaniso, izimbangela zabo

Izazi zezenhlalakahle ziye zaqaphela ukuthi kusukela ngo-1970, inani lehlukaniso liye landa, futhi manje selivamile kangangokuthi, ngokwezibalo, isigamu samaRussia abakha imindeni ngokuqinisekile siyohlukanisa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile. Ngendlela, kubonakala ukuthi lapho izwe libhekene nokunciphisa ngokwezomnotho, inani lehlukaniso liyakhula, futhi lapho umnotho uzolile, khona-ke kukhona okuncane. Mhlawumbe, uma umuntu ezwa ukuzinza kwezezimali umphakathi wezentengiselwano ezinikeza yona , ezinye izici zibuyela emuva evamile, uzizwa uneliseka. Umndeni njengeqembu lezenhlalakahle kanye nesikhungo sezenhlalakahle ngokuqondile kuxhomeke emphakathini, ukungahleleki kwawo. Amazwe amaningi azama ukuvimbela ukuhlukanisa, okwenza kube nzima, noma anikeze amalungelo kumuntu oshade naye. Isibonelo, e-Italy ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20. Umsebenzi wokuqeda umshado wawungenakwenzeka. Khona-ke uhulumeni wahawukela labo ababambisana nabo abahluleka, bavumela ukuhlukaniswa. Kodwa emazweni amaningi, uma umyeni eshiya umkakhe, khona-ke kufanele aqinisekise impilo yakhe ezingeni ayelikhona kulo mshado. Kulokhu, le ndoda ilahlekelwa yisimo sayo sezezimali. E-Russia, abantu bahlanganyela impahla. Uma izingane zihlala nonina (ikakhulukazi yilokho kunjalo), ubaba kufanele abanikele ngemali. Kunama-nuances amaningi ehlukene emthethweni wezwe ngalinye.

Izici zabantu

Kuleli zwe noma lelozwe, isikhungo senhlalo - umndeni (imisebenzi yawo isekelwe umshado) - ithola izici ezikhethekile, imvelo yayo. Kuyaphenywa ngokwesayensi ukuthi akukhona bonke abantu, kodwa ngabantu kuphela, abangakwazi ukukhulelwa ingane ngesikhathi esifaneleka kubo. Phela, izilwane eziningi zanda ngesikhathi esithile, futhi umuntu akanalo imikhawulo, nganoma yiluphi usuku, ukusondelana phakathi kowesifazane nowendoda kungafezeka. Omunye umehluko wukuthi ingane esanda kuzalwa isesimweni esingenasici isikhathi eside. Udinga ukunakekelwa nokukhathalela, umama anganikeza, futhi ubaba naye kufanele anikeze ngokwezomnotho, okungukuthi, ukunikeza konke okudingekayo kuye: ukudla, izingubo, njll Ngisho nasemakhulwini eminyaka yasendulo, lapho umphakathi usanda kuqala ukuthuthukisa , Umama wayenakekela ingane, ukudla okuphekiwe, wayenakekela izihlobo zakhe. Kulesi simo, ubaba naye wabanikeza nokuvikelwa nokudla. Le ndoda yayihlale ingumzingeli, umlimi, yayisebenza kanzima. Abantu bezocansi ezihlukile babexhumana, inzalo eyathuthukile, izingane zavela. Akekho owafeza imisebenzi yomunye, kwakubhekwa njengokungalungile, ngoba wonke umuntu wayenemisebenzi yakhe. Lokhu kuvela emvelweni emzimbeni womuntu futhi udluliselwa izakhi zofuzo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Inzuzo yindlalifa

Mayelana nokulima nokukhiqiza, kungashiwo ukuthi umndeni lapha wenza indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuqhubeka, izinto ezibonakalayo zivele. Yonke impahla idluliselwe ku-indlalifa, ngakho-ke abazali babeqiniseka ngekusasa labantwana babo, phakathi kwabo okwabekwa eceleni futhi banikezwe kabusha impahla, izimo, amalungelo. Lokhu, ungase uthi, esikhundleni sabantu abathile endaweni ethile ngabanye, futhi lolu khetho ngeke luyeke. Umndeni uyisikhungo esiyinhloko sezenhlalakahle esenza lo msebenzi, sinquma izinzuzo zezizukulwane, indima kayise nomama. Ngempela, konke abazali ababenakho kwakudluliselwe izingane. Lokhu akuhlinzekanga nje kuphela isiqiniseko sezindlalifa esikhathini esizayo, kodwa futhi nokuqhubeka kwalokhu noma lokho okukhiqizwayo. Futhi lokhu kubalulekile emphakathini wonke, ngoba ngaphandle kwemishini ezohlala ishintsha abanye abantu nabanye, ngeke ibe khona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa okubalulekile komuzi ngeke kulahleke, ngoba indlalifa izoqhubeka ukwenza lapho uyise engasakwazi ukuphatha ibhizinisi noma afe.

Isimo

Ingane ithola isikhundla esifanele lapho izalwa emndenini wezomthetho. Yonke into abazali abayoyenza, iyodluliselwa kuye njengefa, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuyasebenza nakwezenhlalakahle, inkolo, njll. Akekho kulokhu okuzolahleka, konke kuzodlulela ku-indlalifa. Ngokuvamile, ubudlelwane bomuntu bwakhiwa ngendlela yokuthi umuntu angazi izihlobo zomuntu othile, isimo sakhe, isimo sakhe. Umndeni uyisikhungo senhlalakahle esibonisa isimo somuntu emphakathini, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemvelaphi yakhe. Nakuba ezweni lanamuhla, umuntu angathola isimo esithile ngemizamo yakhe. Isibonelo, ubaba, esebenza eqinile endaweni ebalulekile, akanakukudlulisela endodaneni yakhe njengefa. Ukuze okwakamuva athole lokho, kufanele azuze yena ngokwakhe. Kodwa izinto eziningi zisinda futhi zadlula: impahla (emva kwakho konke, ungadlulisela ifa), isimo sezenhlalakahle somuntu ngamunye, njll. Izwe ngalinye libeka imithetho yalo, ngakho-ke izizwe ezihlukene zinemithetho ehlukene eqondene nomshado, isahlukaniso, isithunzi. Kodwa ngokujwayelekile, umndeni uyisikhungo senhlalakahle yomphakathi, esinemithethonqubo yaso kanye nama-nuances.

Ukubaluleka kokubeletha okufanele

Kusukela ebuntwaneni, umama ufundisa ingane izifundo zokuphila komphakathi, ufunda ngezibonelo zabazali ukuba baphile. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa impilo enhle engokomzwelo yenzalo yakho, ngoba kulokhu kunesixhumanisi esiqondile: ukuthi ungamkhuphula kanjani emndenini, ngakho uzobe esephila. Yiqiniso, isimo somuntu sincike kumagciwane, kepha umnikelo omkhulu kuwo wenziwa imfundo yomndeni. Kuningi kuxhomeke emizwa, isimo esithandwa ngubaba noma umama. Abantu abaseduze okufanele bavimbele ukuvela kwezimfanelo ezinonya kumuntu okhulayo, mnike umqondo wokuphepha, wabelane ngemicabango yakhe. Kusukela ekuzalweni komuntu kubunjwa njengomuntu, ngoba ngomzuzu ngamunye ufunda okuthile okusha, uzizwa into engakaze ayizwe ngaphambili. Konke lokhu kushiya uphawu kumlingiswa wesikhathi esizayo, kumuntu ngamunye. Bathi, ngokwesibonelo, uhlobo luni lobuhlobo phakathi kukababa nomama luyobe lubhekwa yindodana yabo, ngakho esikhathini esizayo uzophatha abesifazane, imiphi imizwa abazali bayomnika yona, kanjalo nakwabanye.

Ukuzibulala ngenxa yobuhlobo obungasebenzi

E. Durkheim uphenye idatha yezibalo ezizibulala. Futhi kwaqaphela ukuthi labo abodwa noma abahlukanisile baningi amathuba okuzibulala kunabashadile, kanye nalabo abangenazo izingane, nakuba beshadile. Ngakho-ke, lo mbhangqwana ojabulayo, amalungu omndeni amaningi, amathuba okuzama ukuzibulala. Ngokwezibalo, ukubulawa kuka-30% kwenziwa emndenini. Ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nesistimu yezenhlalakahle ingaphazamisa ukulinganisa kweyunithi yomphakathi.

Indlela yokugcina ubuhlobo?

Abashadile abaningi benza uhlobo lwecebo. Umndeni njengeqembu lezenhlalo kuleli cala uthola imisebenzi ethile, imigomo. Ngokubili kunezindlela zokuzifeza. Abashadile kufanele basindise izindlu zabo, banikeze izingane zabo ukuthuthukiswa okuhle nezimo zokuphila, kusukela ebuntwaneni ngokuqondile ukuqondisa ingane ngendlela efanele. Lezi zisekelo zesakhiwo somndeni, ezibekiwe ngisho nasesizukulwaneni esidala, zikhona. Izinkinga zomndeni njengesikhungo sezenhlalakahle kufanele zicatshangelwe yizo zonke izihlobo. Ngokubambisana, kumele balondoloze futhi badlulisele emibonweni yabo yezindlalifa mayelana nezisekelo zomphakathi ezithinta kakhulu ukulondolozwa komndeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhulumeni wezombangazwe. Umndeni ungumphakathi phakathi komuntu nomphakathi. Nguye osiza umuntu ukuba athole kuleli zwe, aqaphele izimfanelo zakhe, amakhono, amnika ukuvikelwa, kusiza ukuphuma esixukwini, ukuba abe ngabanye. Lona umsebenzi oyinhloko womndeni. Futhi uma engenzi konke lokho, khona-ke ngeke akwazi ukufeza imisebenzi yakhe. Umuntu ongenayo umndeni, ngonyaka ngamunye odlulayo, uzozizwa ephansi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye izimfanelo ezimbi zingavela futhi zikhule kuye. Lezi yizintambo ezibaluleke kakhulu, okufanele zikhokhwe lapho zikhulisa ingane. Phela, ukwakheka kobuntu bakhe kuqala ngezinsuku zokuqala.

Ukuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye

Umndeni njengeqembu lezenhlalakahle kanye nesikhungo sezenhlalakahle sidlala indima ebalulekile. Phela, nguye ofundisa umuntu ongaphila emphakathini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, livikela ezivela ngaphandle, lisekela ngesikhashana esinzima. Ngoba akekho emhlabeni emhlabeni ngakho umuntu angaboni, akasakhathazeki, ngokuqondene nesihlobo sakhe. Futhi, ngaphandle kokungabaza, kusiza abantu abaseduze. Kusemndenini ukuthi ungathola induduzo, isihawu, induduzo, ukuvikelwa. Lapho lesi sikhungo sichitha, lo muntu ulahlekelwe ukusekelwa ayenakho ngaphambilini.

Okushoyo

Umndeni yiqembu elincane lomphakathi, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu emphakathini wonke. Ngezinguquko ezombusazwe nasemnothweni, izakhiwo zayo nemisebenzi yayo iyashintsha. Ukubonakala komphakathi wesimanje, wasezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasezimbonini kwenza ithonya elikhulu esitokisini samanje somphakathi. Izinga lokuhamba kwamalungu ayo laqala ukukhula. Ngamanye amazwi, sekukhona indawo evamile yezimo lapho omunye wamalungu omndeni kufanele athuthele kwelinye idolobha, lapho ahlinzekwa khona umsebenzi noma ukukhushulwa, eshiya izihlobo zakhe. Futhi njengoba amalungu amaningi emphakathini wanamuhla akhetha inhlalakahle yezinto ezibonakalayo, impumelelo, ukukhula komsebenzi, okukhethwa kukho okukhethwa kukho akukatholakali kubhekwe njengokwemukelekile kubo. Futhi uma lokhu kwenzeka, kusukela ekuboneni kwezenhlalakahle, kulokhu, ubudlelwane bangaphakathi bomndeni buyashintsha, ngoba isimo sezenhlalakahle somunye wabo, isimo sakhe sezezimali, imibono yakhe, izifiso, izinguquko. Lokhu konke kuholela ekutheni izibopho ezibopha izihlobo ziba buthakathaka, bese zinyamalale ngokuphelele.

Isiphetho

Ngaleso sikhathi samanje, ikakhulukazi abakhe emizini, nzima ukuxhumana phakathi izizukulwane. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, isakhiwo umndeni emphakathini wanamuhla is kakhulu buthaka. Empeleni, zonke sokunakekela amalungu ayo kuhloswe kuphela ukunakekela izingane, ukuphatha kanye nemfundo. Ezinye izindaba zika-umndeni - ikakhulukazi asebekhulile - bavame ukukhishwa inyumbazana. Okuphambili ngesisekelo salokhu ukungaqondani nasekulondolozeni nokuntengantenga kwezezimali neqhaza ukubhujiswa ubudlelwane phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ukuvela ukuxabana, futhi ngokuvamile akusho kuholele ukuhlukana kwabo. Izinkinga zezenzo esingokomoya sabantu abashadayo kubalulekile, kodwa izinkinga kakhulu ukuthi Udinga ukunquma nawo wonke amalungu omndeni. Umndeni njengeqembu kwezenhlalo kanye nezikhungo nomphakathi izosebenza futhi ngeke aphumelele kuphela uma ilungu ngalinye uzoqaphela ukuthi ayekufezile, izimpumelelo zakhe ezithinta, futhi indima encane kakhulu eyadlalwa umsuka umuntu, isikhundla sakhe emphakathini. Manje impumelelo yomuntu siqu sethubeni eziphawulekayo kunokushada. ubhale izinkinga ezihilelekile. Ngemva ukuzisebenzisa, abantu banqume ukuthi siphile ngayo, yini okufanele uyenze. Ngeshwa, uhlelo yenuzi kusengozini futhi kuncike ezicini zangaphandle (ukugula, ukufa, ukulahlekelwa ngokwezimali) kuka lapho indoda iyikhanda khona, lapho bonke ukusekela ezinye, usizo ngamunye, futhi uma kuzokuba khona inkinga, bonke ndawonye uzokwazi ukuze siyixazulule. Namuhla, bonke izenzo nemicabango zombuso wethu nomphakathi okuhloswe ngawo ukudala izimo sokuthuthukiswa avumelanayo umndeni eRussia ukuze alondoloze izindinganiso zenkolo, usikompilo nenhlalo yabantu, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamalungu omkhaya.