Umlando laseDonetsk. Inhloko-dolobha ye Donbass kanye nomlando wayo

Muva nje, igama "IDonetsk" ukuze izigidi zabantu elihlobene ne-football kuzo zonke izindawo zaseYurophu. Kodwa 2014 kwaba inkathi ubunzima lo dilobho, whose ntu babe iyahola empini ezilwiwa nedlanzana bamazwe ngokumelene izakhamuzi. Njengoba umuntu wathi omkhulu: ukuze baqonde samanje futhi ukubikezela ikusasa, kumelwe sibheke ku esedlule. Ngakho-ke, labo abafisa ukuba baqonde izenzakalo ezenzeke ezinyangeni zamuva empumalanga ye-Ukraine, eningi kungaba kulandiswe IDonetsk. Ngakho lapho egcotshwa ngubani lo muzi wakhiwe futhi kungani abantu bakhe ungafuni ukuba azithobe emagunyeni Kiev, eqhuba izinqubomgomo anti-Russian?

prehistory

Ensimini ka Donbass dolobha abantu baye basinda kusukela kudala. Lokhu kufakazelwa imivubukulo wathola lapho bemba wenza kwezinye izindawo kuleli dolobha phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ezinkathini ehlukahlukene kwakukhona zokuhlala okwesikhashana noma unomphela amaSkithe Cimmerians, Sarmatians, Goths, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana, futhi amaSlav. Nokho, ngesikhathi kusuka 13 kuya ekhulwini le-16, abantu kwesokunxele kule ndawo ngenxa abantu abayimizulane kanye nokukhokha komnikazi entsha lapho kwaqala ukuvela ngemva bezwe bafika ngaphansi kokulawulwa Don Cossacks.

Umlando laseDonetsk kusukela maphakathi nawo wangekhulu le-18 kuya-19 ekuseni

Active sokuxazulula umcengezi emfuleni Kalmius kanye nasemazweni angomakhelwane kwaqala ekhulwini le-18 kuya imiyalo uCatherine II. Ngo-1760 ensimini ka yesimanje Kiev wesifunda laseDonetsk Kudume ukuthi yakhiwa Alexander Sloboda, kamuva owaba emzaneni. Ngesikhathi komakhelwane iyiphi nemizana Krutoyarovka futhi Grigorievka. izakhamuzi zakhona, kanye nezolimo babehilelekile izimayini zamalahle, imali enkulu lapho yaziwa emva kokubalekela lomfula Kurdyuchya wavakashela lo mkhankaso, ethunyelwe kwehlwaywe amaminerali uPeter Omkhulu ngu. Ngo 1820 ezimayini lokuqala elincane eduze Alexander. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho kwaqala umlando laseDonetsk njengoba omunye izikhungo ngobukhulu izimayini zamalahle e-Europe.

Kumila Yuzovka

Ngo-1841, abangu-3-Alexander okwami kushaft lakhiwa, futhi phakathi nekhulu leminyaka le-19, inani izinkampani wahlanganyela izimayini zamalahle esifundeni ifinyelele 10. Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa uhulumeni Empire Russian usayine isivumelwano ne S. V Kochubeem. Ngaphansi imigomo lokhu kuthengiselana ku Donbas iwukuba isitshalo enkulu ukwenziwa yensimbi komzila Kwadingeka ukuba kwakhiwe. Ngo-1869 Kochubey yokunivumela ethengisiwe namamane * ayizinkulungwane 24 usozimboni sephawundi British John Hughes, owaqala ukwakhiwa isitshalo Metallurgical eduze nedolobhana Oleksandrivka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wamisa Yuzivka zokuhlala izisebenzi kwesitshalo esisha. Waqala kanjalo-ke umlando laseDonetsk, unyaka base ubhekwa the 1869 th. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, nohhavini kuqhuma bafakwa ukusebenza, futhi Hughes Mill isibe omunye izikhungo ebaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini yeRussia. Eminyakeni engu-15 nje labantu metallurgists ekamu kukhuphuke ngo-izikhathi ezingu-50, yaphenduka yedolobha lezimboni, esasivutha lo yocingo, esibhedlela, amahhotela ambalwa kanye nesikole. Kube ngisho beyiba wakhe, njengoba sasithi namuhla, i endaweni elite ngaphakathi which they zwa, onjiniyela kanye nezinye ongoti, owafika ngo Yuzovka ukusebenza ngaphansi inkontileka. Abantu bendawo walibiza ingakaze ibe ikoloni laseBrithani, futhi baba nomhawu izakhamuzi zawo, okuyinto ezazitholakala ezifana izidalwa ukunethezeka njengamanzi ompompi nogesi.

IDonetsk: umlando edolobheni ngemva Okthoba Revolution

Ngazo zonke izikhathi, amaqembu zabavukuzi kwahluka ukuziqambela, inhlangano, akumangalisi ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile emzini zazibonisa mass lezisebenzi afune izinto ngenkani kwabanye izimo zokusebenza ezingcono futhi amaholo aphezulu. Ikakhulukazi, 1892, abavukuzi 15,000 okuhleliwe skirmish, okuyinto ngesihluku ukuyiveza nguhulumeni. Akumangazi ukuthi ngoMashi 1917, ukhetho lwenziwe laseDonetsk Soviet of amaphini Workers, futhi ngemva kwezenzakalo Okthoba e Petrograd, umzimba ozibuse uzwakalise ukweseka uhulumeni eholwa uVladimir Lenin. Ngemva kwalokho, lo muzi isidlulile ngokuphindaphindiwe isuka kwesinye isandla iye kuphela ngoDisemba 1919, yaba ingxenye ye-USSR. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi Imebhe empumalanga ye-Ukraine, imingcele esiqondile kuleli zwe nge RSFSR, kuyinto impikiswano. Iqiniso lokuthi ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi, futhi osopolitiki abaningi nezihlakaniphi baye bakungabaza omkhulu semthethweni laseDonetsk lobunikazi Ukraine.

Stalino

Izithombe laseDonetsk minyaka yokuqala Soviet abonisa ukuthi ngisho nangaleso sikhathi edolobheni waqala ukwakhiwa olunzulu. Ngakho, ngemva nokwetha kabusha uStalin ngo-1924, lapho u yamisa nelokishi "Standard" ngoba steelmakers futhi abavukuzi, futhi ngo-1932 wokuqala emlandweni laseDonetsk yecebo kwavunyelwana. Nokho, akuthathi ku-akhawunti ukwanda okusheshayo kwenani labantu ngenxa nokuthuma amabhizinisi amasha ezimbonini. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1938, kube seluphothuliwe futhi kufakwe imikhawulo idolobha mayelana nemizana nedlanzana eseduze, ukudala Kirov, futhi Petrovsky yesigaba sabasebenzi wesifunda laseDonetsk (Ukraine).

Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni WWII labantu Stalino kwaba 50,000, kukhona isinyathelo 223 amabhizinisi zezimboni, kuhlanganise Union kwakuwukuthi, okwakunginika carbon, 5% steel futhi u-11% coke 7% ngo inani zalezi zinhlobo imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa e-USSR.

IDonetsk ngesikhathi kubusa

Ngo-July no-August 1941 e iyunithi ukweseka umvukuzi sika Division 383rd kwamiswa, owaba nengxenye bamvikele. Nokho, ekupheleni kuka-October ngo Stalino kuhlanganisa ukwakheka Wehrmacht futhi yebutho Italy. Ngakho, njengalo lonke Ukraine, IDonetsk ubekade umsebenzi. "Iziphathimandla entsha," into yokuqala waphuthuma ukubuyisela izimayini kanye zezimboni amabhizinisi, imikhiqizo eyayibalulekile eyonqoba empini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaJalimane wahlela ghetto and umphakathi wamaJuda, eyayibonakala kamuva babhujiswe futhi aphonswe emgodini 4-4 bis okuhlushwa ekamu leziboshwa yaseSoviet yokuthuthela impi. eziqhutshwa Futhi ukufa squads okuhloswe ukucindezela izenzo yokungamlaleli amandla ayebusa. Ikakhulukazi it is ukuthi esimweni lokubulala, lathi isosha laseJalimane sayalwa ukuba sibe nezinhloli adubule phansi 100 kusukela phakathi izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki ubulili nobudala ezaziwayo. Nokho, izinyathelo ezinjalo ungayeki ukuthi yalokho, okuyinto ibalwa amaNazi, futhi Stalino sebebe nempumelelo ekuhlinzeni engaphezu kwengu-20 yabashokobezi amayunithi namaqembu ukuketula, owabangela umonakalo omkhulu nesitha.

Ukukhulula Stalino futhi iminyaka post-yimpi

Septhemba 8, 1943 njengengxenye ukusebenza Donbas, amabutho aseSoviet angena emzini. Kanjalo umsebenzi Stalino yaqedwa, eyathatha mayelana 700 izinsuku. Cishe ngokuphazima kweso waqala umsebenzi kabusha ukusungula umkhakha, okuyinto eye yaba uyaziqhenya laseDonetsk njalo. Umlando edolobheni eminyakeni ezayo ugcwele izenzakalo ezithakazelisayo, ikakhulu ezihlobene nokuthuma ezimayini entsha, izimboni kanye nezindawo zokuhlala.

Ngo-1961 kwanqunywa ukuba ushintshe igama lalowo muzi. Ngokwe isinqumo soMkhandlu Ephakeme, Waba laseDonetsk, igama emfuleni Seversky eDonets. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-17, leli dolobha liye kwaba abangaphezu kwesigidi izakhamuzi, kuba lesihlanu ngobukhulu kuleli zwe. Ingabe izinguquko eziphawulekayo zabhekana futhi IDonetsk ibalazwe lapho eziningi omakhelwane entsha.

Umlando edolobheni njengengxenye Ukraine ezimele

Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1991 e-laseDonetsk esifundeni okokuqala wakhuluma ngesimo kumiswa ukuzimela. Nokho, e Kiev yokutholwa Simemetelo Samalungelo Abantu Ukraine waqinisekisa abakhuluma isi-Russian yesifunda, ephoqa ukuzikhohlwa izikhalazo ubuzwe, ngezikhathi ezithile owawezwa Kiev. Ngakho, kuze kube 2014 IDonetsk futhi IDonetsk ibalazwe esifundeni, noma kunalokho umngcele empumalanga ye-Ukraine neRussia, kwasala kufana nalokho ezinsukwini zika-USSR.

Njengengxenye ye-DNI

Riots waqala ngemva kwezenzakalo abadumile Euromaidan eKiev. IDonetsk isithombe esithathwe esikhathini kusuka maphakathi no-March kuya ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli 2014, uzobona amashumi ezinkulungwane ababhikishi owaba nengxenye imibhikisho emelene izenzo neziphathimandla Kiev kanye nokuqokwa kwababusi entsha izifunda. Ikakhulukazi, izakhamuzi Ephreli 6 ashaqe kwakhiwe Regional Council of Yabantu amasekela, futhi ngosuku olulandelayo e spotlight lemithombo yezindaba emhlabeni kwaba Ukraine. IDonetsk yaba inhloko-dolobha ye-self-wamemezela IDonetsk Yabantu Republic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalo lolo suku wamiswa ngosuku inhlolovo lapho izakhamizi kwadingeka ukuba uphendule umbuzo othi lokuzibusa ka-DNI. Ekugcineni, intando iningi lezakhamizi ku 12 Meyi laseDonetsk eNgophezukonke IDonetsk Yabantu Republic ezamenyezelwa. Lokhu kwalandelwa ezempi ezihilela ogandaganda kanye wezikhali. Ikakhulukazi, umuzi waphenduka njalo shelled, sezindiza salo sesibe scene of ngezihluthu, futhi ibalazwe empumalanga ye-Ukraine laqala ukusetshenziswa kumabonakude nge izimpawu ebonisa indawo ukushayisana fighters Donbass Ukrainian abezempi nokuvikeleka amabutho.

Namuhla, ezindaweni Eastern Ukraine izenzo ceasefire, futhi kunethemba lokuthi izakhamuzi laseDonetsk futhi wonke DNI ekugcineni ngakwazi ukubuyela ekuphileni sokuya empini.