Umehluko phakathi kwabaphilayo non-eziphilayo: yini umehluko?

Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi umehluko fudumele nezingaphili abonakala ngesikhathi esisodwa. Nokho, izinto akuzona ngempela elula. Ososayensi bathi amakhono ayisisekelo, ukudla, ukuphefumula nokuxhumana nomunye, kuwuphawu hhayi kuphela yezinto eziphilayo. Ayekukholelwa abantu ababephila ngesikhathi Stone Age, abaphilayo kungenziwa ngokuthi, ngaphandle kokukhetha. amatshe Lokhu futhi utshani nezihlahla.

Kafushane, zonke uhlobo ezizungezile kungenziwa ngokuthi eziphilayo. Noma kunjalo, ososayensi yesimanje isehlane izici libukhali. Kuyinto Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ukuqondana ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izici zomzimba, exuding ukuphila. Kuyadingeka ukuba kahle abone umehluko phakathi eziphilayo nezingaphili.

Ingqikithi kanye izici eziyinhloko umzimba ophilayo

umuzwa banal ivumela umuntu ngamunye mayelana ukudweba ukufana okukhona phakathi Animate kanye ezingaphili.

Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi abantu bavele nobunzima ukuze ayichaze umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwabaphilayo ndaba nezingaphili. Ngokusho omunye wabalobi genius, umzimba ophilayo yenziwe yonke eziphilayo ngisho nezinto ezingaphili - ekungalayishweni eziphilayo. Ngaphezu tautologies enjalo kwezesayensi, kukhona iziphakamiso kanye ibonisa kahle okushiwo umbuzo owaphakanyiswa. Ngokudabukisayo, kodwa lezi imicabango efanayo kungukuthi ukunikeza izimpendulo ngokugcwele zonke izinkinga ezikhona.

Noma kunjalo, umehluko phakathi izinto eziphilayo, izidumbu imvelo ezingaphili namanje wafunda nokuhlaziwa. yande kakhulu, isibonelo, ine agumenti Engels. Umbono lithi ukuphila nezwi uze ukwazi ukuqhubeka ngaphandle inqubo umzimba, isici emizimbeni amaprotheni. Le nqubo, Ngakho-ke, angeke kwenzeke ngaphandle inqubo nokuxhumana izinto zasendle. Nasi Isifaniso lekhandlela zivutha igundane bukhoma noma igundane. Umehluko ekuphileni igundane ngenxa inqubo ukuphefumula, isb ngenxa exchange umoya-mpilo ne-carbon dioxide futhi ikhandlela kuphela kwenziwe inqubo amandla omlilo, nakuba lezi izinto futhi asemazingeni ezifanayo ekuphileni. Kule kufanele abe isibonelo esihle ukuthi impambano nemvelo kungenzeka nje kuphela esimweni izinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi esimweni non-eziphilayo. Ngokolwazi ngenhla, umzimba awukwazi kubhekwe yisici esiyinhloko esibangela lo kophawu lezinto bukhoma. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukukhomba umehluko phakathi kwabaphilayo umzimba non-ophilayo kakhulu umsebenzi isikhathi.

Kuze izingqondo lesintu, lolu lwazi ifinyelele isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ngokusho sefilosofi-test kusukela France Diderot, iveza isimo esingokoqobo ukuqonda ukuthi iseli ezinjalo ezincane, futhi inkinga enkulu kakhulu ukuba athole umnyombo wawo wonke umzimba. Ngokusho ososayensi abaningi, kuphela inhlanganisela izici ezithile yemvelo ingakhishwa ukunikeza umbono walokho kuyinto eziphilayo futhi yini kuhlukile imvelo ezingaphili.

Uhlu izindawo ephilayo ophilayo

Phakathi nendawo eziphilayo zihlanganisa:

• Okuqukethwe izinto ezibalulekile futhi biopolymers ethwele nezakhi zofuzo.
• Isakhiwo yeselula eziphilayo (ngaphandle amagciwane).
• Amandla impahla exchange nge Isikhala ezungezile.
• Ikhono nokuzala nande ngezinhlobo zakhe zezinto eziphilayo baphathe nezakhi zofuzo.

Kufinyeta lonke ulwazi kuchaziwe ngenhla, okungukuthi bayazi ukuthi indlela ukudla, ukuphefumula, sakhe kabusha kuphela emizimbeni ophilayo. non-eziphilayo umehluko wukuthi bangakwazi khona kuphela.

Life - ikhodi

It lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi ngesisekelo zonke izinqubo zokuphila ngamaphrotheni (amaprotheni) kanye nucleic acid. Systems nokuba khona izingxenye ezifana kunzima ukuhlela. I emfushane futhi, nokho, incazelo oluphelele senziwa sezinto eziphilayo esidumile kusukela nesibongo Melika Tipler, owaba umsunguli incwadi ethi "Physics of Sokungafi." Ngokusho kwakhe, i-ophilayo ungakwazi kuphela sikubone, lapho Ukwakheka has a nucleic acid. Futhi, ngokuvumelana usosayensi, ukuphila unguZiqu-ikhodi. Ngokuvumelana nalesi buka, kubalulekile ukuba bazitshele ukuthi, nje ngokushintsha ikhodi, kungenzeka ukuba sifinyelele ukuphila okuphakade futhi okungezona ukwephula empilweni yomuntu. Asinakusho ukuthi lo mbono ithole impendulo ngaso sonke, kodwa abanye abalandeli bakhe babe. Lokhu kucatshangwa wadala ngenhloso eceleni eziphilayo buthelela futhi sisebenzise ulwazi.

Ikhumbula yokuthi udaba umehluko phakathi kwabaphilayo ndaba nezingaphili namanje uhlala isihloko kukhulunywe kangaka, ucwaningo kunengqondo ukwengeza ukucwaningwa okuningiliziwe kokulandisa izakhi isakhiwo se-Animate eziphilayo nezingaphili.

I izakhiwo ebaluleke kakhulu eziphilayo izinhlelo

osolwazi eziningi wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo izakhiwo ebaluleke kakhulu eziphilayo izinhlelo ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana:

• Compactness.
• Ikhono lokwenza oda aphume nezinxushunxushu samanje.
• Material, amandla, ulwazi lokushintshisana kanye Isikhala ezungezile.

Badlala indima ebalulekile okuthiwa "impendulo izihibe" ukuthi akhiwa ngaphakathi ekuxhumaneni autocatalytic.

Life mkhulu kakhulu kunamanye izinhlobonhlobo khona impahla ngokuya ezihlukahlukene yizici zamakhemikhali kanye namandla okubakhona izinqubo ezenzeka endaweni ukuzenza ongeyena eziphilayo. I compactness isakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo is phetho yokuthi amangqamuzana kuthiwa isandla wahlela.

Njengengxenye eziphilayo non-eziphilayo, iseli isakhiwo ilula, kodwa akunjalo phezu kwabaphilayo.
Lesi sakamuva abe ezidlulileyo ulungisiswa iseli inkumbulo. Kuba yisikhathi futhi lapho umehluko okukhulu phakathi eziphilayo kwaqala entweni engaphili.

inqubo Ebalulekile umzimba ngqo ahlobene nezinto ezifana ufuzo futhi ukushintshashintsha. Ngokuqondene icala lokuqala, izimpawu kuthiwa ngobulili abantu abasha kusukela amadala, futhi kancane kuthonywa imvelo. Esimeni sesibili, kwenzeka okuphambene: ucezu umzimba ngalinye sashintsha ngenxa ukuxhumana izici of Isikhala ezungezile.

Ukuqala ukuphila emhlabeni

Ukungaboni ngaso ophilayo izinto zemvelo, nezingaphili eziphilayo kanye nezinye izakhi ezikhathaza izingqondo yososayensi abaningi. Ngokusho kwabo, ukuphila emhlabeni wayaziwa kusukela esikhathini lapho inkolelo yokungafi yini DNA futhi kungani idaliwe.

Ngokuphathelene ulwazi ukwedlulela elula amaprotheni compounds ukuba yinkimbinkimbi, idatha okunokwethenjelwa ngale ndaba ingakamiswa wathola. Kukhona imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamakhemikhali, kodwa linikezwa kuphela ngokuya jikelele. Lo mbono uthi phakathi coacervates ukuthi kukhona ngokwemvelo amahlule organic compounds kungenzeka "elalibambeke" eziyinkimbinkimbi carbohydrate molecule okuholela ukwakheka aphansi cell ulwelwesi ukuthi wanika eliletha ukuthula coacervate. Uma ohlanganiswe coacervate amaprotheni molecule kunezinye kwamangqamuzana okufanayo ukuthi unekhono sikhule nokuhlukanisa olwengeziwe.

Kakhulu isinyathelo isikhathi esiningi kule nqubo ye nihlola lo mbono kubhekwa nekhono lokucabanga eziphilayo ukwehlukana. Akungabazeki ukuthi imodeli nokuvela kokuphila izobandakanya nezinye ulwazi, elisekelwa yinto entsha ngokwesayensi. Nokho, khulu entsha okudlula ubudala, lo nzima kuba empeleni ukuchaza lalibukeka kahle indlela iningi "entsha". Ngakho, lapha ke uyohlale niqhubeke idatha eseduzane, hhayi imininingwane.

izinqubo ekudalweni

Noma kunjalo, isinyathelo esilandelayo ebalulekile ekwakheni eziphilayo kuyinto lokuphinda ulwelwesi ivikela amaseli kusuka izici zendawo ezimbi. Lokho ulwelwesi kuyinto esigabeni sokuqala ekubukekeni amaseli, siwulimi isici ehlukile. inqubo ngamunye isici eziphilayo, ngulona logeleta ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni. Inani elikhulu of izenzo ezihlinzeka ngesisekelo cell umsebenzi, ie Ilungiselelo izakhi ezidingekayo, ama-enzyme nezinye izinto okwenzeka ulwelwesi. It has a indima ebaluleke kakhulu kulesi simo, ama-enzyme, ngamunye okuyinto unomthwalo umsebenzi othile. Isimiso yokusebenza kwe-molecule enzyme - ukuthi kubo ngokushesha ukubabela ukujoyina nezinye izinto asebenzayo. Ngenxa yalokhu ukuphendula kuseli cishe ku ngokuphazima kweso.

iseli isakhiwo

Ezisafunda amabanga aphansi biology Yiqiniso kuyacaca ukuthi ngenxa yokuqaphela amaprotheni nezinye izingxenye cell esibalulekile wemfanelo ikakhulu tsitopolazma. Cishe noma yimuphi omkhulu ingqamuzana yomuntu uyakwazi sintiez amaprotheni ezingefani ezingaphezu kuka-1000. Ubukhulu kula maseli kungaba 1 milimitha futhi 1 imitha, isibonelo izingxenye ezifana isimiso sezinzwa zomzimba womuntu. It has ikhono sikhiqize izinhlobo zamangqamuzana, kodwa zikhona ezehlukile, esevele okukhulunywa ezinzwa futhi imisipha zesivikelo sesifuba.

Kusukela ngesikhathi ngiqala wakhulelwa ukuphila, ubunjalo iplanethi enguMhlaba elokhu ivela futhi zandiswe. Evolution uye yaqhubeka abangamakhulu ezigidi iminyaka, kodwa zonke izimfihlo futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo kungukuthi kudalulwe kuze kube manje. eziphilayo emhlabeni ihlukaniswe enuzi kanye pre-zenuzi, owumphumela futhi amaningi.

Oluncane eziphilayo zinezikhathi yokuthi zonke izinqubo ezibalulekile zenzeke kuseli eyodwa. Ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, kungenjalo, aqukethe sebuningini amaseli afanayo uyakwazi ukwahlukana khona ezizimele, kodwa yize kunjalo, wahlela yisikhungo esisodwa. eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi hlala isikhala ezibalulekile emhlabeni. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa kokubili abantu nezilwane, futhi izitshalo, nokunye okuningi. Ngayinye yalezi amakilasi ihlukaniswe zilwane, zenyathi, izizukulwane, imikhaya nokunye. Okokuqala nolwazi amazinga yenhlangano zokuphila Emhlabeni ubulokhu othathwe isipiliyoni yemvelo. Esigabeni esilandelayo kuhlobene nokuxhumana izilwane zasendle. Futhi kuwufanele isifundo eningiliziwe zonke izinhlelo kanye subsystems zomhlaba.

Inhlangano eziphilayo

• Yamamolekhula.
• Cell.
• Izicubu.
• Isitho.
• Ontogenetic.
• Population.
• Species.
• Biogeotsentricheskaya.
• Biosphere.

Ngo inqubo ukutadisha elula yamangqamuzana ezakhini zofuzo ifinyelele ukuqaphela umbandela eliphakeme. Chromosomal ifa ithiyori, kuguquka ukuhlaziywa, ucwaningo enemininingwane amaseli, amagciwane kanye phages wakhonza njengoba isisekelo kokuvula izinhlelo zofuzo ayisisekelo.

amazinga okuyisibonelo lolwazi mayelana molecule kwesakhiwo zazitholakala ngokuvula ithonya theory cell isakhiwo yezinto eziphilayo. Phakathi nekhulu le-19, abantu babengazi ukuthi umzimba yakhiwa izakhi eziningi, futhi ekholelwa ukuthi zonke iseli ivaliwe. Kwase kuqhathaniswa ne-athomu. Isazi esidumile yesikhathi ULouis Pasteur waseFrance wasikisela ukuthi umehluko ezibaluleke kakhulu phakathi eziphilayo kwaqala entweni engaphili - ukungalingani yamangqamuzana esivela ubunjalo eziphilayo. Ososayensi ukuyibiza chirality zishintshe komhiaba (le nkulumo ihunyushwe ngokuthi kusukela esiGrekini futhi lisho "isandla"). Leli gama wanikezwa ngenxa yokuthi le mpahla sifana isandla sokunene nesokhohlo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukutadishwa amaprotheni, ososayensi baye waqhubeka embula zonke imfihlakalo ye-DNA kanye isimiso ufuzo. esiphuthumayo Iningi le nkinga isibe okwamanje uma kuyisikhathi sokudalula umehluko phakathi eziphilayo imvelo ezingaphili. Uma ukuzimisela imingcele abaphilayo ezingaphili uholwe indlela yesayensi, kungenzeka abhekane eziningana nobunzima ethize.

Amagciwane - ayini?

Kukhona umbono mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu okubizwa ngokuthi kuwumkhakha izinyathelo phakathi kwabaphilayo nezingaphili. Ngokuyinhloko ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo wagomela futhi namanje afakazela umsuka amagciwane. amagciwane Ngokungafani amaseli kodokotela bakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha kuphela umonakalo, kodwa hhayi ngenhloso rejuvenate futhi bandise nokuphila yomuntu. Futhi, amagciwane abakwazi ukwabelana izinto, sikhule, zisuse ezizihluphayo, nokunye.

amaseli okunobuthi ngaphandle umzimba, ube indlela lezinceku Nokho, ngokushesha baqalaza zihlanganisa kungekho enzyme, okuyinto kuyisisekelo sesihlalo uhlobo ephezulu grade khona. Ngoba amangqamuzana esinjalo singamane khona sibonga amandla angiqinise namaminerali, sithatha kude donor, okuyinto iseli enempilo.

imphawu letibalulekile kusukela umehluko non-eziphilayo

Noma yimuphi umuntu, abangenakho ulwazi ekhethekile, ungabona ukuthi into eziphilayo zihluke kangaka kusukela kwaqala entweni engaphili. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi lapho libhekwa amaseli ngesibonakhulu noma ingilazi lens. I isakhiwo igciwane kukhona kuphela kuseli eyodwa, wanika isethi eyodwa organelles. Njengengxenye amaseli abavamile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zikhona izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo. Umehluko phakathi eziphilayo imvelo ezingaphili itholakala lokuthi ukuthi kwengqamuzana ephilayo bungabonakala wabadonsa compounds yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Ohlwini iningi lezi zakhi zihlanganisa amaprotheni, amino nucleic. Ngisho igciwane has imvilophu we nucleic acid, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi akekho omunye "chain links."

Ngokungafani izilwane zasendle sobala ezingaphili. Cell umzimba ophilayo ine imisebenzi umsoco futhi umzimba, futhi ikhono ukuphefumula (in the case of izitshalo - futhi i-oksijini okucebisayo isikhala).

Enye ikhono evelela we eziphilayo self-ukukhiqizwa kabusha nokudluliswa zonke inalienable nezakhi zofuzo (isibonelo, icala lapho ingane izalwe like omunye abazali). Singasho ukuthi lena umehluko oyinhloko ukuziphilisa. Nezingaphili umzimba banezimfanelo leli khono alikho.

Leli qiniso isixhumanisi inextricable ukuthi eziphilayo uyakwazi olulodwa nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukisa umyalo. Kakhulu amakhono ezibalulekile noma iyiphi iseli ophilayo ngokuthi nekhono ukuzivumelanisa ngokweyame kunoma yimiphi imibandela ngisho nalabo elalingakaze ngaphambili khona. Isibonelo esihle ikhono ukushintsha umbala owawuhlala, sivikele izilwane ezidla ezinye, futhi ibhere - yokucashisa ukuze usinde nenkathi ebandayo. Lezi izakhiwo efanayo libhekisela emkhubeni wokushaya izilwane omnivorous. Lena umehluko phakathi izidumbu zezilwane zasendle. Nezingaphili umzimba akakwazi.

Non-eziphilayo, futhi, iyashintsha, kuphela ethé ukuhluka kancane, isibonelo, birch ekwindla amahlamvu kushintsha umbala. Phezu kwakho konke izinto eziphilayo zinezici ikhono lokwenza ukuxhumana nezwe ngaphandle, okuyinto akukwazi abameleli imvelo ezingaphili. Izilwane ezifuywayo angajoyina kulokhu kuhlasela, ukuzigqaja, vzdyblivat uvolo uma ingozi, ukukhiqiza inaliti, wendiza umsila. Kepha amaqembu ephakeme yezinto eziphilayo, kukhona bebodwa, ngaso sonke isikhathi besekela yesimanje tindlela tekuchumana isayensi emphakathini.

okutholakele

Ngaphambi ngokuchaza umehluko phakathi izinto eziphilayo, ngisho nezinto ezingaphili noma ukukhuluma mayelana lokuthi kokuba yilungu umzimba ngokukhethekile imikhakha imvelo bukhoma noma engaphili, kubalulekile ngokuphelele sizihlole zonke izibonakaliso ukuthi, kwalandela nelinye. Ngaphandle okungenani omunye izimpawu ayihambisani isigaba eziphilayo, asikwazi ngokuthi ophilayo. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ngamangqamuzana aphilayo kuyinto khona nucleic acid eziningi amaprotheni compounds. Lena umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi izinto eziphilayo. emizimbeni Ezinganyakazi isici okufana emhlabeni ukhona.

Eziphilayo, njengoba kuqhathaniswa non-eziphilayo, siyakwazi nokuzala futhi ushiye inzalo, kanye ukujwayela iyiphi zezemvelo.

Ikhono lokukhulumisana possessed kuphela izinto eziphilayo, futhi "ulimi" yabo yokuxhumana akuyona ngokweyame kunoma yimiphi ukutadisha biology efaneleyo.

Ukusebenzisa lezi zinto, umuntu ngamunye uzokwazi ukuhlukanisa fudumele nezingaphili. Libuye lwentando Animate nemvelo ezingaphili Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abameleli zezwe ezingokwemvelo ophilayo bangase bacabange, futhi amasampula ezingaphili - akukho.