Umbuso wezigunyazo: umqondo, izimfanelo kanye nezinhlobo

Imibuso yeziphathimandla ingabhekwa njengendlela "yokwehliswa" phakathi kwezinhlelo zezombangazwe zentando yeningi nezokubambisana. Ngokwenhlolovo eyenziwa ngo-1992 yinhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe i-Freedom House, emazweni angama-186 emhlabeni wonke, kuphela abangu-75 kusukela ngombono wentando yeningi "abakhululekile", 38 "abakhululekile", kanti abangu-73 "bakhululekile" ". Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iRussia iwela esigabeni sokugcina, okusho ukuthi isakhiwo sayo sezombangazwe singabhekwa njengabanamandla. Ingabe lokhu kunjalo ngempela? Ake sizame ukukhipha lokhu ndawonye.

Imigomo yemigomo: umqondo nezimo zenzeka

Yonke into ekuphileni kwethu iqala ngokuhamba ngebhayisikili, kufaka phakathi inhlangano yomphakathi. Ukuba yindlela eguquguqukayo evela ekuziphatheni komphakathi kuya enkambeni yentando yeningi, imibuso yeziphathimandla ivame ukuvela emazweni lapho, ngesikhathi esifanayo kanye noshintsho ohlelweni lwezenhlalakahle, kukhona ukuhlaselwa kwezempi zezombusazwe. Ngokuvamile, zakhiwa lapho kubhekwa khona izinkinga zombusazwe nezomnotho zesikhathi eside, ukunqoba okusho ukuthi izinyathelo zentando yeningi ziyinkinga kakhulu. Iziphathimandla ezigunyazayo zivame ukuqala ngaphansi kwezimo eziphuthumayo, lapho izwe lidinga ukubuyisela umyalelo futhi linikeze umphakathi izimo zokuphila ezivamile. Umuntu oyedwa noma iqembu elincane labantu ligxila emisebenzini eyinhloko yamandla ezombangazwe, ukuba khona kwabaphikisi uma kuvunyelwe, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ngamathuba amancane okusebenza. Ezokuxhumana kukhona ukucwaninga okuqinile, izinhlangano ezibusayo zilawula umphakathi, ukubamba iqhaza kwabantu ekubuseni kwezwe kuncishisiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imibuso yobugunyazi ivumela ukuba khona kwemizimba emele, izingxoxo, referenda, njll kungenziwa. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yokuvota ivame ukukhohliswa, futhi imibono yomphakathi emithonjeni yabezindaba "yenziwe" yiminyango kahulumeni, okungukuthi, imibono ethile ishiwo emphakathini. Inkululeko namalungelo esakhamuzi bashunyayelwa, kodwa uhulumeni awunikeli. Ukuze balondoloze ubukhona babo, imibuso yeziphathimandla zizithoba ngaphansi kwezinkantolo nezinhlangano zokuphoqelela umthetho. Ukuphathwa komphakathi kwenziwa ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokulawula nezokuphatha, kuyilapho ukwesaba okukhulu kungekho.

Izinhlobo kanye nezibonelo zombuso wobusa

Lolu hlobo lwedivaysi lunemibala eminingi, okuyinhloko yayo eyinqubo yokucindezela, yokuphanga, isosha kanye neyabangale. Esimweni sokuqala, amandla asetshenziswe ngumuntu oyedwa, osebenzisa ukubusa komuntu oyedwa. Esikhathini esedlule, kwakuvame kakhulu eGreece, futhi ezweni lanamuhla alamukelekile. Umbuso weziphambeko uhlukaniswa amandla "angenamkhawulo" futhi uhlamvu lwamanye amazwe anenkosi yama-absolutist. Isibonelo sakhe esicacile yisikhathi sokubusa kuka-Ivan the Terrible eRussia, kanye nokubusa kukaPeter I. Umbuso onjalo ungumlando wesikhathi esedlule. Umbuso (ongokwasezulwini) umbuso usekelwe ekubuseni kwabaholi benkolo abagxila emandleni angokwenyama nangokomoya ezandleni zabo. Isibonelo, singakusho i-Iran. Umbuso wezempi noma umbuso wamasosha nje usekelwe emandleni e-alite ephakeme kunazo zonke ezithatha isinyathelo ngenxa yokukhishwa. Ibutho elikhulu lezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe liyibutho, eliqaphela kokubili imisebenzi yangaphakathi neyangaphakathi kahulumeni. Amazwe anombuso wobumbuso walolu hlobo yi-Iraq ngaphansi kokubusa kukaS. Hussein, iMyanmar, namazwe amaningana aseTropical Africa.