I-State of Libya: izinto, inhloko, umongameli, uhlelo lwezomthetho, isithombe ngencazelo. Uphi izwe laseLibhiya?

Umbuso waseLibya ungenye yamazwe amakhulu kunazo zonke kuleli zwekazi lase-Afrika. Kuze kube yamuva, yayinezinkomba ezihola zokuthuthukiswa komnotho esifundeni, ngaphezu kwalokho, umlando wayo ugcwele amaqiniso athakazelisayo. AmaLibya ahlala kanjani ngaphambili futhi ahlala kanjani manje? Incazelo yeLibiya, izinto zayo kanye nesistimu yezomthetho futhi izosebenza njengendaba yokulandisa kwethu.

Indawo yendawo

Okokuqala, ake sithole ukuthi isimo saseLibiya siyini. Leli zwe livela enyakatho yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Ehlangothini olusentshonalanga, kudlula umngcele walo neTunisia ne-ADR, eningizimu - nezwe laseNiger, iRiphabhlikhi yaseThadi neSudan Republic, nangasempumalanga - nezwe laseGibhithe. Kusukela enyakatho kolwandle lwaseLibiya, amagagasi amancane aseLwandle iMedithera ayahlanzwa.

Indawo yendawo yeLibya ingu-1.8 million km ² . Iningi lalo lihlala emazweni agwadule, ikakhulukazi ehlane laseSahara. Kuphela enyakatho yezwe kungumkhakha omncane wezwe elihle kwezolimo ngehlobo lwezulu laseMedithera.

Phakathi kwemithombo yemvelo yaseLibiya, okokuqala, kubalulekile ukunikeza amafutha.

Umlando

Ukuze ube nombono ongcono wezwe lendawo okwamanje, umuntu udinga ukubuka okwedlule. Ake sihlale emaphuzu amakhulu emlandweni weLibiya.

Ezikhathini zasendulo, insimu yayo yayinabantu bezizwe ezingama-berber ezimila. Igama elithi "Libya" livela kumGreki. Ngakho amaGreki abiza izwe lonke lase-Afrika.

Kusukela ku-Millennium BC. E. I-Phoenician ne-Greek colonization kolwandle lwaseLibya iqala. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukhona amakoloni amakhulu njengeCyrena, Leptis Magna, Barca, Eugesparida, Tripoli. Eziningi zala mizi zikhona kuze kube manje futhi ziyizikhungo ezinkulu zaseRibya.

Engxenyeni yesibili ye-Millennium BC. E. Ingxenye ebalulekile engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwe yathathwa yiCarthage, ingxenye engasentshonalanga yaya e-Egypt yasePtolemies. Noma kunjalo, ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu, zonke lezi zindawo zazilawulwa uMbuso WaseRoma. Ngemva kokuwa kweRoma, empumalanga yeLibya yabuyela eByzantium, nasentshonalanga kuhulumeni wesifundazwe wezitshalo ezisezindaweni zaseCarthage. Nokho, ekhulwini le-VI AD. E., ngaphansi kukaMbusi Justinian, i-Byzantium yanqoba ukuchoboza lezi zinsuku futhi zihlanganisa wonke amazwe azo ekubunjweni kwayo.

Eningizimu yeLibiya kulo lonke lolu suku alihambisani nanoma imiphi imfundo kahulumeni. Lapha, njengangaphambili, izizwe ezikhululekile zazulazula.

Isimo siye sashintsha kakhulu kusukela phakathi nekhulu le-7, lapho ama-Arabhu enqoba impahla yaseByzantium e-Afrika. Baphinde bakwazi ukunqoba lonke iLibya, elifakwe ku-Caliphate. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukubunjwa kwezwe lonke kuye kwashintsha kakhulu. Uma ngaphambili iningi lazakhamuzi lalingamaBergbers, manje isizwe esivelele kwakuyi-Arabhu. Ngemuva kokuwa kwe-Arab Caliphate eyodwa ekhulwini le-VIII, iLibya enye yaba ingxenye yama-Aghlabids, amaFatimids, i-Ayyubid, i-Almohad, iKhafsidov, i-Ayyubidov, iMamlyuk, kwaze kwafika ngo-1551 eMbusweni wase-Ottoman.

Kodwa-ke, ngalesi sikhathi iLibya yayinegunya lokuzimela. Kusukela ngo-1711, ubukhosi baseKaramanli baqala ukubusa lapha, okwakubhekana nokuxhomekeka kobuntu ku-Ottoman sultan. Kodwa ngo-1835, ngenxa yokunganaki okudumile, ubukhosi bawa, futhi uMbuso wase-Ottoman wabuye wamisa umbuso wokulawula ngokuqondile iLibya.

Ngo-1911, i-Italy yanqoba la mazwe, yanqoba impi namaTurkey. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, leli zwe liye laba ikoloni yase-Italy. Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwe-Italy phakathi neMpi Yezwe ngo-1942, le nsimu yayihlala amabutho aseBrithani naseFrance.

Ngo-1951, iLibya yaba umbuso ozimele oholwa iNkosi u-Idris I. Ngakho kwaqala umlando wanamuhla wezwe.

Isikhathi sikaGaddafi

Umuntu owayenomthelela omkhulu emlandweni wesimanje waseLibya, unguMuammar Gaddafi. Nguye owayengumholi wezinhlelo ezibhekiswe kwamandla ombuso. Ngo-1969, phakathi nokuguqulwa, amandla ka-Idris I asuswa. I-Republic of Arab Libyan (LAP) yasungulwa, eholwa nguMuammar Gaddafi. Empeleni, wayengumongameli waseLibya, nakuba ngokusemthethweni akazange abe nalokhu okuthunyelwe.

Ngo-1977, uGadidafi washiya zonke izikhundla zombuso, washiya kuphela isihloko somholi wabazalwane, kepha eqinisweni waqhubeka nokubusa umbuso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo i-LRA yashintshwa yaba yi-Jamahiriya. Kwakuyindlela ehlukile yombuso, eyamemezela ngentando yeningi, eyakhiwe ngokuqondile ekubuseni izwe yiziningi zamakominisi. Isisekelo se-Jamahiriya kwakuyi-socialism, ubuzwe bama-Arab kanye nama-Islam. Kwakukhona kule nsimu yokucabanga ukuthi iLibya yayingaleso sikhathi. Inhloko yombuso u-Muammar Gaddafi wakhiphe incwadi ethi "Green Book", empeleni esikhundleni somthethosisekelo.

Kwakuyi-sikhathi eLibya ithole ukuthuthukiswa komnotho okungakaze kwenzeke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubudlelwane obuphakathi kukahulumeni no-Israyeli namazwe aseNtshonalanga bebuhlungu kakhulu, lapho izinkonzo ezikhethekile zaseLibya zenza uchungechunge lokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula. Okudumile kunazo zonke kwaba ukuqhuma kwendiza ngo-1988, emva kwalokho izigwegwe zomnotho zenziwa eLibya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Muammar Gaddafi usolwa ngokucindezela ukuphikiswa kwezombusazwe ezweni lakhe nangokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika.

Impi Yomphakathi

Ngokwemvelo, lesi simo sasinganeliseki ngenani elikhulu labantu abahlala eLibya. Ngo-2011, umbhikisho waqala ngokumelene nohulumeni waseGaddafi. Lapho impikiswano phakathi kwama-amburgers kanye namabutho kahulumeni efinyelela ezingeni elikhethekile, ukusebenzisana kwamazwe aseNtshonalanga kwasungulwa empini futhi kwabambisana nalabo abahlubukayo. Ukuhamba kwamanye amazwe e-NATO kwenziwa ukuqhuma kwamabutho ezempi. Ngokusekelwa kwamandla angaphandle, lezi zihlubuki zakwazi ukuthatha inhloko-dolobha yaseLibya - idolobha laseTripoli. U-Muammar Gaddafi wabulawa.

ILibya yaqala ukubusa uMkhandlu kaZwelonke weTransitional. Kodwa nangemva kokukhethwa kwephalamende, izwe alizange lize ezweni. Iyaqhubeka impi phakathi kwamabutho amaningana ephikisanayo. Eqinisweni, ukwakheka kwesimo sezwe esiqhekekile kuze kube yimanje yiLibya. Umbuso awukwazi ukuqinisekisa ubunye bezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi yezinhlangano zamaphekula eziningana, kuhlanganise ne- Islamic State (IGIL), eyayikwazi ngisho nokuthatha izindawo eziningana, yaqala ukusebenza kakhulu eLibiya.

Abantu

Iningi labantu abaningi baseLibya yi-Arabhu, phakathi kwazo kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-Arabized Berbers. Eningizimu yezwe kukhona futhi izizwe ezihlala ngama-Berber , amaTuareg nabantu baseNigroid Tubu.

Iningi labantu ligxile enyakatho yeLibya. Ingxenye eseningizimu yezwe inabantu abancane, okuchazwa yisimo sezulu esomile seSahara. Kukhona inamba enkulu yezindawo ezingenakulondolozwa.

Inani labantu kuleli lizwe cishe ngabantu abayizigidi ezingu-5.6. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kule namba, iningi lihlala emadolobheni. Isibonelo, inani lezakhamuzi ezisemadolobhaneni amakhulu kunazo zonke zezwe iTripoli, Benghazi neMisrata lidlula u-56% wabantu bonke bezwe.

Tripoli - inhloko-dolobha yaseLibya

Inhloko-dolobha yaseLibya idolobha laseTripoli. Itholakala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwe ogwini lweLwandle iMedithera. Lona yiwona omkhulu kunawo wonke amadolobha lapho izwe laseLibya lidumile khona. Inhloko-dolobha inabantu abangaba ngu-1.8 million. Ukuqhathanisa, idolobha lesibili elikhulu kunazo zonke eLibya - iBanghazi inabantu ababalelwa ku-630 abayizinkulungwane.

Idolobha laseTripoli liyaziwa ngomlando wasendulo kakhulu. Yasungulwa ngekhulu lesi-7 BC. E. Amakholoni aseFenike futhi ebizwa ngo-Ea. Igama lamanje lanikezwa edolobheni ngamaGreki kancane kancane. Ekuhunyushweni okuvela esiGrekini kusho "imizi emithathu". Kwase kuyisikhathi eside kwakuyidolobha elisemaphandleni esifundazweni sasePololitania, futhi ngo-1951, emva kokumemezela kokuzimela kwezwe, yaba yinhloko-dolobha yaseLibya.

Manje i-Tripoli idolobha elikhulu lanamuhla elinamabhilidi aphezulu kanye namabhishi ase-azure, okwakungabonwa ngawo umbuso waseLibya. Izithombe zezintabeni zasentshonalanga nama-barkhans, agcwele izinsizakalo zokwaziswa ezinikezwe ezemikhawulweni yomhlaba wonke, ziyamangalisa, futhi kunzima ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi endaweni ethile endaweni yasendle yasendle, izakhiwo eziphakeme futhi ... impi iyaqhubeka.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, naphezu kwesimo sezimali, uMnyango Wezangaphandle kuphela ukhona ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu zaseTurpoli. Zonke ezinye izitho zombuso wesifundazwe zigxila emadolobheni wesifundazwe. Ngisho nephalamende itholakala emzini waseSirte. Lokhu kwenziwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesimiso, okwaqala ngo-1988, mayelana nokwabiwa kwamandla ezweni.

Isakhiwo sezombangazwe

Okwamanje, iLibya iyizwe elihlangene. Ngendlela kahulumeni, i-republic ephalamende. Isikhundla esinjalo, njengomongameli weLibiya, asikho. Inhloko yombuso ungusihlalo weNdlu yabaMamele, okhethwe yiPhalamende. Kusukela ngo-Agasti 2014 lokhu okuthunyelwe kuphethwe ngu-Agila Sallah Isa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNdlu yabaMamele (iPhalamende) ikhetha uNdunankulu wezwe, okungukuthi, inhloko kaHulumeni. Okwamanje, inhloko yamandla amakhulu ngu-Abdullah Abdurrahman al-Tani. Uhulumeni useTobruk. U-Abdullah al-Tani ushiye izikhathi eziningana, kodwa kuze kube namuhla uhlala. Mayelana. UNdunankulu.

Okwamanje, uMbuso weLibya ulawula ingxenye engasempumalanga yezwe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kuboniswe ukuthi i-Universal National Congress isebenza eTexpoli ngokuhambisana, ehlangene neNdlu yabaMamele futhi ilawula izindawo ezungeze inhloko-dolobha.

Okwamanje, iLibya iyisimo sezwe, lapho iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zihlukaniswa nenkolo nezinhlangano zenkolo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimo sengqondo samaSulumane sinamandla kakhulu emphakathini.

Isigaba sokuphatha

Umbuso waseLibya uhlukaniswe ngokulawulwa komasipala. Yiqiniso, lesi sigaba sinombandela, ngoba ingxenye enkulu yensimu yezwe ayilawulwa yiziphathimandla eziphakathi, futhi empeleni zikhona amayunithi azo okuphatha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, eLibya kunezifundazwe ezintathu zomlando, kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kwazo, empeleni, ngesikhathi saso futhi sakha isimo esisodwa: Tripolitania, Cyrenaica ne-Fezzan. Izikhungo zalezi zingxenye ezingahlelekile, ngokulandelana, ziyi-Tripoli, i-Benghazi neSabha.

Izimpawu Zesimo

Ifulegi kazwelonke laseLibiya kusukela ngo-2011 liyizindwangu ezinemibala ebomvu, emnyama neyoluhlaza, evela phezulu phezulu. Ephakathi nendawo ibhanner iyinhlanzi yamaSulumane eneenkanyezi. Leli fulethi lisetshenziswe njengefulegi lombuso ngesikhathi soMbuso waseLibiya (1951-1969), kodwa emva kokuguqulwa kukaGaddafi kuthathelwe indawo ye-tricolor ebomvu obomvu-omnyama, bese-ke kusukela ngo-1977 kuze kube yindwangu eluhlaza ngokuphelele.

Okwamanje asikho isibonakaliso esisemthethweni esifundazweni saseLibiya, kodwa kukhona isibonakaliso sombuso ngesimo se-yellow crescent kanye nenkanyezi.

Isihlabelelo sikazwelonke kusukela ngo-2011 yisakhiwo esithi "Libya, Libya, Libya", okwenza umsebenzi ofanayo phakathi nobukhosi. Phakathi nokubusa kukaGaddafi, umsebenzi womculo othi "Allah Omkhulu" wawusetshenziswa njengengoma.

Uhlelo lwezomthetho

Njengamanje, uhlelo lwezomthetho lombuso waseLibya lusekelwe esiFulentshini, kanye nemigomo yezomthetho yase-Italy. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kusukela esikhathini sikaGaddafi, ithonya lomthetho wamaSulumane, ikakhulukazi iSharia, lihlala linamandla kakhulu.

Izwe linenkantolo yomthethosisekelo, nakuba uMthethosisekelo omusha ungakaze wamukelwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uMbuso waseLibya awukaze uqaphele amandla ezinkantolo zamanye amazwe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi okwamanje izingxenye ezihlukene zeLibya zilawulwa yizinhlangothi eziningana, ngakho-ke, empeleni, akukho mthetho owodwa wezwe ezweni elizoqhubeka kulo lonke izwe lombuso. Ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe, imithetho enzima yomthetho wamaSulumane (sharia) isenzo esithile.

Izikhangibavakashi

Umlando wasendulo usinikeze izikhumbuzo eziningi zamasiko ezijabulisa amehlo abavakashi. Ngempela, kunezindawo eziningi zomlando ukuthi izwe laseLibya lingakwazi ukuziqhenya. Kunezindawo ezithakazelisayo ezindaweni eziningi zezwe.

Esinye sezikhumbuzo ezidume kakhulu zomlando wezwe, esiseLibya, yiziqongo zedolobha lamaRoma lasendulo , elingabonakala esithombeni esingenhla. ZiseSabrath, entshonalanga yeTripoli. Le midlalo yasungulwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamaRoma futhi yayihloselwe izibuko okufanele zijabulise umphakathi, kuhlanganise nokulwa kwamaqembu e-gladiatorial.

Emkhakheni wezwe kunezinye izidumbu zezakhiwo zasendulo zamaFenike namaRoma. Ikakhulukazi edumile phakathi kwezokuvakasha yilawa manxiwa edolobheni lakudala laseLeptis Magna, elisekelwa ngabolonisi baseFenike, kodwa laqala indlela yokuphila yaseRoma.

Phakathi kokwakhiwa kwesikhathi sakwaSulumane, kungenzeka ngokukhethekile ukukhipha umkhosi wama-Ahmad Pasha Karamanli, okwakhiwa eTripoli yilo mbusi wasePololitania ngo-1711. I-Gurga ne-Al-Jami imikhosi nayo iyathandeka kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo ye-UNESCO Yamagugu Emhlaba ihlanganisa ukudweba kwamatshe endaweni kaTadrart-Akakus, oneminyaka yobudala efinyelela eminyakeni engu-14 000.

Ngesikhathi sikaGaddafi, iMyuziyamu ye-Jamahiriya yayithandwa kakhulu kwabakhileyo kanye nabavakashi.

Ngempela, kukhona into yokuziqhenya ngabantu baseLibya.

Ngokholo esikhathini esizayo

Kusukela ngesikhathi esifanayo sokuzalwa kwakhe, uLivia wayebhekene nezinkathi ezinzima. Ngemuva kokuwa kukahulumeni waseGaddafi, abantu abaningi babeqiniseka ukuthi izikhathi eziqhakazile zenkululeko yangempela kanye nokunqoba komthetho kuzofika. Kodwa amathemba abo akufanele agcwaliseke, ngoba leli zwe lalingelwa ngendwangu yempi yombango, lapho amandla angaphandle angaphazamisa khona.

Njengamanje, iLibya empeleni ihlukaniswe zibe izingxenye eziningana, ezidinga ukuzimela okubanzi kuhulumeni ophakathi, noma aziqapheli nhlobo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akekho ophika ilungelo labantu baseLibya ukwakha umphakathi wentando yeningi onokuthula, lapho umthetho wokubusa uzoba khona phambili. Yiqiniso, amaLibyya azofinyelela le mgomo maduzane noma kamuva. Kodwa kuphela lapho kuyoba khona - umbuzo omkhulu.