Ukuvuselelwa kwe-Italy

I-Renaissance era yashintsha isiko saseYurophu seNkathi Ephakathi. Lesi simo sivela e-Italy, sasilapha lapho izimpawu zayo zokuqala zaqaphela. Ukuvuselelwa kwe-Italy kwawela ngesikhathi sokusukela kweshumi nesithathu kuya kwengxenye yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa. It isekelwe esimisweni sokubantu, okungukuthi, ukuqinisekiswa kwesithunzi nobuhle bomuntu. Ngalesi sikhathi, isiko lezwe liqala ukwakha, ukukhululwa kwesonto lezemfundo kanye nezinkolo zenkolo. Amasiko abe yi-anthropocentric. Igama elithi "Ukuvuselela" lenziwa nguGiorgio Vasari. Wachaza ngalesi sikhathi njengenkathi yokuvuselelwa kwasekuqaleni. Ngaphandle kwalokho, inkathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-Renaissance.

I-Renaissance yayihambisane nokuphikisana okunye, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuphakama kwayo kwenzekile ezimpi, futhi ekupheleni kwamanani abo okushintshwa kwekhadi. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwakungeyona yokuziphatha, kodwa impahla, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-philistinism kwenzeka, ithonya lesonto landa.

Izincwadi

Umsunguli we-Renaissance e-Italy uthathwa ngokuthi nguDante Alighieri, nguye owakwazi ukudalula okubalulekile kwabantu bakule nkathi emsebenzini wokubhala "Ukuhlaziya Kwaphezulu." Emisebenzini yabalobi be-Renaissance, izinhloso zabantu zenziwa, futhi inkululeko yokuzikhethela ngayinye yakhazinyuliswa. Izwe langaphakathi lomuntu kukho konke ukuhlukahluka kwakhe ngokomzwelo kwavezwa nguPetrarch. Akunakwenzeka ukushiwo amanoveli kaBoccaccio, izivumelwano zikaMacavavelli, izinkondlo zika-Ariosto noTasso. Izincwadi zazisekelwe emasikweni ezinkondlo zakudala kanye nabantu abaningi. Ihlanganisa isimiso somqondo ozwakalayo kanye nefantasy yezinkondlo. Izinhlobo ze-comic zithandwa kakhulu. Kwakuyizinyanga ezidumile emhlabeni wonke okuthiwa "i-Decameron", "uDon Quixote" yabhalwa.

Izakhiwo

I-Renaissance yase-Italy ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kwakulandela amasiko aphakathi kwesikhathi eside, yaboniswa ekusetshenzisweni kwezakhi ze-Gothic. I-Gothic yesiNtaliyane yayingefani kakhulu ne-gothic yamazwe aseYurophu. Izakhiwo zinezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu, ezolile, izindonga ezinkulu ngokuhlukaniswa okungaqondile. Elinye lamathempeli adumile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi yiSonto laseSanta Croce, ukwakhiwa kwalo kuqale ngu-Arnolfo di Cambio ngekhulu le-13. Umhlobiso we-diamond rustic, ukufakwa kwezingodo ezenziwe ngamapulangwe, ubunye bendawo yangaphakathi - konke lokhu kuyizinto ezihlukile zethempelini.

Ukudweba

Ubuciko bokubuyiselwa kwe-Renaissance abubonakali nje ngokusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha ezakhiweni zokwakha, kodwa futhi ngokushintshwa kokudweba, okuyinto okwamanje ikhula kahle. Ama-oda wezwe nomthengisi aya ngokuya ethandwa. Abadwebi abadumile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwakunguLorenzo Ghiberti, uLuca della Robbia, njll. Ngokwesibonelo, uRobbia wadumala ngokusebenzisa amasu okugqoka ngokuqoshwa nokusizwa. Wakha ama-majolica busts wabangcwele, uMadonna noKristu. Ubuciko balesi sithombe kwakumelwe ngokufanelekayo ngezikhathi ezithile.

Ukudweba

Imvuselelo yase-Italy ayibonakali ngaphandle kwemidwebo. Yenzelwe inqubo ye-fresco. Abadwebi bapenda ukudweba amapende emanzini. Phakathi nekhulu le-15, imidwebo yamakhadibhodi eyenziwe ephepheni noma ngendwangu yasakazwa. E-Venice, lezi zakhiwo azihlotshwanga hhayi ngamafrescoes, kodwa ngemidwebo evelele eyenziwe ngopende lweoli. Futhi, ukuvuselelwa kwesiNtaliyane kwanikeza umhlaba kanye nalolu hlobo lobuciko, njengokuqoshwa. Imidwebo eyenziwe ngensimbi nangokhuni. Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi abaculi be-Renaissance banakekele umhlaba, isayensi yomuntu, ukukhanya. I-landscape ayiyona nje isizinda, kodwa isici sesakhiwo esithombeni.

Amakhosi amakhulu enkathi yobuciko bokubuyiselwa kabusha kuhlanganisa noBrunelleschi, Verrocchio, Mantegna, uDonatello, Masaccio, Botticelli nabanye. Umculi wokuqala odwebe ezintathu-ubukhulu, kuthathwa ngokuthi yi-Giotto.

Abafilosofi baleli qembu bahlanganisa uNikola Copernicus, uJean Bodin, uLornzo Valla, uNicola Cusa, uNiccolo Machiavelli.