Ukuhlakaza izinhlelo: izici jikelele kanye ngezigaba

i-chemistry colloidal - isayensi etadisha izindlela sokulungiselela, ukubunjwa, Sakhiwo sangekhatsi, zamakhemikhali Izakhiwo zanoma izinhlelo ziyasakaza. Ukuhlakaza Systems - kukhona izinhlelo ukuthi yakhiwa izinhlayiya ochotshoziwe (isigaba discontinuous) abahlakazekile ambient (abahlakazekile) naphakathi: amagesi, uketshezi noma ukudla okuqinile. Usayizi kuyizinhlayiyana yesigaba ukuhlakazwa (zinhlayiya, amaconsi, Bubbles) kuhluke degree of ukuhlakazwa, ubukhulu okuyinto ngqo ngokuya kobukhulu nezinhlayiya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlakazeka izinhlayiya kanye zihlukaniswa nezinye izici, ngokuvamile aggregation esigabeni abahlakazekile bengaba kanye medium.

Ukuhlakaza izinhlelo kanye ngezigaba zabo

Zonke uhlelo ukuhlakazwa ezihlakazekile isigaba ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana kungenziwa oluthathwa zibe ion yamangqamuzana (esingaphansi NM), Colloid (eyodwa kuya eziyikhulu nanometer), indawo (ezingaphezu kwekhulu nanometer).

Yamamolekhula ukuhlakazwa izinhlelo. Lezi izinhlelo aqukethe izinhlayiya kabani sayizi engaphansi NM. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa izixazululo ahlukahlukene kweqiniso non-electrolyte: glucose, urea, utshwala, sucrose.

I izinhlelo okwesikhashana zinezikhathi izinhlayiya ngobukhulu. Lezi zihlanganisa emulsions kanye ukumiswa. Ukuhlakaza izinhlelo lapho oqinile isebenze uketshezi ukuhlakazwa naphakathi (isixazululo isitashi, ubumba) zibizwa ngokuthi ukumiswa. Emulsions - kukhona izinhlelo ukuthi uzilungiselele ngokuxuba uketshezi ezimbili, lapho omunye ngesimo amaconsi abahlakazekile nezinye (uwoyela, toluene, benzene noma amanzi triacylglycerols (amafutha) obisini.

nginihlakaze colloidal. Bona colloidal kuyizinhlayiyana Ubukhulu afinyelela 100 nm. izinhlayiya okunjalo kalula ukungena ngokusebenzisa ezimbotsheni iphepha lemifanekiso, kodwa musa ukungena ngokusebenzisa ezimbotsheni ulwelwesi begazi zezitshalo nezilwane. Kusukela ezinhlayiyeni Colloid (micelles) kukhona electrocharge kanye kuphela ulwelwesi ionic, which they kuhoxisiwe, zingabantu yisikhathi ngokwanele eside angeke kwenze. Isibonelo esimangalisayo izinhlelo colloidal izixazululo of gelatin,-albumin, gum Arabhu, izixazululo colloidal zegolide nezesiliva.

I degree of ukuhlakazwa ivumela ukuhlukanisa phakathi eyohlobo futhi heterogeneous ziyasakaza izinhlelo. In izinhlelo eyohlobo ukuhlakaza isigaba izinhlayiya nepepper ukuba amangqamuzana, kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ion. Izibonelo ezinjalo uhlelo ukuhlakazwa kungaba isixazululo glucose emanzini (yamangqamuzana uhlelo abahlakazekile) kanye ukupheka usawoti emanzini (uhlelo ion-abahlakazekile). Bangabaholi izixazululo kweqiniso. Usayizi molecule esigabeni abahlakazekile ingaphansi koyedwa nanometer.

Dispersions kanye nezixazululo

Kuzo zonke izinhlelo kanye nezixazululo e eziphilayo ezibaluleke kakhulu abahlala kukhona colloidal ukuhlakaza izinhlelo. Njengoba yaziwa, chemical isisekelo khona eziphilayo iyona umzimba amaprotheni kuwo. Ubuningi isilinganiso namaprotheni emzimbeni ivela 18 kuya 21%. amaprotheni Iningi ziyoncibilika emanzini (lokuhlushwa okuyinto kubantu nasezilwaneni cishe 65%) bese bakha izixazululo colloidal.

Kunamaqembu amabili izixazululo colloidal: okusamanzi (sol) kanye gel (si). Zonke izinqubo ezibalulekile ezenzeka ezintweni eziphilayo, ehambisana ne-ndaba colloidal. Kuwo wonke amangqamuzana aphilayo biopolymers (acid nucleic, amaphrotheni, gikozaminoglikany, glycogen) kukhona ngesimo izinhlelo abahlakazekile bengaba.

izixazululo colloidal ziyasakazeka futhi nemvelo wezinto ezingaphili. izixazululo ezinjalo zihlanganisa uwoyela, izindwangu, Plastics, nezindwangu zokwenziwa. A sebuningini imikhiqizo ukudla akunakubangelwa izixazululo colloidal: kefir, ubisi, njll izidakamizwa Iningi (serum, antigen, imigomo) izixazululo colloidal. Ukuze ufake phakathi izixazululo colloidal nopende.