Ukonakala okungenziwa inhlabathi nasemiphumeleni yaso womuntu. Ukuhlola inhlabathi ukungcoliswa

Soil - ukwakheka yemvelo ekhethekile, ukuqinisekisa ukukhula izihlahla, okutshaliwe nezinye izitshalo. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuphila ngaphandle kwethu inhlabathi evundile. Kodwa indoda yesimanje libhekisela endaweni? Namuhla, umuntu ukungcola inhlabathi ifinyelele ngezabelo ezinkulu, ngakho umhlabathi kuyiplanethi yethu zidinge ukuvikelwa kanye nokulondolozwa.

Soil - kuyini?

Ukuvikelwa Soil ngokumelene ukungcoliswa akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukuqonda ngokucacile ukuthi inhlabathi futhi kwakhiwa kanjani it is. Cabanga ngalo mbuzo kabanzi.

Umhlabathi (noma phansi) - ukwakheka yemvelo ekhethekile, isakhi esiyisibopho iyiphi ecosystem. Kumiswa It is in the ungqimba engenhla idwala umzali, ngenxa yesenzo ilanga, amanzi, kanye izimila. Soil - uhlobo kwebhuloho, isixhumanisi, okuyinto uxhuma yezingxenye biotic futhi abiotic landscape.

izinqubo Basic ngenxa lapho inhlabathi, lokhu ukuguguleka komhlabathi nasekwenzeni imisebenzi ebalulekile yezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinqubo weathering mechanical umzali idwala libhujiswa kancane kancane olwembiza nangemisebenzi yezinto eziphilayo zigcwele lolu ngqimba angaphili izinto eziphilayo.

indoda yokungcola inhlabathi - ke ingenye izinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu ngemvelo yesimanje nokuphathwa kwemvelo, okuyinto ikakhulukazi ngensimbi engxenyeni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili wesibili.

isimo somhlabathi

Noma yimuphi inhlabathi siqukethe 4 izingxenye eziyinhloko. Ziyakwazi:

• idwala (isizinda umhlabathi, cishe 50% isisindo Imininingwane);
• amanzi (mayelana 25%);
• emoyeni (mayelana 15%);
• udaba eziphilayo (humus, 10%).

Kuye isilinganiso ncenye emhlabathini, yilezi ezilandelayo izinhlobo inhlabathi :

• enamadwala;
• ubumba;
• isihlabathi;
• humus;
• nosawoti.

I izakhiwo ukhiye zenhlabathi, okwenza kube lehluke njani kuletinye ingxenye landscape okuzala yayo. Le mpahla esiyingqayizivele elanelisa izitshalo kudingekile umsoco, umswakama nomoya. Ngakho, umhlabathi inikeza ukukhiqizwa begazi zonke izimila nezitshalo isivuno. Kungakho ukungcola umhlabathi namanzi yindaba ezifana eshisayo emhlabeni.

Ucwaningo inhlabathi

Inhlabathi izifundo wahlanganyela isayensi ekhethekile - inhlabathi isayensi, okuyinto kubhekwa umsunguli Vasily Dokuchaev - usosayensi odumo emhlabeni. Nguye, ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka, kuqala waphawula ukuthi inhlabathi ukusakaza ngempela ngokwemvelo (nokuklanywa latitudinal inhlabathi) ku komhlaba, kanye ngokuthi izici ecacile morphological phansi.

Dokuchaev kubhekwe inhlabathi njengenhlangano ebalulekile futhi ezimele kumiswa yemvelo ukuthi kuye akazange akwenze noyedwa ososayensi. Umsebenzi edume kunayo usosayensi - "Russian abamnyama umhlaba" ngo-1883 - liyincwadi reference for bonke inhlabathi isayensi yesimanje. Dokuchaev olwenziwa kokuhlolisisa inhlabathi asemaqeleni zone of Russia yesimanje nase-Ukraine, imiphumela okuyinto kwakheka isisekelo incwadi. Umbhali waqokomisa main izici inhlabathi: edwaleni umzali, nesimo sendawo, isimo sezulu engu-ezimileni. Usosayensi kunikeza incazelo okuthakazelisa kakhulu "inhlabathi umsebenzi we umzali idwala, isimo sezulu kanye eziphilayo, iphindwe isikhathi."

Ngemva kokutadisha nenhlabathi Dokuchaeva bahileleke, futhi abanye ososayensi adumile. Phakathi kwabo: Kostychev, N. Sibirtsev, K. Glinka nabanye.

Ukubaluleka indima inhlabathi ukuphila komuntu

Inkulumo ethi "umhlaba-umhlengikazi" sizwa ngokuvamile kakhulu akuyona ongokomfanekiso noma ehilela. It ngempela. Kuyinto umthombo oyinhloko ukudla ngesintu, okuyinto, kunjalo, linikeza cishe 95% yonke imikhiqizo ukudla. Le ndawo ingqikithi ezweni imithombo kuyiplanethi yethu namuhla 129 kwezigidi ezingu km ² indawo, zazo 10% kuyinto umhlabathi olimekayo, omunye engu-25% - hayfields kanye namadlelo.

Ukuze ukufunda umhlabathi waqala ukubonwa ngekhulu XIX, kodwa abantu bazi mayelana nempahla yabo enhle - mayelana wenzalo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Lokho inhlabathi osikweleta khona kwabo bonke izitshalo nezilwane emhlabeni, kuhlanganise nabantu. Kuyinto akukho ngozi ezindaweni elinabantu abaningi kakhulu le planethi izindawo ne inhlabathi evundile kakhulu.

Soil - yilona mthombo eyinhloko ukukhiqiza kwezolimo. Kuningi wemihlangano memezelo yokutholwa ezingeni lamazwe omhlaba, obiza ukunakekelwa enengqondo futhi ukuthatha umhlabathi. Futhi lokhu kusobala, ngoba ukungcola Imininingwane komhlaba nomhlabathi esongela khona yaso sonke isintu emhlabeni.

Inhlabathi ikhava - ukhiye isici kwendawo emhlabeni emgodleni ophethe zonke izinqubo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Inhlabathi aqoqana omningi udaba eziphilayo futhi amandla, egcwalisa, ngaleyo ndlela, indima giant bio-zokuhlunga. Lena - yingxenye esemqoka ye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, ogama ekubhujisweni uyosabalala zonke oyiyo sokusebenza.

Ngekhulu xxi, umthwalo ikhava inhlabathi liye landa izikhathi eziningana, futhi inkinga inhlabathi ukungcoliswa iya elisezingeni ezinkulu emhlabeni wonke. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ikhambi lale nkinga incike isenzo esihleliwe wonke amazwe emhlabeni.

Ukungcoliswa komhlaba kanye nenhlabathi

ukungcola Soil yinqubo nokwehliswa kwesithunzi ikhava umhlabathi, lapho okuqukethwe yayo amakhemikhali luyanda kakhulu. Izinkomba yale nqubo kuthiwa izinto eziphilayo, ezitshalweni ngokukhethekile ukuthi yiwo awokuqala uhlushwa ukuhlukumeza sokuqanjwa zemvelo enhlabathini. Kulokhu, ukusabela izitshalo incike izinga labo luvelo ushintsho olunjalo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezweni lethu sihlinzekela necala lobugebengu ngenxa ukungcoliswa komhlaba owenziwe umuntu. Ikakhulukazi, sihloko 254 we Criminal Code kuzwakala 'liyizwe Inkohlakalo ".

Typology inhlabathi ezingcolisayo

Main inhlabathi ukungcoliswa owaqala ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, nge ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha of the complex yezimboni. Ngaphansi nokungcoliswa nenhlabathi baqonde isingeniso e atypical izingxenye inhlabathi ke - okubizwa ngokuthi "ukungcola". Abakwazi ukuhlala kunoma isiphi isimo aggregate - ketshezi, okuqinile, gaseous noma ibe yinkimbinkimbi.

Zonke ezingcolisa inhlabathi zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu 4:

• organic (zinambuzane, zinambuzane, imithi ebulala ukhula hydrocarbon elimnandi, izinto kampompi ukuxova umuthi wokugoma, phenols, acid organic, uwoyela, uphethiloli, lacquers nopende);
• wezinto ezingaphili (izinsimbi ezisindayo, asbestos, cyanides, alikhali, acid wezinto ezingaphili, njll);
• enemisebe;
• yemvelo (amagciwane, angenziwa pathogenic, ulwelwe nokunye okunjalo).

Ngakho, i-main inhlabathi ukungcoliswa Kwenziwa esebenzisa lezi nezinye ukungcola. okuqukethwe ekhulile yemiphumela lezi izinto enhlabathini kungaholela imiphumela emibi futhi engelapheki.

Imithombo ukungcoliswa komhlaba

It kungenziwa ngokuthi inani elikhulu emithonjeni efana kuze kube manje. Futhi isibalo sazo unyaka nonyaka kwandisa kuphela.

Sibala imithombo eyinhloko inhlabathi ukungcoliswa:

1. Ezezindlu kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi. Kuyinto umthombo enkulu ukungcola ezweni emizini. Kulokhu, ukungcoliswa inhlabathi kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa indle, ukudla doti, ukwakhiwa doti nendlu izinto (ifenisha ezindadlana, izingubo e, njll). Emadolobheni amakhulu, umbuzo othi "yini okumele uyenze udoti?" It ephenduka ibe nhlekelele sangempela neziphathimandla zedolobha. Ngakho-ke, emaphethelweni amadolobha sikhule omkhulu ikhilomitha landfills, okuye wabutha wonke udoti. Emazweni aseNtshonalanga athuthukile Sekuyisikhathi eside wasungula kabusha ezitshalweni ekhethekile kanye nezimboni. Futhi kule kukhona imali eningi wathola. Ezweni lethu, kuze Ezimweni ezinjalo, ngeshwa, ezingavamile.
2. Izimboni kanye izitshalo. Kuleli qembu, imithombo eyinhloko inhlabathi ukungcoliswa - a izimboni zamakhemikhali, izimayini kanye ne-engineering. Cyanides, i-arsenic, styrene, benzene, amahlule polymers, carbon omnyama - zonke lezi izinto ezimbi enhlabathini endaweni amabhizimisi enkulu yezimboni. Inkinga enkulu manje futhi inkinga ka kokulahla amathayi, projecting imbangela imililo emikhulu ukuthi zinzima kakhulu wokukucima.
3. Isakhiwo ezokuthutha. Imithombo umhlaba angcolile, kuleli cala - phambili, hydrocarbon, umule nitrogen oxides. Zonke lezi zinto zikhishwa ngesikhathi ukusebenza kwe-yangaphakathi omlilo engine, bese imali emhlabathini zimuncwe yizimila. Ngakho, bazithola enhlabathini. Kulokhu, degree of inhlabathi ukungcoliswa kuyoba njengoba eliphezulu ngangokunokwenzeka emigwaqweni emikhulu futhi kokuhlangana eduze komgwaqo.
4. Agro-zezimboni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuthola off ukudla emhlabathini, thina ngesikhathi esifanayo ushevu wakhe, njengoba nakuba kungase kuzwakale. ukungcoliswa womuntu kwenhlabathi lapha ngokusebenzisa ukwethulwa ezweni umquba amakhemikhali. Kwaba niwe nize esabekayo emhlabathini ngaye izinto - mercury, imithi yokubulala izinambuzane, phambili ne-cadmium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhemikhali ngokweqile bahlanza away izimvula emasimini, ukuthola ekusakazeni unomphela futhi komhlaba.
5. imfucuza Radioactive. ingozi enkulu kakhulu uthela ukungcola inhlabathi umkhakha nuclear waste. Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi ngesikhathi ukusabela yenuzi enuzi izitshalo amandla mayelana 98-99% kukaphethiloli usuke udlale ngesikhathi. Lokhu-uranium imikhiqizo ukuqoqwa - cesium, plutonium, Sesithombe nezinye izakhi, okuyinto iyingozi kakhulu. Inkinga enkulu kakhulu ezweni lethu Yingcwaba imfucumfucu enemisebe. Minyaka yonke ukhiqiza ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 200 cubic metres kukadoti ongahlala emhlabeni.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu zokungcoliswa

Ukonakala okungenziwa inhlabathi kungenzeka zemvelo (isib mlilo) noma ezenziwe umuntu (man-made) lapho ukungcoliswa kwenzeka ngenxa umuntu. Kulo mBhalo inhlabathi iwe izinto kanye nemikhiqizo akuzona esivela imvelo abe nomthelela omubi esimweni semvelo kanye nemvelo yawo.

Inqubo ngezigaba inhlabathi ukungcoliswa iyinkimbinkimbi, ngeengaba ezahlukene ezidla okuvela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene. Kodwa namanje izinhlobo ezinkulu inhlabathi ukungcoliswa kungenziwa kanje.

ukungcola inhlabathi Domestic - nokungcoliswa inhlabathi imfucumfucu nentuthu oyikhiphayo. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa ezingcolisa bemvelo ezahlukene futhi isimo ezahlukene wokuhlanganisa. Zingaba kokubili liquid futhi eliqinile. Ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo ukungcola Nokho, akuyona yingozi kakhulu ukuba inhlabathi, ekuqongeleleni ngokweqile imfucuza esizilahlayo endaweni futhi kuvimbela nokukhula okuvamile izitshalo. Inkinga acute iningi yasekhaya ukungcola inhlabathi izindleko ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni amakhulu kanye nemizi emikhulu, kanye emadolobheni nge nenalazhennoy simiso udoti.

Chemical ukungcoliswa nenhlabathi - okungukuthi, okokuqala kunakho konke, ukungcola rock onesigqi esinamandla, imithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Lolu hlobo ukungcola isiyi-ingozi kakhulu kubantu. Phela, izinsimbi ezisindayo unekhono buthelela eziphilayo. Nenhlabathi okunobuthi esindayo zinhlobo metal ezifana phambili, cadmium, i-chromium, ithusi, nickel, mercury-arsenic ne-manganese. Okuningi ungcolisa izenzo umhlabathi uphethiloli, equkethe into enobuthi kakhulu - phambili tetraethyl.

Zinambuzane - futhi eziyingozi kakhulu inhlabathi. Umthombo oyinhloko zinambuzane kuyinto ezolimo zanamuhla, okuyinto ngenkuthalo lisetshenziswe lezi amakhemikhali ukuze ulwe izinambuzane neziphazamiso. Ngakho-ke, imithi yokubulala izinambuzane buthelela emhlabathini ngamanani amakhulu. bengeyona kancane esiyingozi izilwane nabantu kuka izinsimbi ezisindayo. Ngakho, ke wawuvinjelwe kakhulu anobuthi oqine kakhulu izidakamizwa DDT. Umzimba womuntu ungakwazi yini ukubola enhlabathini amashumi eminyaka, ososayensi bathole ithrekhi yayo ngisho e-Antarctica!

Zinambuzane ziyingozi kakhulu kuya microflora umhlabathi amagciwane athile kanye nesikhunta.

kwazo imisebe kwenhlabathi - umhlabathi ukungcoliswa izitshalo amandla enuzi imfucuza. izinto Radioactive iyingozi kakhulu, njengoba kalula ukungena eziwukudla yezinto eziphilayo. I esiyingozi kakhulu usizo ngokwengqikithi enemisebe kubhekwe njengento Sesithombe-90, okuyinto libhekene isivuno high ngesikhathi ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo (8%) kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu (Iminyaka 28) isigamu-nokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena mobile kakhulu enhlabathini bese ungakwazi zibekwe ezihlukahlukene ithambo eziphilayo womuntu futhi. Phakathi kwezinye radionuclides enobungozi kungabuye ngokuthi cesium-137, cerium-144, 36-chloro.

I wentaba-mlilo ukungcola inhlabathi - lolu hlobo ukungcola libhekisela eqenjini zemvelo. Kuyinto nabo ezinobuthi enhlabathini, carbon omnyama omlilo amagesi okuyinto eyenzeka ngenxa nokuqhuma kwezintabamlilo. Lona uhlobo ezingavamile kakhulu yokungcola inhlabathi, okuyinto sici kuphela ezindaweni ezithile ezincane.

ukungcola inhlabathi Mikotoksicheskoe - futhi akuyona indoda ezenziwe futhi odabuka yemvelo. umthombo ukungcola nazi ezinye izinhlobo isikhunta ukukhiqiza imithi enobungozi - mycotoxins. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lezi izinto zimi enkulu ingozi eziphilayo, kanye nabo bonke abanye, ngenhla.

ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi

Inselele enkulu ukuze kulondolozwe inhlabathi iye kwaluqeda futhi uhlala. Minyaka yonke, yena "edla" endaweni enkulu inhlabathi evundile, izinga engokwemvelo nokuvulwa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi izinga aphansi. Ososayensi baye balitadishisise izici yalezi zinhlelo futhi uthole izinyathelo yokulwa nazo.

Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kungaba:

• amanzi
• umoya

Ngokusobala, esimweni sokuqala, okuholela ukuguguleka isici amanzi agelezayo, kanti eyesibili - umoya.

Okuningi okwandile esiyingozi ukuguguleka amanzi. Luqala ngokunikela ukubukeka ku komhlaba encane, udonga kancane obonakalayo, kodwa emva kwemvula ngamunye esindayo kule udonga sizonwebisa futhi sikhule ngobukhulu kuze they jika emseleni. Ngo nje isikhathi unyaka owodwa phezu flat ngokuphelele kungaba emseleni ekujuleni 1-2 imitha! Esigabeni esilandelayo amanzi ashaya leli dwala - Ukwakheka kwezitho umhosha. Leli fomu kuyahluka wokukhululeka nesakhiwo branched ukujula ezinkulu. Nemihosha catastrophically ukubhubhisa Amasimu, izimfunda kanye namadlelo. Uma udonga akuyona ukulwa, yena kuyaye ajike abe ugodo.

Vodnoerozionnye izinqubo abakhuthele ngaphezulu esifundeni asemaqeleni nge indawo emazombezombe, izimila lapho kancane kakhulu.

Isizathu umoya ukuguguleka komhlabathi kanye ukukhonza isivunguvungu imimoya ukuthi bayakwazi kuqhunyiswa phezulu ngamasentimitha 20 (ezinothe kakhulu) inhlabathi ibhola. Umoya uthwala izinhlayiya inhlabathi phezu amabanga ezinkulu, ukwakha kwezinye izindawo ezifakwa kuze kufinyelele 1-2 amamitha. Ngokuvamile basuke kwakhiwa eduze emasimini ihlathi amabhande.

Ukuhlolwa ukungcola inhlabathi

Ukuze afeze eziyinkimbinkimbi wezinyathelo sokuvikelwa inhlabathi ukuhlolwa kubaluleke kakhulu ezanele inhlabathi ukusilaphazeka. Kulinganiselwa by izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezibalo, emva iqoqo chemical enemininingwane nocwaningo kwemvelo. Ukuhlolwa owethulwe inkomba eziyinkimbinkimbi ukungcoliswa _nge Z.

Ukuhlola inhlabathi ukungcoliswa Kwenziwa kuzinto ezibalulekile eziningana:

• ngokucacile emithonjeni yokungcola;
• yamakhemikhali eyinkimbinkimbi izakhi - inhlabathi ezingcolisa;
• igunya ezingcolisayo hlu ngokwalokho MPC;
• uhlamvu nokusetshenziswa komhlaba.

Abacwaningi baye bathola eziningi ukungcola inhlabathi, okuyilezi:

1. Ngendlela Ayamukelayo (Z _kuya esingaphansi 16).
2. Ngokulingene eziyingozi (Z _kokuba kusuka 16 kuya 38).
3. Imininingwane (Z _kokuba lisuka kwabangu-38 128).
4. Kakhulu yingozi (Z _{njengoba kungabantu} abangaphezulu kuka-128).

Ukuvikelwa inhlabathi

Kuye umthombo ukungcola ukushuba siwuvumele usithonye, isungule izinyathelo ezikhethekile sokuvikelwa inhlabathi. Ukuze lezo zinyathelo zihlanganisa:

1. Legislative nezokuphatha (ukwamukelwa kwemithetho efanele emkhakheni ukuvikelwa umhlabathi, futhi ukulawula kokusebenza kwabo).
2. Inqubo (ukudalwa wasteless zokukhiqiza).
3. Kutfutfwa kwemangcoliso (iqoqo, decontamination nokulahlwa kwendle nomhlabathi ukungcoliswa).
4. Ucwaningo (kusungulwa izidingo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ukwelashwa izindawo, nokuvivinya nokuqapha isimo inhlabathi).
5. Ihlathi sokufunwa nokulawula ukuguguleka (zokutshala imisebenzi le ekhethekile yokukhosela amabhande kanye amasimu, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo wokubacindezela futhi ulungise lokufikela izitshalo).

isiphetho

inhlabathi Russian - kungcono ingcebo enkulu, sibonga ngalo sinokudla ukukhiqizwa ukunikeza izinto zokusetshenziswa kunesidingo. Umhlabathi kwamiswa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Yingakho ukuvikelwa inhlabathi ukungcola - kuba umsebenzi ebalulekile isimo.

Namuhla kukhona inqwaba inhlabathi ukungcola imithombo: ezokuthutha, umkhakha, amadolobha, ngezidingo, izitshalo amandla enuzi kanye nezolimo. Umsebenzi ososayensi, iziphathimandla zomphakathi kanye abaqavile emphakathini wezindleko - ukuvikela umhlabathi emiphumeleni elimazayo zonke lezi zici, noma okungenani ukunciphisa ukukhinyabezeka zazo eziyingozi phezu komhlaba.