Uhlobo - kuba isiko oluhlanzekile nezilwanyana ezincane. Zama-bacterium, ama-virus, ama-fungus,

Ngo biology ukuchaza umzimba ezithile, okubhekise ezindaweni zezilwane, isikhunta noma izitshalo, ngesilwane esifuywayo yayo yasungulwa. Iveza okuqondene zohlobo olulodwa kuncike izici morphology futhi ukubukeka. Ukuze izilwane ziyasetshenziswa sokunquma ekulinganisweni zilwane, kuye ngokuthi ikhono ukunikeza inzalo evundile phakathi kokukhulelwa. Nokho, le mithetho zisebenza kuphela ukuba la magciwane, kuyilapho amagciwane ayikwazi oluthathwa ngale ndlela.

Umqondo uhlobo e-microbiology

Ngenxa yenani elikhulu eziphilayo kokuba izakhiwo morphological, kodwa izici ezihlukahlukene kwamakhemikhali kanye immunological, akunakwenzeka ukuba nika igama ozolisebenzisa ngesilwane esifuywayo ejwayelekile. Ngenxa yalokho, thina abeke into efana uhlobo. Lena isiko okumsulwa kwamagciwane ukuthi sikwazi ukuhlonza kanye ukuhlukanisa endaweni ethile ngesikhathi ihora elithile.

bacterium ngamunye, elingelinye ubunzima, efana omunye ummeli ezifana by criteria kwamakhemikhali, morphological, zofuzo immunological. Kodwa ngaphakathi zohlobo olulodwa webhaktheriya imizekeliso enjalo ningagcini. Ngenxa yokuthi uhlobo - a enetjhuguluko igama microbial isiko. Kusukela exchange okusheshayo zofuzo impahla (ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo) kuholela ukubukeka ezintsha ngaphakathi zilwane, kodwa nezinye izakhiwo, kuba le ncazelo ivumela elichaza ngokunembile pathogenicity futhi virulence izici.

zamagciwane webhaktheriya

I ngesilwane esifuywayo samanje amagciwane zokuhlukanisa izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa akusho elichaza izakhiwo zabo ezintsha. Lesi sakamuva avele ngenxa ye ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo okusheshayo, ezuza izakhiwo ezintsha, kuhlanganise pathogenic ukuba abantu, imfuyo nezitshalo, kanye namanye amagciwane. ISIBONELO ngesilwane esifuywayo isibonelo E. coli simi ngale ndlela: umbuso - bacterium uthayiphe - proteobacteria, gamma-proteobacteria ikilasi, ukuze - Enterobacteriales, umndeni Enterobacteriaceae. Rod - Escherichia, nokubuka - Escherichia Colli. Nokho, kukhona izinhlobo eziningi zama-bacterium amasiko Escherichia Colli, bembonisa izakhiwo ezahlukene. Basuke ihlukaniswe zamagciwane ehlukile-bacterium babe elinye igama. Ngokwesibonelo, Escherichia O157 Colli: H7.

Sheer E. coli likhona emathunjini womuntu futhi akabubangeli isifo, kodwa uhlobo O157: H7 - pathogenic kuphela ngenxa yokuba khona ngaphezulu virulence izici. Waphawula enterotoxigenic izifo Ubhubhane eminyakeni engu 5 eyedlule.

zamagciwane viral

Umqondo uhlobo - a nezimo isihloko eziphilayo ne ezifanayo kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi lalihlukene bese ezikhonjwe futhi kuchazwe endaweni ethile ngesikhathi esithile. Nge ndima yayo igciwane angakuthola izakhiwo ezintsha ngenxa drift antigenic. Lokhu kuzodala uhlobo olusha viral kungenzeka abangela izifo ezingaphezu kuka sikakhokho walo.

Bakhombise indlela ukuvela amagciwane amasha kungaba isibonelo igciwane umkhuhlane. It kungokwalabo orthomyxovirus umndeni futhi ubizwa ngokuthi kuncike antigen (hemagglutinin ne-neuraminidase) HxNy. X Y - kuyinto inani lenombolo, okukhombisa khona antigen. Isibonelo - H5N1, elidume ngokuba nabantu ubhubhane yamuva Umkhuhlane wezingulube nge ngokushesha okuqhubekayo oluhambisana nenyumoniya. Ngokusho imfundiso yokuziphendukela uhlobo ngenxa uhlobo olusha libi kakhulu ingaqala njengoba drift antigenic.

zamagciwane fungal nasezinhluphekweni zakulezi protists

Kuwo wonke amagciwane isikhunta kukhona variable okungenani, nakuba oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo yabo futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngezithukuthuku isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kunobukaJohane lamagciwane, kanye ngenxa yokuntuleka esisheshayo izindlela zokudlulisa izakhi zofuzo entsha zamagciwane fungal inyuka kancane. Kukhona umbono wokuthi noma yimuphi entsha esisanda kutholakala uhlobo fungal - ke khona ngaphambi kokuba umzimba, okuyinto umane bethola abacwaningi.

Namuhla kunesimo esithi asifane kuyinto embusweni protists. Ukukwazi kwazo ukuthi liguquke incane, ngoba amathuba ukuthi nesigqi emisha ivela ngokushesha, sincane kakhulu. Nokho, izinguqulo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo zohlobo olulodwa namanje. Ngoba, ngokusobala, futhi yaba khona ngaphambi, kodwa abazange ezitholakele.