Ugwadule: izinkinga zemvelo, impilo esogwadule

Desert - isikhala eyomile okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa ukusebenza kanye nomswakama ongaphakeme. Abacwaningi bakholelwa izindawo ezifana emhlabeni izindawo zokuma kwezwe eziphikisanayo. Zokuma kwendawo nezazi zesayensi yokusebenza komzimba baphikisa ngokuthi kakhulu ogwadule - lena inkinga eyinhloko kwemvelo yomhlaba, noma kunalokho ugwadule. Ngakho sikubiza ukulahlekelwa izimila zemvelo njalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukungakwazi yokutakula yemvelo ngaphandle kokuqondiswa umuntu. Ake sizwe ukuthi yini endaweni iyihlane kumephu. Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo we endaweni yemvelo ngeke Ukufaka ngqo ezihlobene nemisebenzi yabantu.

Izwe zango kwendawo

Izindawo eziningi dryland wezwe ezindaweni ezishisayo, abakutholayo 0 kuya ku-250 mm imvula ngonyaka. Ukuhwamuka ngokuvamile eliphakeme ngokuphindwe kayishumi kwenani kwezulu. Ngokuvamile udedele awufiki komhlaba, ke iyasha emoyeni. Ngo Stony Gobi futhi e-Asia Ephakathi amazinga okubanda ebusika ngezansi 0 ° C. A amplitude abalulekile - isici isici isimo sezulu ehlane. Emini kungase 25-30 ° C, eSahara ifinyelela 40-45 ° C. Okunye zango ezindawo ezingwadule Zomhlaba:

• kwezulu ngaphandle ogelezayo nokumanzisa inhlabathi;
• uthuli iziphepho kanye vortices ngaphandle kwemvula kodwa;
• amachibi undrained anosawoti okusezingeni eliphezulu;
• imithombo ukuthi balahlekile e kwezihlabathi, hhayi isishiya emihosheni;
• River ngaphandle komlomo, ezomile futhi yomile emlanjeni sokuzuza semifula;
• uhambahamba amachibi ne ogwini kushintsha njalo;
• izihlahla, izihlahla kanye namakhambi kungekho amahlamvu, kodwa ameva.

Ugwadule olukhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni

Izindawo ezinkulu eziseningizimu elingenalo uhlaza ziye chasiselwe maphakathi nezwe le planethi. It ubuswa izihlahla, izihlahla kanye namakhambi kungekho amahlamvu noma izimila, okutshengisa elithi "ehlane" ngokwalo. Izithombe kulesi sihloko, ukunikeza umqondo wokuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima yezindawo ezomile. Ibalazwe ikhombisa ukuthi ehlane Itholakala Northern futhi Southern Hemispheres uma kushisa. Kuphela e-Asia Ephakathi, kule ndawo zemvelo Itholakala zone athokomele, kufika ku-50 ° C. w. Ugwadule enkulu yomhlaba:

• Sahara, waseLibya Kalahari futhi lwaseNamibia e-Afrika;
• Monte, toothfish kanye Atacama eNingizimu Melika;
• Great Sandy noVictoria e-Australia;
• Okwe thwebule kakhulu, Gobi, umSiriya, deda Al Khali ehlane, ama-Karakum, Kyzylkum e-Eurasia.

ezindaweni ezifana semi ehlane futhi ehlane, kumephu emhlabeni njengoba wonke azithathe kusuka 17 kuya 25% wezindleko umhlaba endaweni yomhlaba, futhi e-Afrika nase-Australia - 40% endaweni.

Isomiso ngasolwandle

I engavamile indawo isici Atacama Desert neNamibia. Lezi namathafa ezingaphili ezomile kukhona ogwini! I Atacama Desert Itholakala olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika, futhi uzungezwe iphakama enamadwala yase-Andes uhlelo ntaba, engasempumalanga ifinyelela ukuphakama phezu 6.500 m. Entshonalanga ubizwa wageza ngu Pacific Ocean nge ingxenye yawo ebandayo wamanje Peruvian.

Atacama - ogwadule olungenalutho, bese irekhodi imakwe lapha nemvula encane - 0 mm. imvula Khanyisa kwenzeka kanye njalo ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, kodwa ebusika ngokuvamile isondela mists olwandle. Kulesi eyayomile iyikhaya labantu abangaba ngu-1 million. Abantu bakhona wahlanganyela nemfuyo: sizungezwe emadlelweni nezimfunda, zonke ehlane okusezingeni eliphezulu. Izithombe esihlokweni kunikeza umbono walokho kwezindawo zemvelo esibi Atacama.

Izinhlobo ezingwadule (ngezigaba kwemvelo)

1. Elomile - zone uhlobo, isici esishintshashintshayo ezishisayo nezithokomele. Isimo sezulu kule ndawo iyashisa futhi omile.
2. Yabantu - kuwumphumela ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile okubangelwa abantu nemvelo. Kukhona umbono ochaza ukuthi lena ehlane, izinkinga zemvelo okuhlotshaniswa isandiso yayo. Futhi konke lokhu kubangelwa umsebenzi labantu.
3. Ugcwale - endaweni lapho zikhona izakhamuzi zaphakade. emifuleni Kukhona zokuthutha, ezivundile, okuyinto akhiwa izindawo lapho enhlabathini.
4. Industrial - ezindaweni abampofu kakhulu ikhava izimila nezilwane, okuyinto kubangelwa umsebenzi ezimbonini kanye nokwephula imvelo.
5. Arctic - expanses seqhwa ezineqhwa at zindawo eziphakeme.

izinkinga emvelweni ezingwadule futhi semi ezingwadule enyakatho ezindaweni ezishisayo zifana ngezindlela eziningi: ngokwesibonelo, kukhona ukuntuleka imvula, okuyinto isici nokukhawulela ukuphila isitshalo. Kodwa komkhathi ezineqhwa ye-Arctic libhekene okushisa aphansi kakhulu.

Ugwadule - ukushonelwa okuqhubekayo izimila ikhava

Eminyakeni engaba ngu-150 edlule, ososayensi baye baphawula ukwanda endaweni yeSahara. Imivubukulo futhi izifundo kwezazi baye babonisa ukuthi akukhona njalo nje ehlane lalisendaweni. Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo ke is okubizwa ngokuthi "ancipha" yeSahara. Ngakho, ekhulwini XI, ezolimo eNyakatho Afrika wayeyosebenzelana kuze kufinyelele 21 ° latitude. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka ayisikhombisa emngceleni osenyakatho wezolimo uye saya eningizimu parallel 17, ukuze ngekhulu xxi uye sigudluke nakakhulu. Kungani ugwadule? Abanye abacwaningi ukuchaza inqubo e-Afrika "ayasha" sezulu kanye nezinye Movements Sands, isiziba bayozela. Lokujabulela kwaba umsebenzi Stebbing "Desert, adalwe indoda", eyakhululwa ngo-1938. Umbhali unika ulwazi mayelana ngentuthuko Sahara kuya eningizimu futhi wachaza lo mkhuba ukulima ayilungile, ikakhulukazi imfuyo yokubhudulwa aluhlaza izimila, ukulima izinhlelo engasimeme.

izimbangela Okwenziwe umuntu eshaqisayo yokuba ugwadule

Ngenxa yalokho, ukunyakaza isihlabathi eSahara Research, ososayensi bathola ukuthi phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, endaweni womhlaba wokulima nemfuyo yezinkomo kwehle. Nezihlahla, bese reappeared, ukuthi abase bebaleka ogwadule! Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo manje ihambisana ukungabi pheze ephelele izimo lapho insimu kuhoxiswe asetshenziselwe ezolimo ngenxa ukuvuselelwa zabo zemvelo. Kwenziwe imisebenzi sokufunwa futhi sokufunwa ku isikwele encane.

Ugwadule Imvama umsebenzi womuntu, imbangela "ukuncipha" akuyona sezulu yabantu elihlobene ne ukuxhashazwa ukuphuza emadlelweni, ukuthuthukiswa ngokweqile ukwakhiwa komgwaqo Lezokulima engasimeme. Ugwadule ngaphansi kwethonya izici zemvelo kwamanzi kungenzeka ngesikhathi umngcele ezindaweni ekhona ezomile, kodwa engaphansi kwezigidi ngaphansi kwethonya izinto ezenziwa abantu. Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu eshaqisayo yokuba ugwadule yabantu:

• yezimayini emgodini ovulekile (inkwali);
• ukwaluka ngaphandle uzowubuyisela umkhiqizo amadlelo;
• ukugawula ka zezitsha ihlathi, inhlabathi ukuqinisa;
• ngenkasa ayilungile (wokunisela);
• nokuqinisa ngamanzi nomoya ukuguguleka:
• nkinga amadamu, njengoba kunjalo ukunyamalala Aral Sea e-Asia Ephakathi.

izinkinga emvelweni ezingwadule futhi semi ezingwadule (uhlu)

1. Ukuntuleka kwamanzi - isici main ukuthi kwandisa sengozini ehlane namathafa. Namandla ukuhwamuka nothuli iziphepho ukuhola ukuze aqhube nokucekelwa nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi nenhlabathi onganakiwe.
2. Usawoti - anda okuqukethwe nosawoti encibilikayo, usawoti emaxhaphozini, futhi ukwakheka solonetzes cishe engasebenziseki izimila.
3. Uthuli nesihlabathi iziphepho - Air ukugeleza ukhuphuka uvela komhlaba imali ethe doti esihle. On umoya idlulisa usawoti marsh usawoti. Uma isihlabathi nobumba kuthiwa ahlanganiswe yensimbi compounds ke kukhona aphuzi ansundu kanye abomvu uthuli iziphepho. Abakwazi ukumboza ezinkulungwaneni noma amakhilomitha square.
4. "UDeveli oGwadule" - isihlabathi enothuli Whirls, liphume emoyeni lenqwaba doti encane kumuntu ukuphakama amashumi amaningana amamitha. Sand izingongolo kukhona phezulu isandiso. Yehluka neziphepho ukungabi khona Cumulus amafu ethwele imvula.
5. Uthuli isitsha - endaweni lapho kukhona ukuguguleka inhlekelele ngenxa nesomiso kanye engalawuliwe ovula inhlabathi.
6. Odla, imfucuza ekuqongeleleni - lwangaphandle ukuze imvelo lezinto ukuthi isikhathi eside musa ukubola noma ukudedela ezinobuthi.
7. Kwezingane nokungcoliswa indoda ngesikhathi izimayini, ukuthuthukiswa nemfuyo, ezokuthutha kanye nezokuvakasha.
8. Ukuncishiswa endaweni elalihlala izimila zasogwadule, Ukuwohloka nezilwane. Ukuphela kwezinto eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo.

Ukuhlala Ugwadule. Izimila Nezilwane

ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima, elinganiselwe imithombo yamanzi kanye oyinyumba ugwadule ukushintshwa ngemva kwezimvula. amaSucculents abaningi, Cacti, futhi Jade isb, akwazi ukuncela futhi sigcine amanzi eboshiwe ngeziqu kanye namahlamvu. Xeromorphic nezinye izitshalo ezifana saxaul nomhlonyane, ukuthuthukisa izimpande ezinde ukuthi ukufinyelela yamanzi. Izilwane sebejwayele ukuba bathole umswakama ezidingekayo kusukela ukudla. nezilwane eziningi kwi ebusuku ukugwema okweqile.

I ezungeze umhlaba, i-desert ngokukhethekile, ahlangabezana umthelela ongemuhle imisebenzi labantu. Ingabe ukubhujiswa imvelo, ngenxa umuntu ngokwakhe akakwazi ukujabulela izipho bemvelo. Lapho izilwane kanye nezitshalo ulahlekelwe endaweni yazo evamile, futhi kunomthelela omubi ezimpilweni zabantu.