Beka futhi indima edlalwa ngabezindaba empilweni zezombangazwe zomphakathi. Izizathu indima eyandayo abezindaba ezombusazwe

Namuhla uyawuthanda Imininingwane impumelelo engakaze ibonwe, futhi uvusa okusezingeni eliphezulu, futhi ngaphandle kancane isihe ababhubhisa futhi oluphethe it has umhlaba wonke. Eminyakeni yamuva, indima kwabezindaba ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe , selikhule kwanikela, nomthelela ekuphileni zomphakathi ezivela kulolu hlangothi ngokuphelele ngeke elifana nalelo obabukhona wonke amanye amakhulu eminyaka.

umthwalo

Umphakathi ziwumthwalo lokhu noma lokhuya umbono hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi indlela yethu yokuziphatha, okuyinto uzobanyathela zonke izimiso ezibonakala ezingeguquleke. manje kuyithelevishini, emsakazweni, omagazini, amaphephandaba alwa, nokuthi impi Imininingwane okunegazi kakhulu ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi amandla enuzi ngoba kuthinta ngqo kwengqondo yomuntu, ngokuya ngobuciko isigamu-iqiniso, wamanga futhi amanga aluhlaza cwe. Ngo nenkathi yamaSoviet, kwaba futhi obonakalayo indima esiqondile nabezindaba ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe, kanti wonke amaqiniso zahlolwa ukuthi azinazo kahle yibo ngempela ngobuciko ukusetshenziswa. Khumbula izibonelo obolganiem imisebenzi cishe yonke kwesokunxele okuthunyelwe owayenguNobhala Jikelele.

Abangelwa yisisindo esikhulu iziphambeko ihaba isihlobo ezikhungweni ezifana SMERSH, le Gulag, futhi Stalin futhi Beria ubuntu. Sekube debunking zomphakathi kanye ezincane, abangu eneka imisebenzi engekho emthethweni esikhundleni kwezikhulu nabezombusazwe Abadwebi nabalobi. Ukwaziswa okunjalo bekulokhu ibe yimpumelelo enkulu abafundi futhi ubelokhu eyinhlekelele ngempela namaqhawe zalezi zincwadi. Kunalokho - Tindzaba laudatory kanye ne-transmission ukwenza zonke izinhlobo izishoshovu nokubalulekile ngokoqobo izinkanyezi emazingeni ahlukene kuze kufinyelele umphakathi. Ngakho-ke, indima kwabezindaba ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe ayikwazi overstated. Futhi-ke, ngokuvumela ukusetshenziswa ezivamile Imininingwane umuntu ngamunye kufanele baziphathe kahle.

umsebenzi Abezindaba emisebenzini yezombangazwe

Umphakathi abezindaba zenza imisebenzi, futhi cishe yonke imikhakha kanye nezikhungo. Lokhu futhi ulwazi mayelana ezihlukahlukene izenzakalo emhlabeni futhi kuleli zwe cishe zonke izindawo - ezombusazwe, ezempilo, komphakathi, imfundo nokunye. Lokhu ukukhangisa zonke izinhlobo. Futhi ithonya umphakathi ulwazi ngempela ayikwazi overstated, njengoba kuyintando ngazo zonke izindlela, futhi ikakhulukazi abezindaba linendima ebalulekile empilweni zezombangazwe, ngoba zonke izinsimbi kwethonya ukuqaliswa kwenqubo zezombusazwe zitholakala izandla zalabo abanempahla ulwazi wazi kanjani ukukhohlisa kuyo.

wezifundo zezombusazwe Modern akazange kunganciphisa indima, enika media ezifana izihloko ephezulu iphrofayela ezifana "namandla lesine", "i-arbiter omkhulu" nokunye, ngokubeka abezindaba belingana amandla okwahlulela, mphathi ngisho zomthetho. Nokho, abahlaziyi bezombusazwe Azizimbi ngakho, abezindaba ngempela babe cishe onke. Ukulawula TV - qapha kanye nezwe. Okungekho sombusazwe ngeke akwenze ngaphandle nabezindaba, idinga zonke zezinto eziphilayo yayo - futhi ukuphrinta, kanye imisakazo namathelevishini. Futhi lezo zinguquko ezinkulu manje zibonakala emhlabeni wonke, i-ayezozibusa, - kuwumphumela walokho indima yakhe abezindaba empilweni zezombangazwe zomphakathi play ephefumlelwe.

Indaba egcwele nhlekelele

Ikakhulukazi iyingozi ukuzitika abezindaba, uma ezweni azikho amaqembu aphikisayo, izinhlangano ezifanele noma izinhlangano ukuthi ungavumeli lesingiko siphindze sitfutfukise luhlelo wobushiqela. Kulezi zimo, indima nje Irreplaceable abezindaba impilo ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi. Izibonelo phambi kwamehlo enu ngqo. Pho-ke, konke kwenzeka ekupheleni sekuzoqala 80s eSoviet Union, lapho bakhona sikhululeke kakhudlwana babekholelwa yiyo yonke into, ukuthi yimuphi abezindaba ukusakaza?

Ngiqinisile, bese ukufunda ethakazelisa kakhulu kunaleyo bukhoma langempela. Abantu hhayi ejwayele amahlazo enjalo nokusola okukhulu, ngokuphazima kweso lapho wawa phansi + ukusuka noma ikuphi abantu bedidekile futhi ephatheke kabuhlungu. Leyo mpi yasenza Imininingwane adedeleka leyo minyaka, abezindaba, uhlelekile futhi yavusa amabutho ukuthi ngokushesha wabhubhisa, bese baphanga izwe abacebe, kwaba yena owaba nesandla ekuthuthweni kokunqotshwa sonke isimiso sezombangazwe, esasivutha ezweni iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa. Iqhaza elandayo kwabezindaba ukuphila ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi okwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho ukulawula ulwazi luwele ezandleni zabantu abonakele ukuthi ngokwenza izakhi ukuze wakhe umbono womphakathi evumayo.

Khonamanjalo eMelika

E-United States indima kwabezindaba ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe ekuqaleni eduze wafunda nokuhlaziwa ngesikhathi zibekwa 60. Yini engabangela i zokuxhumana engalawuliwe ngqo nomphakathi, ngaphandle iqhaza izikhungo ezifana esikoleni, esontweni, umndeni, izinhlangano party nokunye? Futhi kwenzekani uma le nqubo efakwa control? Kuyinto ithuluzi esisemqoka ekusekeleni abezindaba izinhlelo ezithile. Nakuba abezindaba akuyona ukubamba arsenal yayo kamabonakude, ukwenza izitho ephrintiwe kuphela, kwaba kangako, nakuba amaphephandaba amaningi nomagazini ekuqaleni wavula njengoba imizimba bamaqembu ezombusazwe ahlukahlukene futhi bembalwa kakhulu wabo waqhubeka ngaphandle ahileleke kwezombangazwe.

Ithuluzi eliyinhloko kwanoma iyiphi ncwadi - the multidimensionality kolwazi. Ngisho exhumene isiteji elithile lezombusazwe we iphephandaba wakhonza njalo izinto hlangothi, ukuzijabulisa noma izindaba, okungukuthi, abantu kusukela ekuqaleni ejwayele bazibone ingxenye ebanzi, futhi ngendlela ethile okufanele sisabele ngayo lapho izenzakalo kuwo. Kodwa uma sekufika isikhathi ... I ithelevishini Ukusabalala kuqala umkhankaso wokhetho e-United States sihlehlela emuva 1952. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ezidalwe izikole yonke, ukuqeqeshwa izintatheli ukuthonya uquqaba ngendlela ezuzisa. Esikhathini '80s ithelevishini isibe evelele ngempela phakathi kwazo zonke abezindaba.

mpikiswano

Iqhaza elandayo kwabezindaba ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe umphakathi ngenxa yokuthi ithuba ukuthonya ngosizo lwabo, ngisho belingisa ukuziphatha kwezombusazwe kwanoma uquqaba, liye ihlolwe ngokuphindaphindiwe izibonelo abavoti ukuvota e-United States ngemva mpikiswano isiqephu phakathi ukhetho KaMongameli. Ngakho ngemva Kennedy iwine umhlangano ithelevishini ne abaphikisi zezombusazwe - Nixon, futhi eziningi ukuvota kuma-poll isikuqinisekisile ukuthi kulezizimpikiswano yathonya abalithandayo.

Ngendlela efanayo ngemva telecast Reagan ephethwe ukususa hhayi kuphela igebe angu ezine phakathi kwakhe Carter, kodwa futhi uthole nge mpikiswano TV elinye amaphesenti ayisihlanu ivoti. Kwaba okufanayo esikhathini Reagan-baseMondale ngazimbili Bush Dyukakis Bush-Clinton. Ngakho kancane kancane mpikiswano phakathi izimbangi ukuze likaMengameli isibe buyindlela ephumelelayo cishe kuwo wonke amazwe, kuhlanganise eRussia. Indawo futhi indima kwabezindaba ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe abaluleke kakhulu futhi ehola. Futhi TV isixha kusho - ithuba elikhulu yokuchayeka nokwenza izinto ukwazi komphakathi. Isetshenziselwa sazikhohlwa ukuze uthole ulwazi tekusebenta noma inhloso imfundo, ukuze zithole imfundo. Kuyinto okuningi Cishe ukwenzeka manipulation izithakazelo izinhlanga ezithile.

isithombe

Noma kunjalo, izizathu indima eyandayo abezindaba ezombusazwe akuyona ocacile ngokuphelele, le nhlangano yehlukene kaningi okubalwa futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ayikwazi yahlulelwe eyodwa sidedly. Abaningi izitho zakhe futhi izakhi kwezinhlelo imisebenzi ahlukahlukene kakhulu ngisho ngokumane ekwazisa abantu ngezenzakalo kanye izenzakalo ezenzeka kuyo yonke indawo - zezifunda womhlaba. Lokhu ukuqoqwa kolwazi kanye nokusabalalisa yayo ngokusebenzisa okwashiwo baqaphe zomhlaba, kuyinto ukukhethwa namazwana, okungukuthi, ngokuhlela ulwazi wathola, bese inhloso ukuba balolonge umphakathi obabheka ngayo. Ukwandisa kungenzeka yokuxhumana yomuntu - yilokho isizathu esiyinhloko okwandisa indima edlalwa ngabezindaba.

Society politicized kakhulu, futhi cindezela, umsakazo nethelevishini isandla kulesi imfundo ezingqimbeni ebanzi labantu emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, indima kwabezindaba ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe zanamuhla kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Athi endaweni wabathengi umphakathi, amehlo nezindlebe of wonke umphakathi: ukuxwayisa sokwehla komnotho, ukukhula kabi izidakamizwa noma obunye ubugebengu, ukukhuluma ngenkohlakalo kuhulumeni. Nokho, lokhu indima edlalwa ngabezindaba kufanele kube ngokuphelele akekho engaphansi - noma kwezombangazwe noma kwezomnotho. Kodwa akwenzeki.

umsebenzi

Emazweni athuthukile, abezindaba ayimfihlo ibhizinisi isikhungo noma wemboni komnotho, abasebenzi amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu. Abezindaba Imisebenzi yezomnotho kusekelwe nokuqoqwa, processing, ukugcinwa nokudayiswa okwalandela kolwazi. Okungukuthi, umsebenzi media ngempela kuncike emnothweni emakethe. Zonke kuwukuphikisana emphakathini, bonke izithakazelo Icwele namaqembu ahlukahlukene kuthiwa kabusha izincwadi kanye nezinhlelo. Growing amandla kwezomnotho, kanye nomthelela usikompilo nenhlalo - encishisiwe ukulawula isimo kanye corporations (abakhangisi).

Lize kwenzeka futhi ukuze imicabango yabantu ngezindaba ezithile ayifani elite elibusayo kanye nobuholi obuphethe sokushicilela. Imithombo yezindaba iye abe conglomerates omkhulu ukuthi ube umkhakha ozimele kanye kunalokho inzuzo ebhizinisini, kodwa loku ukuqala commercial futhi ayikuvumeli ukwenza ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa kolwazi ezikhona. Futhi lapha kungaba kanzima uguquko hhayi nje uhlobo umsebenzi, kodwa futhi zonke indima abezindaba ekuphileni zezombusazwe. Izibonelo eziningi. Ngisho Reagan, umengameli yangaleso sikhathi yezwe, ngo-1988, wonke ezintathu abakhulu e-US ithelevishini yezokusakaza hhayi kudedelwa ngenxa yokuntuleka isithakazelo kwezohwebo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1989 waba unyaka wokugcina wokubusa kwakhe.

ezinye izibonelo

Publications, imibiko kanye amazwana iyicacisa iziphethu imfihlo, esebenza kunqubomgomo emibuthano isinqumo ukuba banake umphakathi jikelele izici banengeke kakhulu lo msebenzi. futhi kwenzeka ngezinye izikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-"New York Times:" kwaba ukushicilelwa plan onjalo, lapho wakwambula, amanye amadokhumenti nePentagon, iphephandaba "i-Washington Post" obala nehlazo Watergate, futhi wahlela ukusakazwa telekorporatsii kusukela Congress, lapho afike achitha khona ukulalelwa revelatory. Futhi liye ehlelelwa umbhikisho we umbono womphakathi ku nempi yaseVietnam, futhi kule nqubo kwakuhilela abezindaba abaningi emhlabeni omkhulu, kuhlanganise nase-United States.

US oMongameli Lyndon Johnson noRichard Nixon bexoshwa kwezepolitiki, ngoba abezindaba linendima ebalulekile empilweni zezombangazwe. Kafushane, abezindaba ongavimbela kokubili amandla isinyathelo emibuthano yokubusa. Nokho, kwenzeka kaningi kakhulu ezimweni lapho abezindaba kuyazuzisa. Iningi amaphephandaba nomagazini, iziteshi zomsakazo nethelevishini, ngisho edume kunazo zonke, igcinwe ntanta kuphela ngokusebenzisa emizweni. Vula amahlazo adalule ukukhwabanisa, zama uthole izimfihlo, wasibeka zonke obala - lena indima eyinhloko nabezindaba ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe. grade 11 ezikoleni Russian isivele ukutadisha izindlela thonya.

"Amabhomu"

Ngokuvamile, ohahela edition ukuzwa, sifuna "ukushaya up ibhomu," ukuphenya inkohlakalo noma ezinye malfeasance, ukukhuluma sokuwa zokuziphatha phakathi izikhulu eziphezulu noma ukukhohlisa phezu ingxenye kwabavoti ukhetho KaMongameli. usetha Ngakho ithoni mpikiswano zomphakathi. Letha umphakathi wonke amahlazo nemikhonyovu e ngamaphasiji amandla. Futhi kukhona izikhathi lapho emidiya sanqobela ekhaliphile.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva nehlazo uoltergeytskogo kulandele kuqala ukwesula izindaba umongameli US sika. Futhi lapho "Spiegel" wabelane abafundi ulwazi mayelana kokuziphatha imfihlo yabasebenzi evikelwe nguMthethosisekelo, endlini yangasese kanye unjiniyela elula ukufaka khona zonke izinhlobo ekusithekeni ubuchwepheshe, wasula uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi Germany.

"Ducks"

Kodwa kukhona enye indlela. Intathelizindaba ye "Interfax" wayekhona inkantolo, lapho kwakufanele bakhiphe isahlulelo ngokumelene Khodorkovsky. Ayelilungiselele imibiko emibili eya kumhleli ngaphambi sinqumo. Bese ngenza iphutha ne mpahla. Ngo feed izindaba kukhona ulwazi Mikhail Khodorkovsky isivele khulula. Rebuttal - ukuthi abakwazi ukuzila ukudla, uze wakhipha, le makethe iye yakhula isithakazelo esikhulu. Lokhu akulona icala kuphela. Amahlebezi mayelana ukwesula Viktor Chernomyrdin futhi iphuma ngemva "duck" anjalo "Novaya Gazeta", lapho Boris Gromov "kususiwe" kusuka okuthunyelwe okwakuhlala kuyo umbusi esifundeni laseMoscow, ukuthumela i-Embassy of Ukraine.

Lapha indima ayifeza ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe abezindaba ukuphishekela emizweni. Ezimweni ezinjalo, engxoxweni phakathi iziphathimandla kanye labantu awulona kungenzeka, ngoba zokuxhumana kakhulu efana umdlalo izingane ngokuthi "ucingo abayizithulu". Umthetho obaluleke kakhulu ukukhohlisa smoznaniem umphakathi ukuthi lapho umemukeli uphatha ukwehlukanisa ukuphuca ke amathonya ezizwe. Lapho ke akukho okunye, smart futhi ilawulwa akekho imicabango yabantu. Dialogue kanye mpikiswano ezimweni enjalo ayinakwenzeka. Ngeshwa, ngaleso sikhathi indlela ulwazi zokukhwabanisa kuyingxenye inqubomgomo cishe kuwo wonke amazwe. Ngemva komunye "duck" umphakathi ethintekile uyakhumbula njengoba kokuba namanye inhlobo scandal: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi weba esikhwameni, noma elizebile. Yebo, kungcono umuntu kakade futhi akunandaba, ngoba ulwazi kulezi zinsuku ayisekho ngokushesha okukhulu kube lusizo.