Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum Imperial: abafundi lokuqala, abadumile abaphothule, umlando

isikhungo Iningi edume Russian Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum waqala ngokushesha emva kwalophiko. Umqalisi nesenzakalo yayo kwaba uMbusi u-Alexander I, ubuhlakani ekhaliphile umqondisi abanamakhono lemfundiso yakhe, namatalenta siqu Lacaciswa ezizukulwane eziningana ongqondongqondo Russian, izimbongi futhi abadwebi, ibutho lezempi. Lyceum abathweswe iziqu babe elite Russian ayibangelwa kangako wolimi njengoba ukusebenzisa izimiso yesevisi ongenabugovu kuya wobaba kunoma yimuphi umkhakha.

isisekelo

Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum wavulwa phakathi nokubusa u-Alexander I, ikakhulukazi, esinqumweni ngesisekelo imvume yayo eliphakeme ngemvume ngo-August 1810. Kumila izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme kwadingeka ukuba "iminyaka ovulekile ngokuthi" bayobusa imithetho yombusi. Lyceum kwakumelwe abe isibonelo lokuqala isikhungo nangokucacile njengoba kusondela aseYurophu imfundo, wakhulela emhlabathini Russian.

Tsarskoye Selo Imperial Lyceum, kusuka kwamanye izikole zemfundo ephakeme, zihlukaniswa ukungabi khona isijeziso ngokomzimba, kobungane nobudlelwane phakathi kothisha nabafundi, lwezifundo ocebile eyenzelwe kumiswa ukubukwa siqu, nabanye abaningi. Kwakuhlelwe ukuba kutawufundziswa ngesikhathi Lyceum ezo grand, abazalwane abasebasha yenkosi ebusayo, uNicholas uMichael, kodwa ke banquma bendabuko ikhaya imfundo.

izimo zokuphila

Ukuze Lyceum ezazinikwe entsha ekwakheni ezine - esigodlweni iphiko Tsarskoye Selo. Emagcekeni phansi okuqala senzelwe egunjini labagulayo futhi ebhodini. Esitezi sesibili kukhona emakilasini ngenkambo junior, eyesithathu wanikwa abafundi abaphezulu, kanye phezulu, sesine, matasa okulala. Ngo zokulala eyimfihlo babe nesizotha, cishe nempahla Spartan, ifenisha kwakuba embhedeni ekhandiwe Iron embozwe ngendwangu, i edeskini lalo mphathi umsebenzi, umbophi futhi edeskini okugeza kuwo.

Library wathatha kabili ukuphakama igalari, okwakubekelwa engaphezulu lwaleli. Grand eliqatjhiweko wawusegunjini esitezi sesithathu. Izikhungo, isonto kanye nomqondisi Aphathimenti etholakala esakhiweni ahlukene eduze esigodlweni.

Umqondo lokufunda

Concept nekharikhulamu bezazisa courtier enethonya, umeluleki we-Alexander I engxenyeni wokuqala wokubusa kwakhe MM Speransky. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kwaba imfundo bakahulumeni kanye lempi ukwakheka entsha izingane yezikhulu. Iphuzu laliwukuthi Speransky Europeanize eRussia, futhi lokhu kudinga izikhulu kwadingeka elinye iphuzu, futhi kuzoba nenkululeko kwangaphakathi kanye nezinga elifanele imfundo zezenhlalakahle.

Ukukhethwa nabafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme kube kubi kakhulu, bamukela abafana kusukela imikhaya yizicukuthwane abaneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-10 no-12 abase ngempumelelo baphumelele ezivivinyweni zabo emnyango, eqinisekisa izinga eyanele yolwazi izilimi ezintathu (Russian, isiJalimane, isiFulentshi), umlando, amazwe, mathematics ne-physics e. Yiqiniso Okugcwele kuyisiyalo esiyisa eneminyaka eyisithupha ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili, ngamunye wanikwa iminyaka emithathu.

Nabezenhlalakahle namasosha

Isiqondiso eyinhloko yemfundo - the humanities, okuyinto ukungenisa ikhono yomfundi ekufundeni self-aqondiswe, kucabanga ngalokujulile, logic futhi icubungulisise ukuthuthukisa wamathalenta esivela ingane. Imfundiso wenziwa izifundo eziyisisekelo ezifana iminyaka eyisithupha:

• Ucwaningo we izilimi zabomdabu futhi angaphandle (isiRashiya, isi-Latin, French, German).
• Zokuziphatha Science (logic eziyisisekelo, emthethweni kaNkulunkulu, ifilosofi).
• Isayensi nse (izibalo, algebra, trigonometry, izibalo zama-engela, i-physics).
• Humanities (History of Russian angaphandle, sengithi geography).
• Basics of Fine Ukubhala (mpendulo futhi imithetho yayo, imisebenzi abalobi enkulu).
• Art (sibonwa, umdanso).
• imfundo ngokomzimba (yokuzijwayeza, ukubhukuda, uthango, ogibele ihhashi).

On the Yiqiniso lokuqala abafundi ukufunda izisekelo, kanti eyesibili ngesisekelo kwathatha ngokujulile nokuthuthukiswa kwazo zonke izifundo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyo yonke ukuqeqeshwa elinikwe ukunakwa kakhulu izakhiwo civil, ezemidlalo. Labo abakhetha wezempi, ngaphezu ukufunda iwashi umlando wezimpi, izinqaba, kanye nezinye izihloko ezibalulekile.

Zonke ukuqeqeshwa kwezemfundo inqubo kwenzeke ngaphansi kweso elibukhali Umqondisi. Othisha lalinabashumayeli osolwazi eziyisikhombisa, umpristi owafundisa umthetho kaNkulunkulu, abafundisi eziyisithupha ubuciko kanye yokuzijwayeza emihle, ezimbili adjunct ukuze ithole isiyalo kulandele warders ezintathu nombusi.

Isethi yokuqala abafundi kwenziwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kombusi, abantu 38 azithoba imibhalo balala mncintiswano esikoleni esiphakeme, abafundi 30 kuphela baphuthunyiswe Tsarskoye Selo, uhlu sivunyiwe ngesandla wasebukhosini. U-Alexander I enikeziwe ukusekelwa ihlangano, futhi sibale Razumovsky AK waqokwa inhloko yalawa Lyceum in-Chief besigaba. Esikhathini iposi omzimba okufanele ube yikho okwamanje izivivinyo, okuyinto ayenza ngentokozo, azi ebusweni, futhi amagama zonke abafundi.

izimiso

umqondisi Imisebenzi ye Lyceum babe esibanzi, lokhu Lalengamele V F. Malinovskomu, wafundiswa e-University of eMoscow. Ngokusho umqondisi-sisekelo ejensi kwakudingeka ubusuku nemini ukuba zihlale endaweni Lyceum, futhi sinake abafundi, futhi yonke inqubo njalo, yena ngokwakhe obangela abafundi, ezingeni yokufundisa jikelele Lyceum ukuphila.

Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum Imperial kwaba ifakwe kuloku besikhathi sakhe, ngakho konke ababenakho imfundo ephakeme, degree zesayensi, wayewuthanda umsebenzi wakhe nesizukulwane samanje. Othisha bakhululekile ukukhetha izindlela lokunikeza ulwazi, ngokwethembeka lase ngokuvumelana isimiso esisodwa - akukho yokuchitha isizungu kokungenzi lutho phakathi abafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme akufanele kube.

isimiso sansuku zonke

usuku esikoleni avamile lwakhiwe ngokusho isimiso esiqinile:

• Ekuseni baqala ngehora lesithupha, kufakwe kulesikhatsi lesabelwe izinqubo inhlanzeko, izimali, umthandazo.
• Izifundo zokuqala ekilasini waqala nge eziyisikhombisa kwabayisishiyagalolunye ekuseni.
• Ukuze ihora elilandelayo (9: 00-10: 00) Abafundi bakwazi ukunikela ngedwa isidlo (itiye kanye Muffin, ibhulakufesi akuyona Kusolwa).
• Isifundo sesibili uqala ngo 10:00, wadonsa kwaze kwaba 12:00, bese i-schedule ihora kwakukhona indlela yokuhamba ngaphandle.
• Sokudla kwasemini okwakudekwe at 13:00.
• Ntambama, kusukela 14:00 kuya ku 15:00, abafundi waziphatha ezobuciko.
• Kusukela 15:00 kuya ku 17:00 kulandele izifundo abasemakilasini ekilasini.
• At 17:00 izingane ahlinzekwa itiye, bese kuya 18:00 kulandelwa uhambo.
• Nge amahora ayisithupha nakuba kungaze kube yinxenye kusihlwa lesishiyagalolunye abafundi babehilelekile ukuphindaphindwa impahla wahlanganyela amakilasi asizayo.
• At 20:30 Dinner sikhishiwe, ngemva kwalokho kulandele isikhathi khulula uphumule.
• Ngezinye 22:00 kwaba isikhathi sokuthandaza futhi ubuthongo. Njalo ngoMgqibelo, abafundi wavakashela okugeza.

Lyceum e Tsarskoye Selo ayehlukile kuzo nezinye izikhungo zemfundo iqiniso lokuthi lo thisha nguye adingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe olwazini nasekuqondeni isifundo sabo yiyo yonke umfundi. Nakuba indaba hhayi okufanele sifundwe yibo bonke abafundi ekilasini, uthisha ngeke bakwazi ukuqalisa i isihloko esisha. Ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza kahle, kute bafundzi kancane ukwethula amakilasi ezengeziwe, ukuhlola izindlela ezintsha zokufundisa. Lapho efunda esikoleni esiphakeme has uhlelo ayo ukuqapha ezingeni lolwazi wathola futhi izifundo, umfundi lyceum ngamunye wabhala, imibiko, waphendula imibuzo ngomlomo.

Othisha ngokuvamile kungcono ukuba ushiye umfundi kuphela kulokho ayekufundisa, Pushkin akazange enze ulwazi olunzulu wesayensi zezibalo, uprofesa Kartsov wathi: "Wena, Pushkin, ekilasini lami zonke iphela zero. Hlala phansi endaweni nokubhala izinkondlo. "

Lyceum ukuphila

Lyceum e Tsarskoye Selo yanikezwa ilungelo lokuzikhethela esinye isici - Ukuvalwa ephelele, abafundi lyceum ungashiyi ezindongeni isikhungo ngesikhathi sesikole. Kwakukhona futhi uhlobo izingubo, zonke efanayo. Sasiphathelene luhlaza elingenamikhono, collar ume-up kanye cuffs we imikhono, okwakukhona obomvu, lapho gilt izinkinobho buttoned. Ukuhlukanisa izifundo eziphezulu junior kwangena amathebhu, unyaka abaphezulu base izihlangu zegolide, nesiliva abasebasha.

Lapho efunda esikoleni esiphakeme, lapho afundela khona Pushkin, ukunakwa okukhulu sakhokhwa imfundo. Abafundi ehloniphekile hhayi kuphela kubantu kwesigaba senceku yakhe, kodwa futhi ibe yisigqilakazi, a serf. Isithunzi sobuntu akuxhomekile umsuka, lokhu uphefumulela umfundi ngamunye. Ngesizathu esifanayo, izingane cishe akukho ngixhumana nezihlobo zabo - bonke babe izindlalifa nqaba futhi izindlu kungaba ngokuvamile ukubona ngempela isimo sengqondo ezahlukene kubantu engaphansi, phakathi bambalala izikhulu ngokuba serfs kwakuvamile.

Ubuzalwane nodumo

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abafundi lyceum kwadingeka bamatasa nokufunda ukuqeqeshwa, e Umlando wakhe, bonke wahlonishwa isamba elanele inkululeko. Abafundi abahlala ku ezithile imithetho, iziqondiso isikhungo safakwa ephasishi esitezi sesine. Elinye lamaphuzu wagomela ukuthi umphakathi abafundi kuyinto umkhaya owodwa kuphela, futhi ngenxa yalokho imvelo yabo ayiyona indawo ukuzidla, ukuzigabisa nokwedelelwa. Izingane ukuza esikoleni esiphakeme kusukela zisencane, futhi iba umuzi wabo othisha nabo futhi umkhaya wangempela. Isimo e-Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum ayenobungane, yayisondelene.

Ukuze nabafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme uhlelo imivuzo kanye izijeziso, aqede ubudlova obungokomzimba. izigilamkhuba ihlongandlebe bavalelwa ngedwa izinsuku ezintathu, lapho umqondisi wafika ukuqhuba ingxoxo, kodwa kwaba sokugcina. Ngezinye izikhathi benza ababekhethiwe amasu uyazonga ngaphezulu - bokuhlukaniswa idina izinsuku ezimbili, lapho abafundi isikhathi ukuthola isinkwa namanzi kuphela.

Lyceum ubuzalwane ngezinye izikhathi ngokwakho ukuziphatha isinqumo ababambiqhaza bayo, labo asuke nobukhulu wanyathelwa. I abafundi okwakungathiwa duba umngane, eyamshiya esehamba bahlukaniswe ngokuphelele ngaphandle ikhono lokukhulumisana. imithetho Okungabhaliwe ziyahlonishwa engengaphansi engcwele kuka-sisekelo we Lyceum.

Inkinga yokuqala

Abafundi lokuqala Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum baphuma izindonga lesikhungo ngo-1817. Cishe zonke yazuza izihlalo apharathasi isimo, ngokuvumelana imiphumela yokuhlolwa, abaningi beza akhonze isikhundla eliphakeme, eziningi abafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme ukukhetha inkonzo yezempi, belingana wesimo Corps of amakhasi. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona abantu ababa ukuziqhenya umlando Russian namasiko. nenkazimulo enkulu Lyceum alethwe imbongi Pushkin NJENGOBA, akekho phambi kwakhe ngemfudumalo enjalo nangokuthuthumela akazange basonta esikoleni kubafundi nakothisha. Wanikezela imisebenzi eminingi Tsarskoye Selo isikhathi.

Cishe bonke ababeke bafundelwa isethi lokuqala baba ukuziqhenya izwe, balidumisa Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Alumni abadumile ezifana: Kyuhelbeher VK (imbongi, isishoshovu social, Decembrist), Gorchakov AM (usomaqhinga letihloniphekile, uMnyango wezangaPhandle phakathi nokubusa kuka-Alexander II) Delvig AA (imbongi, umshicileli), Matyushkin F . F. (wamazwe polar, Admiral yemikhumbi), kanye nabanye, ziye zaba nomthelela umlando, amasiko kanye ubuciko ukuthuthukiswa.

Pushkin Lyceum umfundi

Overestimate kwethonya Pushkin ezincwadini Russian akunakwenzeka, ubuhlakani bakhe watholwa futhi wakhulela ubuso izindonga. Ngokusho basekilasini lakhe, imbongi kwaba izidlaliso ezintathu - engumFulentshi (a intela ulwazi omuhle kakhulu ulimi), Ikhilikithi (imbongi eyayihamba nengane ikhuluma) kanye nenye Monkey futhi Tiger (ne nentshiseko omnene futhi bathambekele ukuxabana). Lapho efunda esikoleni esiphakeme, lapho afundela khona Pushkin, izivivinyo kwenziwe njalo ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, sibonga ithalente yabo sibonwe neyaziwayo njengoba ekuqaleni iminyaka njengoba esikoleni esiphakeme. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala imbongi eyanyatheliswa kumagazini "Isimemezelo Europe", njengoba abafundi Lyceum e 1814.

Isimo e-Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum kwakusobala kangangokuthi ke akazange abe nomuzwa wokuthi umfundi wakhe ukushaya bahluleka. On ukuhlonza kanye nokuthuthukisa amathalente wayegxilile yonke inqubo yemfundo, kwaba nomthelela kule nkinga ubuhlakani. Ngo Umlando wakhe, ngo-1830, NJENGOBA Pushkin wathi: "... Ngaqala ukubhala kusukela ngineminyaka engu-13, futhi uzitholele cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo."

Amakhona Lyceum ukuhwebelana

Ngaqala ukuba muse.

Isitokisi sami yomfundi,

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke engekho mnandi,

Kungazelelwe wokhela - Muse kuwo

Kuvulwe umkhosi layo olukhuni;

Ngisacela ukudlula, isayensi cool!

Ngiyaxolisa, eminyakeni yokuqala umdlalo!

Ngishintshile, I am a imbongi ...

Ukubukeka zomphakathi yokuqala eyaziwayo Pushkin kwaba ukuhlolwa ngesikhathi Ukuqeda izinga sokuqala phezu abaphezulu kanye yokugcina training course. Ngezinye izivivinyo umphakathi babe abantu ovelele abakhona, kuhlanganise imbongi Derzhavin. Funda nanhlanu umfundi inkondlo "Izinkumbulo Tsarskoye Selo" ekhiqizwa manje inikeza umbono omkhulu. Pushkin waqala ngokushesha nezinye esizayo okukhulu. Imisebenzi yakhe njengento ebaluleke kakhulu izinkanyiso izinkondlo Russian ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe - Zhukovsky, ubaba, Karamzin, nabanye.

Alexander Lyceum

Ngemva ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi sika-Nicholas Mina, Lyceum washukumiseleka ukuba Petersburg. Tsarskoye Selo kwaba abafundi yisiphephelo esikoleni esiphakeme kusukela 1811 kuya ku-1843. Yezefundo waqhubekela Kamennoostrovsky Avenue, lapho abafundi zanikezelwa ikamelo ayengaphansi lezintandane Alexandrinsky. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhungo Yaphinde yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Imperial Alexander Lyceum, behlonipha kumdlali.

Yayisekelwe Kuyinkolelo-ze futhi umoya wobuzalwane sazinza ukwakha isakhiwo esisha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wazama alwe nalo mkhuba Nicholas I. Umlando we-Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum baqhubeka endaweni entsha, wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngo-1918. Njalo waphawula abagcina imithetho engabhaliwe koMqulu, kanye elingenamikhono izingalo kanye Isiqubulo - "Ukuze kuzuze wonke umuntu". Ukukhokha bazohlonipha abathweswe iziqu zayo ezidumile, ngo-1879, ngo-October 19 ezindongeni Alexander Lyceum is Museum wokuqala wavulwa, NJENGOBA Pushkin.

Kodwa inkolelo endaweni entsha, izinguquko ezithile kwangena. Ngaphansi olusha lwezifundo, abafundi baqala ukulamukela futhi ukukhipha i wokuqeqeshelwa impi yonyaka abangu ezaqedwa ngokuphelele, wandisa uhlu humanities. Isikhathi Ukusabela futhi imvelo esishintshile babe neminyango entsha - ezolimo, ubungcweti civil.

Ngemva oneminyaka engu-17

Ngo-1917 kwaba ukukhululwa wokugcina nabafundi. Kuze 1918, umsebenzi waqhubeka ngezikhawu eside, ivaliwe Alexander Lyceum ngoMeyi ngomnyaka ofanayo. Umtapo yodumo kancane ethunyelwe Sverdlovsk, basakaza kakhulu phakathi imitapo, ilahlekile noma bathola isiphephelo izandla yangasese. It wakwazi ukulondoloza kungathi izinkulungwane ezimbili amavolumu izincwadi lomhlangano jikelele, futhi ukuze siwathole ukuqoqwa State Museum of nezincwadi zokufunda ngo-1938. Collection ikhishwe umtapo Sverdlovsk ngo-1970, wayiswa Pushkin Museum Foundation.

Alexander Lyceum isakhiwo yasetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukahlukene. Ngo-1917, it kwaku endlunkulu iRed Army nezinye izinhlangano. Ngaphambi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe ngemva kwawo emagcekeni isikole, bese isakhiwo wanikwa anawo SGPTU. Manje isakhiwo College of Management kanye ne-Economics.

I amashwa labafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme eziningi nabafundisi Alexander Lyceum. Ngo-1925 kwathiwa bhila icala lapho, phakathi kwezinye. asolwa ngokudala inhlangano esiphikisayo mbuso ka umqondisi lokugcina Lyceum Schilder VA uNdunankulu Golitsyn ND nke asolwa ngokwakha itulo ukubuyisela ohlanga, futhi kwakukhona abantu 26, wadutshulwa washona. Ngakho indaba edabukisayo eseqedile Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Pushkin wayengumhlabeleli nomqambi ubuhlakani bakhe, abanye abafundi lyceum yomlando nokuzithawala.

pedagogy Modern ngokuya sithambekele kulokhu kucabanga ukuthi imibono equkethwe Speransky, okuhle kakhulu imfundo asemasha, okuyinto ewusizo ukusebenzisa namuhla.